48 results on '"Van Metre DC"'
Search Results
2. What Is Your Diagnosis?
- Author
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Callan Rj, Van Metre Dc, Withrow Sj, Ivette N. Román-Muñiz, Basaraba Rj, and Cruz-Arámbulo Rde J
- Subjects
Distal portion ,Lysis ,General Veterinary ,Medullary cavity ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Anatomy ,Metacarpus ,Periosteal bony proliferation ,business - Published
- 2003
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3. Training methods and association with worker injury on Colorado dairies: a survey.
- Author
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Román-Muñiz IN, Van Metre DC, Garry FB, Reynolds SJ, Wailes WR, and Keefe TJ
- Abstract
The goals of this study were to define the current methods for training entry-level workers on Colorado dairies, to measure the relationship of training methods to the incidence of work-related injuries on those operations, and to characterize the nature and cause of injuries reported by participating workers. Seventy-two workers from 15 dairies from Weld, Morgan, Larimer and Yuma counties volunteered to be interviewed privately in the language of their choice. Training methods were classified by content (task training versus safety training), method of delivery (on-the-job verbal instruction, on-the-job demonstration, on-the-job supervision, classroom- based, and / or reading materials); and instructor (supervisor and/or co-worker). The majority (84.7%) of interviewed workers were Mexican-born, Spanish-speaking males. Most workers reported the training to be a combination of verbal instruction, demonstration and supervision. Twenty-nine of 72 (40.3%) of all participants suffered at least one work-related injury in the 12 months prior to the interview. Entry-level safety training had no protective effect (P = 0.463) on the reported incidence of injury in dairy workers in the previous year. However, workers that received task-related training were four times less likely to suffer a work-related injury (P = 0.008). Training conducted by a co-worker also had a significant protective effect against work-related injuries (P = 0.028). Dairy workers identified direct contact with livestock or machinery as the main cause for work-related injuries, and most injuries occurred while medicating sick cows and milking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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4. Evaluation of the 4-point regional nerve block using 2% lidocaine in sheep.
- Author
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Simpson KM, Van Metre DC, Applegate TJ, Taylor JD, Johnson J, Brooks KS, and Mama KR
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- Animals, Female, Lameness, Animal drug therapy, Lidocaine therapeutic use, Pain veterinary, Pain Measurement veterinary, Sheep, Nerve Block veterinary, Sheep Diseases drug therapy
- Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether a single 4-point regional nerve block using 2% lidocaine administered distal to the fetlock of sheep with a single distal limb lameness will result in analgesia of the digits., Animals: Eighteen adult ewes with a single limb lameness originating from distal to the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint were enrolled in the study., Procedures: Digital lameness was confirmed and scored based on clinical examination. Pain associated with digital lesions was assessed in triplicate using a pressure algometer to quantify mechanical nociceptive threshold. The same procedure was repeated on the contralateral limb as a control, and maximum force and time to response recorded. A 4-point regional nerve block was performed using 8 mL of 2% lidocaine. Mechanical nociception was again applied in triplicate to both limbs as described above, by a blinded investigator. Following appropriate medical treatment, the ewe was released and lameness scoring repeated.Median values for pressure and time to withdrawal were determined for affected and control limbs, and differences between pre- and post-lidocaine block measures were compared using Friedman's ANOVA test. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to compare lameness score pre- and post-block. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05., Main Findings: Application of the 4-point block resulted in a change in pressure required to elicit withdrawal (F-value 17.7; P < 0.0001) as well as time to withdrawal (F-value 20.4; P < 0.0001), for the affected limb as compared to the control limb. Lameness scores decreased following the block (Signed-rank statistic 85.5; P < 0.0001)., Principal Conclusion: The 4-point nerve block resulted in anesthesia of the distal limb in sheep in this clinical model., (Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.)
- Published
- 2022
5. Management of Coxiella burnetii infection in livestock populations and the associated zoonotic risk: A consensus statement.
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Plummer PJ, McClure JT, Menzies P, Morley PS, Van den Brom R, and Van Metre DC
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- Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Public Health Administration standards, Q Fever prevention & control, Risk Factors, Coxiella burnetii, Livestock, Q Fever veterinary, Zoonoses
- Abstract
Infections caused by Coxiella burnetii, commonly referred to as coxiellosis when occurring in animals and Query fever when occurring in humans, are an important cause of abortions, decreased reproductive efficiency, and subclinical infections in ruminants. The organism also represents an important zoonotic concern associated with its ability to aerosolize easily and its low infectious dose. Available diagnostic tests have limited sensitivity, which combined with the absence of treatment options in animals and limited approaches to prevention, result in difficulty managing this agent for optimal animal health and zoonotic disease outcomes. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide veterinarians and public health officials with a summary of the available information regarding management of C. burnetii infection in livestock populations. A discussion of currently available testing options and their interpretation is provided, along with recommendations on management practices that can be implemented on-farm in the face of an outbreak to mitigate losses. Emphasis is placed on biosecurity measures that can be considered for minimizing the zoonotic transmission risk in both field and veterinary facilities., (© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
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- 2018
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6. Clostridial Abomasitis and Enteritis in Ruminants.
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Simpson KM, Callan RJ, and Van Metre DC
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- Abomasum pathology, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases pathology, Clostridium Infections microbiology, Clostridium Infections pathology, Enteritis microbiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases microbiology, Goat Diseases pathology, Goats, Sheep, Sheep Diseases pathology, Abomasum microbiology, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Clostridium Infections veterinary, Clostridium perfringens isolation & purification, Enteritis veterinary, Gastrointestinal Diseases veterinary, Goat Diseases microbiology, Sheep Diseases microbiology
- Abstract
Clostridial abomasitis and enteritis are important alimentary diseases observed in all domestic ruminant species. These diseases most commonly result from overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens types A, B, C, D, and E with the associated release of bacterial exotoxins that result in necrosis of the abomasal or intestinal mucosa. Clostridium difficile may also be associated with enteritis in calves but is much less common than disease caused by C perfringens. This article reviews the causes, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridial gastrointestinal diseases in ruminants. Particular emphasis is given to describing the various forms of disease and treatment of individual cases., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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7. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bovine Foot Rot.
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Van Metre DC
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- Animals, Bacteroidaceae Infections drug therapy, Bacteroidaceae Infections microbiology, Cattle, Fusobacterium Infections drug therapy, Fusobacterium Infections microbiology, Fusobacterium necrophorum physiology, Porphyromonas physiology, Prevotella intermedia physiology, Cattle Diseases drug therapy, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Foot Rot drug therapy, Foot Rot microbiology, Lameness, Animal drug therapy, Lameness, Animal microbiology
- Abstract
Bovine foot rot (BFR) is an infectious disease of the interdigital skin and subcutaneous tissues of beef and dairy cattle that occurs under a variety of management and environmental settings. The anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas levii, and Prevotella intermedia are commonly isolated from lesions. A multitude of host, agent, and environmental factors contribute to the development of BFR. Initiation of systemic antimicrobial therapy early in the course of disease commonly leads to resolution. Delays in treatment may result in extension of infection into deeper bone, synovial structures, or ligamentous structures, and the prognosis for recovery is reduced., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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8. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Disinfectant Footmats for the Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Footwear in a Large Animal Veterinary Hospital.
- Author
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Hornig KJ, Burgess BA, Saklou NT, Johnson V, Malmlov A, Van Metre DC, Morley PS, and Byers SR
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- Animals, Cattle microbiology, Feces microbiology, Female, Humans, Infection Control methods, Peroxides, Phenols, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Shoes, Bacteria isolation & purification, Colony Count, Microbial veterinary, Disinfectants, Floors and Floorcoverings, Hospitals, Animal
- Abstract
Background: Infection control is critical to providing high-quality patient care. Many veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) utilize footbaths or footmats at entrances and key control points throughout the facility to decrease trafficking of pathogenic microorganism on contaminated footwear., Hypothesis/objectives: To compare efficacy of 4 disinfectants used in footmats for decreasing bacterial contamination of footwear in a large animal hospital., Animals: A single adult dairy cow was housed in a stall for 4 days to facilitate stall contamination with fecal material., Methods: Overboots were experimentally contaminated with organic material in a standardized manner. Each boot was randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments (no treatment, or exposure to 1 of 4 disinfectants: an accelerated peroxygen [AHP], a peroxygen [VIRKON], a quaternary ammonium [QUAT], and a phenolic disinfectant [PHENOLIC]) by stepping on a soaked footmat and collecting samples from boot soles. Generalized linear modeling was used to analyze differences in bacterial counts., Results: Reductions in colony-forming units (CFUs) on treated boots ranged from no detectable reduction to 0.45 log
10 and varied by disinfectant. Percentage reductions in total bacterial counts generally were larger (albeit still modest) for AHP and QUAT disinfectants (range 37-45%) and smallest for the PHENOLIC (no detectable reduction)., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In general, use of disinfectant footmats was associated with significant reductions in viable bacteria on overboots-albeit with variable efficacy. Footmats may be useful adjuncts to cleaning and disinfection programs for decreasing trafficking of microorganisms throughout VTHs but should not be considered as a sole prevention method., (Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)- Published
- 2016
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9. Comparison of disinfectant efficacy when using high-volume directed mist application of accelerated hydrogen peroxide and peroxymonosulfate disinfectants in a large animal hospital.
- Author
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Saklou NT, Burgess BA, Van Metre DC, Hornig KJ, Morley PS, and Byers SR
- Subjects
- Aerosols, Animals, Bacteria drug effects, Colony Count, Microbial veterinary, Environmental Microbiology, Horses, Infection Control methods, Disinfectants pharmacology, Hospitals, Animal standards, Hydrogen Peroxide pharmacology, Peroxides pharmacology
- Abstract
Reasons for Performing Study: Effective decontamination of animal holding environments is critical for providing high quality patient care and maintaining a safe working environment. Disinfection of animal holding environments is a significant challenge during times of epidemic disease., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disinfectant efficacy of 3 strategies for high-volume directed mist application of accelerated hydrogen peroxide and peroxymonosulfate disinfectants; 4.25% accelerated hydrogen peroxide (Accel(®) ; AHP) at a 1:16 dilution and single and double applications of 2% peroxymonosulfate solution (Virkon-S(®) ; VIR-1 and VIR-2) for decontamination of a large animal hospital environment., Study Design: Experiment., Methods: After cleaning and disinfection of the hospital environment, transparencies experimentally contaminated with known concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were placed on vertical surfaces. Disinfectant solution was applied by directed mist application and, after 30 min of contact time, transparencies were collected and individually placed into tubes containing 10 ml Dey-Engley broth. The process was repeated for each disinfectant. Tenfold dilutions of each sample were plated onto tryptic soy blood agar with 5% sheep blood. Bacterial counts from transparencies exposed to disinfectants were compared with counts from control transparencies (unexposed to disinfectants) to evaluate reduction in colony forming units., Results: The least squares mean reduction (log10 ) in colony forming units (CFUs) for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was 1.5-2.5 logs and approximately 0.8-1.0 logs for S. enterica. Reductions were generally largest for VIR-2 and smallest for AHP, although these differences were not all statistically significant and the magnitude of differences may not be clinically relevant., Conclusions: For the organisms evaluated, all 3 disinfectants applied as a directed mist were effective at reducing CFUs in a veterinary hospital environment. Effective disinfection using this method of application is dependent on adequate cleaning prior to application, and use of adequate volumes of disinfectant., (© 2015 EVJ Ltd.)
- Published
- 2016
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10. Rapid Salmonella detection in experimentally inoculated equine faecal and veterinary hospital environmental samples using commercially available lateral flow immunoassays.
- Author
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Burgess BA, Noyes NR, Bolte DS, Hyatt DR, van Metre DC, and Morley PS
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- Animals, Bacteriological Techniques methods, Bacteriological Techniques veterinary, Environmental Microbiology, Feces microbiology, Horses, Hospitals, Animal, Salmonella isolation & purification
- Abstract
Reasons for Performing Study: Salmonella enterica is the most commonly reported cause of outbreaks of nosocomial infections in large animal veterinary teaching hospitals and the closure of equine hospitals. Rapid detection may facilitate effective control practices in equine populations. Shipping and laboratory testing typically require ≥48 h to obtain results. Lateral flow immunoassays developed for use in food-safety microbiology provide an alternative that has not been evaluated for use with faeces or environmental samples., Objectives: We aimed to identify enrichment methods that would allow commercially available rapid Salmonella detection systems (lateral flow immunoassays) to be used in clinical practice with equine faecal and environmental samples, providing test results in 18-24 h., Study Design: In vitro experiment., Methods: Equine faecal and environmental samples were inoculated with known quantities of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium and cultured using 2 different enrichment techniques for faeces and 4 enrichment techniques for environmental samples. Samples were tested blindly using 2 different lateral flow immunoassays and plated on agar media for confirmatory testing., Results: In general, commercial lateral flow immunoassays resulted in fewer false-negative test results with enrichment of 1 g faecal samples in tetrathionate for 18 h, while all environmental sample enrichment techniques resulted in similar detection rates. The limit of detection from spiked samples, ∼4 colony-forming units/g, was similar for all methods evaluated., Conclusions: The lateral flow immunoassays evaluated could reliably detect S. enterica within 18 h, indicating that they may be useful for rapid point-of-care testing in equine practice applications. Additional evaluation is needed using samples from naturally infected cases and the environment to gain an accurate estimate of test sensitivity and specificity and to substantiate further the true value of these tests in clinical practice., (© 2014 EVJ Ltd.)
- Published
- 2015
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11. Detection of different serotypes of Salmonella enterica in experimentally inoculated equine fecal samples by commercially available rapid tests.
- Author
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Burgess BA, Weller CB, Pabilonia KL, Bolte DS, Van Metre DC, and Morley PS
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- Animals, Bacteriological Techniques veterinary, Horse Diseases diagnosis, Horses, Immunoassay veterinary, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Point-of-Care Systems, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic veterinary, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Salmonella Infections, Animal diagnosis, Serotyping methods, Serotyping veterinary, Feces microbiology, Horse Diseases microbiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Salmonella enterica classification
- Abstract
Background: Salmonella enterica can significantly impact management of animal facilities. Comprehensive screening is essential for effective control in high-risk populations. Availability of reliable point-of-care diagnostic tests would facilitate these efforts., Hypothesis/objectives: Compare the ability of commercially available rapid diagnostic assays (2 lateral flow immunoassays [LFIs], DNA hybridization [DNAH], real-time PCR [qPCR]), and culture to detect common serotypes of S. enterica in feces., Animals: n/a., Methods: In an experimental study, 112 S. enterica isolates were randomly selected from the 10 most common serotypes recovered at a veterinary hospital. Archived isolates were amplified in broth and standardized inocula (100 colony forming units) were incubated with equine feces in tetrathionate broth (TET). Cultures were tested in a blinded fashion by using LFIs, DNAH, qPCR, and culture., Results: The LFIs detected 84% and 67% of isolates, respectively, but reactivity varied among serotypes. Both reacted poorly with serotype Cerro (Group K) isolates, and 1 LFI did not react with any serotype Mbandaka (Group C1) or Montevideo (Group C1) isolates. DNAH detected 94% of isolates, whereas culture and qPCR most reliably detected all serotypes. False-positive results were obtained for 4 negative controls by using DNAH and 1 negative control by using qPCR, but LFIs and culture had no false-positive results., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Culture, qPCR, and DNAH were effective in detecting most Salmonella isolates, but have limited application at point-of-care settings. LFIs are appealing as point-of-care tests because of low cost and ease of use, but limited detection of some serotypes needs to be evaluated with samples obtained from naturally infected animals., (Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
- Published
- 2014
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12. Syndromic surveillance for evaluating the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections in equine hospitals.
- Author
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Ruple-Czerniak AA, Aceto HW, Bender JB, Paradis MR, Shaw SP, Van Metre DC, Weese JS, Wilson DA, Wilson J, and Morley PS
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- Animals, Cross Infection epidemiology, Epidemiological Monitoring veterinary, Horses, Longitudinal Studies, Risk Factors, United States epidemiology, Cross Infection veterinary, Horse Diseases microbiology, Hospitals, Animal standards
- Abstract
Reasons for Performing Study: Methods that can be used to estimate rates of healthcare-associated infections and other nosocomial events have not been well established for use in equine hospitals. Traditional laboratory-based surveillance is expensive and cannot be applied in all of these settings., Objectives: To evaluate the use of a syndromic surveillance system for estimating rates of occurrence of healthcare-associated infections among hospitalised equine cases., Study Design: Multicentre, prospective longitudinal study., Methods: This study included weaned equids (n = 297) that were admitted for gastrointestinal disorders at one of 5 participating veterinary referral hospitals during a 12-week period in 2006. A survey form was completed by the primary clinician to summarise basic case information, procedures and treatments the horse received, and whether one or more of 7 predefined nosocomial syndromes were recognised at any point during hospitalisation. Adjusted rates of nosocomial events were estimated using Poisson regression. Risk factors associated with the risk of developing a nosocomial event were analysed using multivariable logistic regression., Results: Among the study population, 95 nosocomial events were reported to have occurred in 65 horses. Controlling for differences among hospitals, 19.7% (95% confidence interval, 14.5-26.7) of the study population was reported to have had at least one nosocomial event recognised during hospitalisation. The most commonly reported nosocomial syndromes that were unrelated to the reason for hospitalisation were surgical site inflammation and i.v. catheter site inflammation., Conclusions: Syndromic surveillance systems can be standardised successfully for use across multiple hospitals without interfering with established organisational structures, in order to provide useful estimates of rates related to healthcare-associated infections., (© 2013 EVJ Ltd.)
- Published
- 2014
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13. Sodium balance and the dysnatremias.
- Author
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Byers SR, Lear AS, and Van Metre DC
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- Animals, Hypernatremia blood, Hypernatremia therapy, Hyponatremia blood, Hyponatremia therapy, Livestock blood, Sodium blood, Water metabolism, Hypernatremia veterinary, Hyponatremia veterinary, Livestock metabolism, Sodium metabolism
- Abstract
The dysnatremias are defined as abnormalities in serum sodium concentration. Depending on the magnitude and duration of the sodium abnormality and the nature of any concurrent or primary disease, hypernatremia and hypernatremia may result in no consequences, subclinical impairment of health and productivity, or severe clinical disease. Dysnatremias can be the sequelae to diseases or environmental conditions that promote fluid gain or loss from the body, as well as medical interventions that add excessive amounts of sodium or water to the extracellular fluid. Extreme, sustained dysnatremia may result in central nervous system dysfunction and death., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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14. Environmental Salmonella in agricultural fair poultry exhibits in Colorado.
- Author
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Pabilonia KL, Cadmus KJ, Lingus TM, Bolte DS, Russell MM, Van Metre DC, and Erdman MM
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- Agriculture, Animal Feed, Animals, Colorado epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Meat microbiology, Poultry, Poultry Diseases microbiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Salmonella enterica classification, Zoonoses, Environmental Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Poultry Diseases epidemiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology, Salmonella enterica isolation & purification
- Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common zoonotic pathogen in humans. Transmission typically occurs through consumption of contaminated food products or contact with infected animals, including poultry or their environment. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of Salmonella contamination in the environment in poultry exhibits at agricultural fairs. Samples were collected from cages, feed, floors and tables in the exhibit and cultured for Salmonella. At least one environmental sample was positive for Salmonella in 10 of 11 fairs (91%), and Salmonella was isolated from 28 of 55 environmental samples (50.9%). Eleven different serotypes were detected. Results of this study demonstrate that environmental surfaces at agricultural fairs can be contaminated with Salmonella and could potentially serve as a route of transmission to bird owners and the general public. Poultry owners and the general public should be educated about the risks of Salmonella infection from the poultry exhibit environment. Agricultural fairs should consider instituting policies and practices to improve hygiene and mitigate the risk of zoonotic salmonellosis., (© 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2014
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15. Using syndromic surveillance to estimate baseline rates for healthcare-associated infections in critical care units of small animal referral hospitals.
- Author
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Ruple-Czerniak A, Aceto HW, Bender JB, Paradis MR, Shaw SP, Van Metre DC, Weese JS, Wilson DA, Wilson JH, and Morley PS
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- Animals, Cats, Cross Infection epidemiology, Dogs, Female, Hospitals, Animal, Intensive Care Units, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Cat Diseases epidemiology, Cross Infection veterinary, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Epidemiological Monitoring veterinary
- Abstract
Background: Expected rates of healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) have not been established in veterinary hospitals. Baseline rates are critically needed as benchmarks for quality animal care., Objective: To estimate the occurrence of events related to HCAI identified using a standardized syndromic surveillance system in small animals in critical care cases at referral hospitals., Animals: Weaned dogs and cats (n = 1,951) that were hospitalized in the critical care unit of referral teaching hospitals during a 12-week period., Methods: Multicenter, prospective longitudinal study. A survey was completed for all enrolled animals to record basic demographics, information about procedures and treatments that animals received, and to document the occurrence of defined nosocomial syndromes. Data were analyzed to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of these nosocomial syndromes., Results: Controlling for hospital of admission, 16.3% of dogs (95% confidence intervals [CI], 14.3-18.5) and 12% of cats (95% CI, 9.3-15.5) were reported to have had ≥ 1 nosocomial syndrome occur during hospitalization. Risk factors found to have a positive association with the development of a nosocomial syndrome were longer hospital stays, placement of a urinary catheter, surgical procedures being performed, and the administration of antiulcer medications and antimicrobial drugs excluding those given perioperatively., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Syndromic surveillance systems can be successfully standardized for use across multiple hospitals to effectively collect data pertinent to HCAI rates and risk factors for occurrence., (Copyright © 2013 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)
- Published
- 2013
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16. Factors affecting use of veterinarians by small-scale food animal operations.
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Beam AL, Thilmany DD, Garber LP, Van Metre DC, Pritchard RW, Kopral CA, and Olea-Popelka FJ
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- Adult, Aged, Animal Husbandry economics, Animal Welfare, Animals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Education, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Young Adult, Animal Husbandry methods, Veterinarians
- Abstract
Objective: To identify factors associated with use of a veterinarian by small-scale food animal operations., Design: Cross-sectional descriptive survey., Sample: 16,000 small-scale farm or ranch operations in all 50 states., Procedures: Surveys were conducted via mail or telephone during 2011 for small-scale operations (gross annual agricultural sales between $10,000 and $499,999) in which an animal or animal product comprised the highest percentage of annual sales., Results: 8,186 (51.2%) operations responded to the survey; 7,849 surveys met the inclusion criteria. For 6,511 (83.0%) operations, beef cattle were the primary animal species. An estimated 82.1% of operations (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.1% to 83.0%) had a veterinarian available ≤ 29 miles away; 1.4% (95% CI, 1.2% to 1.7%) did not have a veterinarian available within 100 miles of the operation. Operations for which the nearest veterinarian was ≥ 100 miles away or for which a veterinarian was not available were located in 40 US states. Overall, 61.7% of operations (95% CI, 60.6% to 62.9%) had used a veterinarian during the 12 months prior to the survey. Producers with college degrees were significantly more likely to use a veterinarian (675%) versus those who did not complete high school (52.9%)., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results of this study indicated most small-scale operations had adequate access to veterinarians during 2011, but there seemed to be localized shortages of veterinarians in many states.
- Published
- 2013
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17. Prediction of serum IgG concentration by indirect techniques with adjustment for age and clinical and laboratory covariates in critically ill newborn calves.
- Author
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Fecteau G, Arsenault J, Paré J, Van Metre DC, Holmberg CA, and Smith BP
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- Aging, Animals, Blood Chemical Analysis methods, Blood Proteins immunology, Cattle, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Cattle Diseases immunology, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Immunodiffusion veterinary, Male, Nephelometry and Turbidimetry, Refractometry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Zinc Sulfate, gamma-Glutamyltransferase blood, Animals, Newborn, Blood Chemical Analysis veterinary, Cattle Diseases blood, Critical Illness, Immunoglobulin G blood
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop prediction models for the serum IgG concentration in critically ill calves based on indirect assays and to assess if the predictive ability of the models could be improved by inclusion of age, clinical covariates, and/or laboratory covariates. Seventy-eight critically ill calves between 1 and 13 days old were selected from 1 farm. Statistical models to predict IgG concentration from the results of the radial immunodiffusion test, the gold standard, were built as a function of indirect assays of serum and plasma protein concentrations, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) turbidity and transmittance, and serum γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity. For each assay 4 models were built: without covariates, with age, with age and clinical covariates (infection and dehydration status), and with age and laboratory covariates (fibrinogen concentration and packed cell volume). For the protein models, dehydration status (clinical model) and fibrinogen concentration (laboratory model) were selected for inclusion owing to their statistical significance. These variables increased the coefficient of determination (R (2) ) of the models by ≥ 7% but did not significantly improve the sensitivity or specificity of the models to predict passive transfer with a cutoff IgG concentration of 1000 mg/dL. For the GGT assay, including age as a covariate increased the R (2) of the model by 3%. For the ZnSO4 turbidity test, none of the covariates were statistically significant. Overall, the R (2) of the models ranged from 34% to 62%. This study has provided insight into the importance of adjusting for covariates when using indirect assays to predict IgG concentration in critically ill calves. Results also indicate that ZnSO4 transmittance and turbidity assays could be used advantageously in a field setting.
- Published
- 2013
18. Factors associated with failure in breeding soundness examination of Western USA rams.
- Author
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Van Metre DC, Rao S, Kimberling CV, and Morley PS
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- Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Balanitis epidemiology, Balanitis microbiology, Brucella ovis isolation & purification, Brucellosis epidemiology, Brucellosis microbiology, Colorado epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ejaculation, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Male, Population Density, Retrospective Studies, Semen physiology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sheep, Sheep Diseases epidemiology, Sperm Count veterinary, Testis anatomy & histology, Utah epidemiology, Wyoming epidemiology, Balanitis veterinary, Body Composition, Breeding standards, Brucellosis veterinary, Semen cytology, Sheep Diseases microbiology
- Abstract
Breeding-soundness examination (BSE) and eradication of Brucella ovis infection in rams are critical components of flock-health programs. The aims of this retrospective, cross-sectional study were to describe the results of BSE in a large sample of rams in the Western USA and to determine the association between BSE outcome and the semen collection method (penis manually extended vs. retained in the preputial cavity), ram body-condition score (BCS), the presence of ulcerative posthitis, and the size of the flock of origin. We evaluated the first BSE in a given year for rams from Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, USA, from 2000 through 2007. Breeding-soundness examination consisted of physical examination, scrotal circumference and BCS measurement, semen collection by electroejaculation, and microscopic examination of semen motility, morphology, and leukocyte concentration. We assigned a reason for failure to each failed BSE and used multivariable logistic and Poisson regressions to measure associations between ram and flock variables and the risk or reason for failure on BSE. A non-random, owner-selected subset of rams was tested for antibodies to B. ovis by serum indirect ELISA (iELISA). The Rogan-Gladen corrected B. ovis seroprevalence was measured. Of the 14,667 BSEs performed on 11,804 rams, 29.0% were classified as "failed;" the most common reason for failure was substandard semen parameters (43.8%). Breeding-soundness examinations were more likely to have been categorized as failure for inflammatory causes when performed on rams from medium-sized flocks (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1, 2.3) and large flocks (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0, 1.9) (P=0.02), suggesting that larger flocks are at higher risk of contagious diseases. The adjusted seroprevalence of B. ovis antibodies among tested rams in this study was 10.0%. Of 233 rams seropositive to B. ovis, 125 (53.6%) were subclinical, a finding that supports the importance of this test in ram BSE. We found that emaciation in rams was associated with an increased risk of BSE failure from substandard semen parameters (P<0.001), but ulcerative posthitis and the semen collection method were not (P=0.09 and 0.34, respectively). However, collection of semen with the penis retained in the preputial cavity resulted in greater odds of leukospermia relative to semen collection with the penis extended (OR 4.1; 95% CI 2.9, 5.9; P<0.001), presumably from contamination of the semen sample with preputial leukocytes. For ram BSE, therefore, semen collection with the penis manually extended from the sheath is recommended to limit leukocyte contamination of the sample., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
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19. Salmonella enterica shedding in hospitalized horses and associations with diarrhea occurrence among their stablemates and gastrointestinal-related illness or death following discharge.
- Author
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Hartnack AK, Van Metre DC, and Morley PS
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- Animals, Case-Control Studies, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases microbiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases mortality, Horse Diseases mortality, Horse Diseases transmission, Horses, Male, Retrospective Studies, Salmonella Infections, Animal pathology, Salmonella Infections, Animal transmission, Bacterial Shedding physiology, Gastrointestinal Diseases veterinary, Horse Diseases microbiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Salmonella enterica physiology
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the potential association between Salmonella enterica shedding in hospitalized horses and the risk of diarrhea among stablemates, and to characterize gastrointestinal-related illness and death following discharge among horses that shed S. enterica while hospitalized., Design: Retrospective cohort study [corrected]., Animals: 221 horses (59 that shed S. enterica during hospitalization and 162 that tested negative for S. enterica shedding ≥ 3 times during hospitalization)., Procedures: Information from medical records (signalment, results of microbial culture of fecal samples, clinical status at the time of culture, and treatment history) was combined with data collected through interviews with horse owners regarding formerly hospitalized horses and their stablemates. Data were analyzed to investigate risk factors for death and diarrhea., Results: Occurrence of diarrhea among stablemates of formerly hospitalized horses was not associated with S. enterica shedding in hospitalized horses but was associated with oral treatment with antimicrobials during hospitalization. Salmonella enterica shedding during hospitalization was not associated with risk of death or gastrointestinal-related illness in study horses ≤ 6 months after discharge, but shedding status and history of gastrointestinal illness were associated with increased risk of death during the preinterview period., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Stablemates of horses that shed S. enterica during hospitalization did not appear to have an increased risk for diarrhea, but comingling with horses that receive orally administered antimicrobials may affect this risk. Salmonella enterica shedding during hospitalization may be a marker of increased long-term risk of death after discharge. Risks are likely influenced by the S enterica strain involved and biosecurity procedures used.
- Published
- 2012
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20. Detection and control of a nosocomial outbreak caused by Salmonella newport at a large animal hospital.
- Author
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Steneroden KK, Van Metre DC, Jackson C, and Morley PS
- Subjects
- Animals, Cross Infection epidemiology, Cross Infection microbiology, Cross Infection prevention & control, Feces microbiology, Female, Housing, Animal, Male, Salmonella classification, Salmonella Infections, Animal diagnosis, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal prevention & control, Cross Infection veterinary, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Hospitals, Animal, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Nosocomial salmonellosis is often assumed to occur because infection control and surveillance practices are inadequate, but published evidence is lacking to support the related contention that rigorous application of these practices can impact the severity of outbreaks., Objective: Describe active surveillance, early recognition, and intensive mitigation efforts used in an effort to control an outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections without hospital closure., Animals: Large animals hospitalized at a referral hospital., Methods: This prospective outbreak investigation was initiated when Salmonella Newport infections were detected among hospitalized animals by active surveillance. Data were analyzed to identify temporal and spatial patterns for epidemic spread of Salmonella in the hospital. Mitigation efforts were aggressively adjusted in response to surveillance data. Genetic relatedness of isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis., Results: Of 145 large animals sampled, 8 (5.6%) were infected with the Salmonella strain associated with this outbreak, and all but 1 shed Salmonella in the absence of or before the onset of disease. This strain was recovered from 14.2% (42/295) of environmental samples (ENV samples), indicating that widespread environmental contamination had occurred. Isolates of Salmonella Newport obtained from infected animals and the environment were genetically indistinguishable, confirming clonal dissemination., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Active surveillance allowed early detection of nosocomial Salmonella transmission and hospital contamination. Use of aggressive interventions was followed by cessation of transmission. Active surveillance can allow earlier recognition and mitigation compared with programs by only sampling of clinically affected animals.
- Published
- 2010
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21. Development of a syndromic surveillance system for detection of disease among livestock entering an auction market.
- Author
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Van Metre DC, Barkey DQ, Salman MD, and Morley PS
- Subjects
- Animal Diseases diagnosis, Animal Diseases pathology, Animals, Cattle, Colorado epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnosis, Differential, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data, Female, Goats, Horses, Male, Meat, Sheep, Swine, Syndrome, Animal Diseases epidemiology, Commerce, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Sentinel Surveillance veterinary
- Abstract
Objective: To develop a syndromic surveillance system based on visual inspection from outside the livestock pens that could be used for detection of disease among livestock entering an auction market., Design: Cross-sectional study., Animals: All livestock (beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs) entering a single auction market in Colorado during 30 business days. Procedures-Livestock were enumerated and visually inspected for clinical signs of disease by a veterinarian outside the pens, and clinical signs that were observed were categorized into 12 disease syndromes. Frequency of clinical signs and disease syndromes was then calculated., Results: Data were recorded for a total of 29,371 animal observation days. For all species combined, the most common disease syndrome was respiratory tract disease (218.9 observations/10,000 animal observation days), followed by thin body condition and abnormal ambulation or posture (80.7 and 27.2 observations/10,000 animal observation days, respectively). Together, these 3 disease syndromes accounted for 92.8% of all clinical signs of disease observed. The syndromes least commonly identified were non-injury-related hemorrhage, death, and injury-related hemorrhage (0.0, 0.3, and 0.7 observations/10,000 animal observation days, respectively)., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggested that a syndromic surveillance system based on visual inspection alone could be developed to identify possible disease conditions among livestock at an auction market. Further studies are needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of visual observation in detecting disease.
- Published
- 2009
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22. Characteristics of biosecurity and infection control programs at veterinary teaching hospitals.
- Author
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Benedict KM, Morley PS, and Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Communicable Disease Control methods, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Communicable Diseases transmission, Cross Infection epidemiology, Cross Infection prevention & control, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Disease Susceptibility veterinary, Hospitals, Animal statistics & numerical data, Humans, Hygiene, Infection Control, United States, Zoonoses, Communicable Disease Control standards, Communicable Diseases veterinary, Cross Infection veterinary, Hospitals, Animal standards, Veterinary Medicine standards
- Abstract
Objective: To characterize biosecurity and infection control practices at veterinary teaching hospitals located at institutions accredited by the AVMA., Design: Cross-sectional survey., Population: 50 biosecurity experts at 38 veterinary teaching hospitals., Procedures: Telephone interviews were conducted between July 2006 and July 2007, and questions were asked regarding policies for hygiene, surveillance, patient contact, education, and awareness. Respondents were also asked their opinion regarding the rigor of their programs., Results: 31 of 38 (82%) hospitals reported outbreaks of nosocomial infection during the 5 years prior to the interview, 17 (45%) reported > 1 outbreak, 22 (58%) had restricted patient admissions to aid mitigation, and 12 (32%) had completely closed sections of the facility to control disease spread. Nineteen (50%) hospitals reported that zoonotic infections had occurred during the 2 years prior to the interview. Only 16 (42%) hospitals required personnel to complete a biosecurity training program, but 20 of the 50 (40%) respondents indicated that they believed their hospitals ranked among the top 10% in regard to rigor of infection control efforts., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggested that differences existed among infection control programs at these institutions. Perceptions of experts regarding program rigor appeared to be skewed, possibly because of a lack of published data characterizing programs at other institutions. Results may provide a stimulus for hospital administrators to better optimize biosecurity and infection control programs at their hospitals and thereby optimize patient care.
- Published
- 2008
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23. Ovine and caprine urolithiasis: another piece of the puzzle.
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Van Metre DC and Fubini SL
- Subjects
- Animals, Goats, Sheep, Urinary Calculi surgery, Cystostomy veterinary, Sheep Diseases surgery, Urinary Calculi veterinary
- Published
- 2006
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24. Evaluation of the efficacy of a peroxygen disinfectant-filled footmat for reduction of bacterial load on footwear in a large animal hospital setting.
- Author
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Dunowska M, Morley PS, Patterson G, Hyatt DR, and Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteria drug effects, Baths, Colony Count, Microbial veterinary, Humans, Prospective Studies, Shoes, Treatment Outcome, Bacteria isolation & purification, Disinfectants pharmacology, Disinfection methods, Hospitals, Animal standards, Peroxides pharmacology
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE-To compare the efficacy of a peroxygenbased disinfectant used in footbaths with the efficacy of the same disinfectant used in footmats for reducing bacterial contamination of footwear in a large animal hospital. DESIGN-Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION-Bacteria recovered from the soles of rubber boots after experimental microbial contamination and exposure to disinfectant solutions or water (water-treated control boots) or no treatment (untreated control boots). PROCEDURES-Investigators contaminated boots by walking through soiled animal bedding. Swab samples were collected from the sole of 1 untreated boot (right or left); the other boot was treated as investigators stepped through a disinfectant-filled footbath, a disinfectant-filled footmat, or water-filled footmat. Samples were collected 10 minutes after each treatment. Differences in numbers of bacteria recovered from treated and untreated boots were analyzed. RESULTS-Mean bacterial counts from peroxygentreated boots were 1.3 to 1.4 log(10) lower (95.4% to 99.8%) than the counts from untreated boots. Results were similar for footmat- and footbath-treated boots. In contrast, there were no statistically detectable differences in mean bacterial counts in samples collected from water-treated or untreated boots. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Results suggest that footmats and footbaths containing peroxygenbased disinfectant are effective in reducing bacterial contamination on the soles of boots when used in conditions representative of large animal hospitals. Similar results were achieved with use of either footmats or footbaths. The use of footbaths and footmats containing effective disinfectants may help decrease the risk for spread of nosocomial infection but should not be expected to sterilize footwear.
- Published
- 2006
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25. Abdominal emergencies in cattle.
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Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, Holt TN, and Garry FB
- Subjects
- Abdomen, Acute diagnosis, Abdomen, Acute therapy, Abomasum, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases pathology, Cattle Diseases surgery, Cattle Diseases therapy, Decision Making, Diagnosis, Differential, Emergencies veterinary, Rumen, Abdomen, Acute veterinary, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Physical Examination veterinary
- Published
- 2005
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26. Trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in New World camelids.
- Author
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Sullivan EK, Callan RJ, Holt TN, and Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Bezoars diagnostic imaging, Bezoars pathology, Duodenal Obstruction diagnostic imaging, Duodenal Obstruction pathology, Female, Foreign-Body Reaction diagnostic imaging, Foreign-Body Reaction pathology, Male, Radiography, Records veterinary, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Bezoars surgery, Camelids, New World, Duodenal Obstruction surgery, Foreign-Body Reaction surgery
- Abstract
Objective: To describe clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome associated with trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in New World camelids., Study Design: Retrospective study., Animals: Alpacas (7) and 1 llama., Methods: Historical and clinical data were obtained from the medical records of New World camelids with a diagnosis of trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction confirmed by surgical exploration or necropsy., Results: Seven camelids were <1 year old. Abnormal clinical findings included anorexia, reduced fecal output, recumbency, colic, abdominal distension, regurgitation, decreased serum chloride concentration, increased serum bicarbonate concentration, and/or elevated first gastric compartment chloride concentration. Survey abdominal radiographs obtained (4 animals) revealed gastric distension (4) and/or visualization of the obstruction (2). Diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy (1) or surgery (7). Right paracostal celiotomy was performed on all animals and duodenotomy (3) or retropulsion of the trichophytobezoar combined with third compartment gastrotomy (4) was used to remove the obstruction. Six animals survived to discharge and 5 were healthy at follow-up, 8-20 months later. The remaining discharged alpaca was healthy at 12 months but subsequently died of unrelated causes., Conclusions: Diagnosis of trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction should be considered in juvenile New World camelids with abdominal distension and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Right paracostal celiotomy can be used for access to the descending duodenum and third gastric compartment for surgical relief of obstruction., Clinical Relevance: Duodenal obstruction from bezoars should be considered in New World camelids <1year of age with abdominal distension and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Surgical relief of the obstruction by right paracostal celiotomy has a good prognosis.
- Published
- 2005
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27. Comparison of the odds of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major toxins by Clostridium perfringens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome or left-displaced abomasum.
- Author
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Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Morley PS, Callan RJ, Plampin EC, and Ellis RP
- Subjects
- Abomasum abnormalities, Animals, Bacterial Toxins biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins classification, Case-Control Studies, Cattle, Clostridium Infections microbiology, Clostridium perfringens classification, Clostridium perfringens metabolism, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage microbiology, Genotype, Logistic Models, Multivariate Analysis, Phylogeny, Bacterial Toxins isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Clostridium Infections veterinary, Clostridium perfringens isolation & purification, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage veterinary
- Abstract
Objective: To compare the frequency of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major lethal toxins of Clostridium perfringens in adult dairy cows affected with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) versus left-displaced abomasum (LDA)., Design: Case-control study., Animals: 10 adult dairy cattle with HBS (cases) and 10 adult dairy cattle with LDA matched with cases by herd of origin (controls)., Procedure: Samples of gastrointestinal contents were obtained from multiple sites during surgery or necropsy examination. Each sample underwent testing for anaerobic bacteria by use of 3 culture methods. The genotype of isolates of C. perfringens was determined via multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Major lethal toxins were detected by use of an ELISA. Data were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression and chi2 analysis., Results: C. perfringens type A and type A with the beta2 gene (A + beta2) were the only genotypes isolated. Isolation of C. perfringens type A and type A + beta2 was 6.56 and 3.3 times as likely, respectively, to occur in samples from cattle with HBS than in cattle with LDA. Alpha toxin was detected in 7 of 36 samples from cases and in 0 of 32 samples from controls. Beta2 toxin was detected in 9 of 36 samples from cases and 0 of 36 samples from controls., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: C. perfringens type A and type A + beta2 can be isolated from the gastrointestinal tract with significantly greater odds in cattle with HBS than in herdmates with LDA. Alpha and beta2 toxins were detected in samples from cows with HBS but not from cows with LDA.
- Published
- 2005
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28. Evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectant footbaths as used in veterinary hospitals.
- Author
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Morley PS, Morris SN, Hyatt DR, and Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Prospective Studies, Shoes, Treatment Outcome, Baths veterinary, Disinfectants pharmacology, Disinfection methods, Hospitals, Animal standards, Peroxides pharmacology
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate efficacy of 2 disinfectants as used in footbaths in veterinary hospitals for reducing bacterial contamination of footwear., Design: Prospective study., Sample Population: Bacteria collected from the soles of rubber boots after experimental contamination and exposure to disinfectant solutions or control conditions., Procedures: Investigators contaminated boots by walking through soiled straw animal bedding. Swab samples were collected from the sole of 1 boot (right or left) without treatment. The other boot was briefly immersed in a disinfectant solution (either a quaternary ammonium compound [QAC] or a peroxygen compound) or water, and samples were collected after 7 minutes. Differences associated with the experimental treatments were analyzed statistically. Veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) in the United States and Canada were contacted to obtain information about the use of footbaths., Results: Mean bacterial concentrations from peroxygen-treated boots were 67% to 78% lower, compared with samples taken from untreated boots. In contrast, there were no statistically detectable differences in mean bacterial concentrations in samples taken from QAC- or water-treated boots, compared with control boots. Disinfectant footbaths were reportedly used in 30 of 31 VTHs., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Disinfectant solution containing peroxygen applied in a footbath reduced bacterial concentrations on rubber boots under conditions representative of those found in VTHs. Footbaths are commonly used as a method to control infectious diseases in veterinary hospitals. Disinfectant footbaths should not be expected to sterilize footwear, but they may help in reducing the risk for nosocomial infection when used with effective disinfectants.
- Published
- 2005
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29. Radiation therapy for the treatment of urethral sarcoma in a cria.
- Author
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Gustafson NR, Severidt J, Van Metre DC, Schultheiss PC, Larue SM, and Callan RJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Combined Modality Therapy veterinary, Female, Sarcoma drug therapy, Sarcoma radiotherapy, Sarcoma surgery, Urethral Neoplasms drug therapy, Urethral Neoplasms radiotherapy, Urethral Neoplasms surgery, Vincristine therapeutic use, Camelids, New World, Sarcoma veterinary, Urethral Neoplasms veterinary
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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30. Viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system.
- Author
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Callan RJ and Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Herpesviridae Infections diagnosis, Herpesviridae Infections prevention & control, Herpesviridae Infections veterinary, Lentivirus Infections diagnosis, Lentivirus Infections prevention & control, Lentivirus Infections veterinary, Malignant Catarrh diagnosis, Malignant Catarrh prevention & control, Pseudorabies diagnosis, Pseudorabies prevention & control, Rabies diagnosis, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies veterinary, Encephalitis, Viral diagnosis, Encephalitis, Viral prevention & control, Ruminants
- Abstract
This article presents the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features,and diagnosis of the primary viral neurologic diseases observed in ruminants. In general, these viral neurologic diseases are uncommon but often fatal. Rabies virus is perhaps the most important cause of encephalitis in cattle because of the public health implications. Other viral encephalitis diseases in ruminants include bovine herpesvirus encephalomyelitis, pseudorabies, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine and caprine lentiviral encephalitis, West Nile virus encephalitis, Borna disease, paramyxoviral sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis,and ovine encephalomyelitis (louping-ill).
- Published
- 2004
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31. What is your diagnosis? Communication between the urethra and the corpus spongiosum, urethral stricture, mild cystitis, and presence of a urachal diverticulum.
- Author
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Cruz-Arámbulo Rde J, Tan L, Callan RJ, Van Metre DC, and Park RD
- Subjects
- Animals, Crosses, Genetic, Diverticulum diagnosis, Diverticulum diagnostic imaging, Goat Diseases diagnostic imaging, Goats, Male, Radiography, Sheep, Sheep Diseases diagnostic imaging, Urachus abnormalities, Urethral Diseases diagnosis, Urethral Diseases diagnostic imaging, Urethral Obstruction diagnosis, Urethral Obstruction diagnostic imaging, Urethral Stricture diagnosis, Urethral Stricture diagnostic imaging, Urethral Stricture veterinary, Urinary Catheterization veterinary, Diverticulum veterinary, Goat Diseases diagnosis, Sheep Diseases diagnosis, Urethral Diseases veterinary, Urethral Obstruction veterinary
- Published
- 2003
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32. What is your diagnosis? Cortical lysis, medullary sclerosis, and periosteal bony proliferation of the distal portion of the metacarpus.
- Author
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Román-Muñiz IN, Van Metre DC, Cruz-Arámbulo Rde J, Basaraba RJ, Callan RJ, and Withrow SJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Bone Neoplasms diagnosis, Bone Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Goat Diseases diagnostic imaging, Goats, Lameness, Animal diagnosis, Lameness, Animal diagnostic imaging, Male, Metacarpus diagnostic imaging, Metacarpus pathology, Osteosarcoma diagnosis, Osteosarcoma diagnostic imaging, Radiography, Bone Neoplasms veterinary, Goat Diseases diagnosis, Osteosarcoma veterinary
- Published
- 2003
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33. Selenium and vitamin E.
- Author
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Van Metre DC and Callan RJ
- Subjects
- Animal Feed, Animals, Antioxidants metabolism, Dietary Supplements, Intestinal Absorption, Meat standards, Nutritional Requirements, Risk Factors, Selenium administration & dosage, Selenium deficiency, Vitamin E administration & dosage, Vitamin E Deficiency physiopathology, Goats physiology, Selenium physiology, Sheep physiology, Vitamin E physiology, Vitamin E Deficiency veterinary
- Abstract
Deficiency of selenium and vitamin E has recently been identified as a major health concern of sheep producers in certain regions of the United States, and familiarity with published data on these nutrients seems to be of value to small ruminant practitioners. This article begins with a description of the biochemical roles and metabolism of selenium and vitamin E. A literature review follows in which the influence of these nutrients on the musculoskeletal, reproductive, and immune systems, as well as on flock productivity, is discussed. Methods for detection of deficiency and supplementation strategies are also described.
- Published
- 2001
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34. Virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolated from the blood of bacteremic neonatal calves.
- Author
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Fecteau G, Fairbrother JM, Higgins R, Van Metre DC, Paré J, Smith BP, Holmberg CA, and Jang S
- Subjects
- Adhesins, Bacterial analysis, Animals, Bacteremia blood, Bacteremia microbiology, Bacterial Toxins analysis, Cattle, Cattle Diseases blood, Cytotoxins analysis, Enterotoxins analysis, Escherichia coli Infections blood, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Hydroxamic Acids analysis, Serotyping veterinary, Shiga Toxin 1 analysis, Shiga Toxin 2 analysis, Bacteremia veterinary, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Escherichia coli pathogenicity, Escherichia coli Infections veterinary, Escherichia coli Proteins
- Abstract
Twenty-five Escherichia coli isolates from the blood of critically ill bacteremic calves sampled in two separate studies on a calf-rearing farm housing over 15,000 calves, in the San Joaquin Valley, California were studied. Isolates were characterized for O serogroups and for pathotypes as determined by the presence of specific virulence factors including heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), heat-stable enterotoxins a and b (STa, STb), verotoxins 1 and 2 (VT1, VT2), cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF), aerobactin, intimin Eae and P, F17 and CS31A fimbrial adhesins, and resistance to bactericidal effects of serum. These isolates constituted a heterogeneous group. However, isolates were mostly aerobactin positive and often resistant to the bactericidal effects of serum. Isolates of pathotypes O78 (n=6), O119:CS31a (n=3), and P positive but O non-typeable (n=3) were associated with a high mortality rate. The remaining isolates belonged to diverse pathotypes, often possessing the adhesins P, F17, CS31A and Eae but belonging to O serogroups other than O78 and O119, and were less frequently associated with mortality. Although no virulence factor common to all isolates was identified, the capacity to use iron by the presence of aerobactin which is important to the capture of iron was a predominant factor. Moreover, certain pathotypes appear to be associated with primary colisepticemia whereas other pathotypes may cause a bacteremia without necessarily leading to septicemia.
- Published
- 2001
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35. Diagnosis of enteric disease in small ruminants.
- Author
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Van Metre DC, Tyler JW, and Stehman SM
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Diagnosis, Differential, Diarrhea diagnosis, Diarrhea veterinary, Enterotoxemia diagnosis, Gastrointestinal Diseases diagnosis, Goat Diseases microbiology, Goat Diseases parasitology, Goats, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic diagnosis, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic veterinary, Paratuberculosis diagnosis, Salmonella Infections, Animal diagnosis, Sheep, Sheep Diseases microbiology, Sheep Diseases parasitology, Gastrointestinal Diseases veterinary, Goat Diseases diagnosis, Sheep Diseases diagnosis
- Abstract
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease in small ruminants requires integration of information obtained in the signalment, history, physical or necropsy examination, and ancillary diagnostic tests. The purpose of this article is to provide the practitioner with a review of the clinical features of several common gastrointestinal diseases of sheep and goats. Rumen acidosis, enterotoxemia, gastrointestinal parasitism, neonatal diarrhea, and salmonellosis are discussed, and where appropriate, reviews of the pathophysiology, prevention, and control of these diseases are cited for further reading.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
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36. Brucellosis induced by RB51 vaccine in a pregnant heifer.
- Author
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Van Metre DC, Kennedy GA, Olsen SC, Hansen GR, and Ewalt DR
- Subjects
- Agglutination Tests veterinary, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Brucella Vaccine administration & dosage, Brucella abortus isolation & purification, Cattle, Cesarean Section veterinary, Dystocia surgery, Dystocia veterinary, Female, Immunoblotting veterinary, Lung embryology, Lung microbiology, Lung pathology, Placenta microbiology, Placenta pathology, Pregnancy, Uterus pathology, Brucella Vaccine adverse effects, Brucella abortus immunology, Brucellosis, Bovine etiology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious etiology
- Abstract
Brucellosis developed in a 14.5-month-old Gelbvieh heifer after the animal was vaccinated with the calfhood dose of strain RB51 Brucella abortus vaccine s.c. during the fourth month of its first pregnancy. The heifer experienced dystocia and was euthanatized during cesarean section because of a large uterine tear. The fetus was dead at delivery. Suppurative placentitis and fetal pneumonia were evident at necropsy. Brucella abortus strain RB51 was isolated from the placenta and the fetus' lung.
- Published
- 1999
37. Treatment of sodium balance disorders. Water intoxication and salt toxicity.
- Author
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Angelos SM and Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Extracellular Space chemistry, Extracellular Space physiology, Hypernatremia physiopathology, Hypernatremia therapy, Hyponatremia physiopathology, Hyponatremia therapy, Osmolar Concentration, Water Intoxication physiopathology, Water Intoxication therapy, Animals, Domestic, Hypernatremia veterinary, Hyponatremia veterinary, Water Intoxication veterinary
- Abstract
Electrolyte disorders are commonly identified in food animal medicine. Some of these electrolyte disturbances require that the veterinarian be aware of the potential for causing harm during routine fluid therapy. Hyponatremia (water intoxication) and hypernatremia (salt toxicity) are two such disorders. Both create osmolar disturbances that effect changes in the brain's osmolar state. During fluid resuscitation it is possible to cause iatrogenic central nervous system damage in these cases. It is important to recognize those cases where sodium imbalance may complicate routine therapy, understand the underlying mechanisms for osmolar changes in the plasma and brain, and know the appropriate steps to take for safe correction of the sodium disturbance.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
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38. Miniature pigs.
- Author
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Van Metre DC and Angelos SM
- Subjects
- Anesthesia methods, Anesthesia veterinary, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Blood Chemical Analysis veterinary, Blood Specimen Collection methods, Feces microbiology, Feces parasitology, Feces virology, Female, Hematologic Tests veterinary, Male, Reference Values, Restraint, Physical methods, Restraint, Physical veterinary, Semen physiology, Skin pathology, Spinal Puncture methods, Spinal Puncture veterinary, Swine, Swine Diseases pathology, Swine, Miniature blood, Swine, Miniature cerebrospinal fluid, Swine, Miniature urine, Urinalysis veterinary, Vagina cytology, Blood Specimen Collection veterinary, Swine Diseases diagnosis, Swine, Miniature physiology
- Abstract
Miniature pigs have become popular pets in North America, and veterinarians of a variety of clinical specialties may be called on for their care. Successful collection of blood from these animals requires familiarity with the location of sites for venipuncture and knowledge of adequate methods of restraint. In this article, restraint and techniques for venipuncture are described, as well as techniques for cerebrospinal fluid collection, semen collection, and vaginal cytologic examination. Interpretation of hematologic, serum biochemical, and urinalysis data are also discussed. Methods for diagnosis of skin diseases, gastrointestinal parasitism, and enteric infectious diseases are included in order to provide the practitioner with the essential knowledge and skills for a variety of clinical pathologic studies of this unique pet.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Treatment of hypernatremia in an acidotic neonatal calf.
- Author
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Angelos SM, Smith BP, George LW, House JK, Van Metre DC, Fecteau G, Thacker VC, and Angelos JA
- Subjects
- Acidosis complications, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Brain Edema complications, Brain Edema etiology, Brain Edema veterinary, Bruxism etiology, Bruxism veterinary, Cattle, Diuretics, Osmotic administration & dosage, Female, Fluid Therapy adverse effects, Hypernatremia complications, Hypernatremia therapy, Mannitol administration & dosage, Acidosis veterinary, Cattle Diseases therapy, Fluid Therapy veterinary, Hypernatremia veterinary, Sodium administration & dosage
- Abstract
A 7-day-old Jersey calf was evaluated because of diarrhea and pneumonia. The calf was hypernatremic, hypoproteinemic, and acidemic, and was treated initially with i.v. administration of fluids with sodium concentration (175 mEq/L) similar to the calf's serum sodium concentration. Sodium concentration of the administered fluids was gradually decreased over the following days, but the calf's serum sodium concentration decreased too rapidly, and the calf developed neurologic signs attributed to cerebral edema. Treatment with mannitol and i.v. administration of fluids with a higher concentration of sodium resulted in abatement of clinical signs. In calves, hypernatremia may develop over several days. Prescribing traditional isotonic or hypotonic fluids in such cases will be harmful, because during chronic hypernatremia, the brain's adaptive mechanisms involve accumulation of organic osmoles that may take several days to equilibrate across cell membranes, and cerebral edema may result. Administration of fluids containing sodium concentration approximately equal to the patient's measured serum sodium concentration is required to decrease serum sodium concentration more slowly than is possible with traditional isotonic fluids.
- Published
- 1999
40. Detection of low serum immunoglobulin concentrations in clinically ill calves.
- Author
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Tyler JW, Parish SM, Besser TE, Van Metre DC, Barrington GM, and Middleton JR
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Blood Proteins analysis, Cattle, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Immunodiffusion veterinary, Nephelometry and Turbidimetry veterinary, Refractometry veterinary, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sulfites, Zinc Sulfate, gamma-Glutamyltransferase blood, Cattle Diseases immunology, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Immunoglobulin G blood
- Abstract
The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of classification of 4 tests for failure of passive transfer (FPT) were examined in clinically ill neonatal calves. Comparisons were made with serum IgG1 concentrations determined by radial immunodiffusion. Serum samples were obtained from 27 clinically ill calves < or = 21 days of age. The results of 4 commonly used assays, the sodium sulfite turbidity test, the zinc sulfate turbidity test, refractometry, and the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity test, were compared with radial immunodiffusion determinations of serum IgG1 concentration. Serum GGT activity using a 50 IU/L threshold resulted in correct classification of the highest percentage of calves (93%) with regard to their passive transfer status. The sodium sulfite test with a 1+ end point and refractometry using a 5.5 g/dL end point resulted in correct classification of 85% of the calves studied. When using the sodium sulfite test, the 2+ and 3+ test end points had lower specificity, 0.58 and 0.00, respectively, than the 1+ end point. This loss in specificity resulted in misclassification of calves with adequate serum immunoglobulin concentrations as having FPT. The zinc sulfate turbidity test was inadequately specific (0.33) and resulted in misclassification of 33% of calves.
- Published
- 1999
41. Allergic respiratory disease.
- Author
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Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic diagnosis, Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic physiopathology, Animals, Bronchial Hyperreactivity diagnosis, Bronchial Hyperreactivity physiopathology, Bronchial Hyperreactivity veterinary, Cattle, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, North America epidemiology, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial diagnosis, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial physiopathology, Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic veterinary, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Cattle Diseases physiopathology, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial veterinary
- Abstract
Allergic rhinitis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis are the most common allergic disorders of the bovine respiratory system. Environmental and management factors play significant roles in the pathogenesis of these disorders. When compared to infectious or toxic respiratory disease, allergic respiratory disease is relatively rare and of far less economic importance in North American cattle; however, the environmental and management conditions conducive to these diseases exist in many regions. Therefore, familiarity with the clinical and epidemiologic features of these unique diseases will aid the veterinarian in establishing an accurate diagnosis. Signs of respiratory dysfunction are common to anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. Early recognition of these adverse reactions will provide the practitioner with the greatest chance of successful treatment.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal calves.
- Author
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Fecteau G, Van Metre DC, Paré J, Smith BP, Higgins R, Holmberg CA, Jang S, and Guterbock W
- Subjects
- Aging blood, Aging immunology, Animals, Animals, Newborn immunology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Bacteremia epidemiology, Bacteremia microbiology, Cattle, Cattle Diseases immunology, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli immunology, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Gram-Negative Bacteria drug effects, Gram-Negative Bacteria immunology, Gram-Negative Bacteria isolation & purification, Gram-Positive Bacteria drug effects, Gram-Positive Bacteria immunology, Gram-Positive Bacteria isolation & purification, Immunization, Passive, Immunoglobulin G blood, Prevalence, Severity of Illness Index, Survival Rate, Animals, Newborn blood, Animals, Newborn microbiology, Bacteremia veterinary, Cattle Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of bacteremia in critically ill, neonatal calves with severe diarrhea or depression, and to describe the variety of bacteria involved. Two studies were conducted in the summers of 1991 and 1993 involving 190 neonatal calves, 1-day to 19-days-old. Bacteremia was detected by blood culture in 31% (28/90) of calves in study 1, and in 24% (19/79) of ill calves and 0% (0/21) of control calves in study 2. Bacteria cultured from blood included Escherichia coli (51% of all isolates), other gram-negative enterics (25.5%), gram-negative anaerobes (5.9%), gram-positive cocci (11.8%), and gram-positive rods (5.9%). Among clinically ill calves, the average age was significantly lower in the blood culture-negative group (5.5 d) than in the blood culture-positive group (7.5 d) (P = 0.004). Mean serum IgG concentration was significantly (P = 0.0001) lower in blood culture-positive calves (1.146 g/L) than in blood culture-negative calves (3.077 g/L). The mortality rate was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in the blood culture-positive group (57.4%) than in the blood culture-negative group (15.1%). Bacteremia appeared to be a frequent entity in this particular rearing situation. Early recognition of the problem, as well as appropriate treatment, may be beneficial in increasing survival rates. Results also support the need to address the failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies to prevent bacteremia in calves.
- Published
- 1997
43. Use of a clinical sepsis score for predicting bacteremia in neonatal dairy calves on a calf rearing farm.
- Author
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Fecteau G, Paré J, Van Metre DC, Smith BP, Holmberg CA, Guterbock W, and Jang S
- Subjects
- Aging blood, Aging physiology, Animals, Animals, Newborn physiology, Bacteremia diagnosis, Bacteremia epidemiology, Body Temperature physiology, Cattle, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Cattle Diseases physiopathology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Heart Rate physiology, Incidence, Linear Models, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Probability, Regression Analysis, Respiration physiology, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Animal Husbandry methods, Animals, Newborn blood, Animals, Newborn microbiology, Bacteremia veterinary, Cattle Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
In human, equine, and bovine neonates, early diagnosis of bacteremia remains a challenge for the internist. The objective of this study was to develop a predictive model for risk of bacteremia, based on a clinical evaluation system called the clinical sepsis score. Blood from 90 ill calves, 1- to 14-days-old from a calf-raising farm in the San Joaquin Valley of California was cultured. The calves were also scored according to a clinical score for hydration status, fecal appearance, general attitude, appearance of scleral vessels, and umbilical abnormality. Age, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and presence or absence of a focal site of infection were recorded. Prevalence of bacteremia was 31% (28/90). A logistic regression model indicated that high clinical score, presence of a focal infection, and increased age were associated with an increased risk of bacteremia in ill calves (P < 0.06). Calves for which the model predicted bacteremia with a probability > or = 40.8% were considered bacteremic, yielding acceptable sensitivity (75%) and specificity (71%) estimates. The predictive model was validated through a 2nd sampling of 100 calves (79 ill calves and 21 controls), of which 17 calves were bacteremic. The classification was 75% correct using the model, with an estimated sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 75%. Overall, results indicated that the model could be a useful tool for predicting bacteremia in ill calves in a clinical setting.
- Published
- 1997
44. Utero-cecal fistula in a doe.
- Author
-
Angelos JA, Van Metre DC, and Klein KL
- Subjects
- Animals, Cecal Diseases diagnosis, Cecal Diseases diagnostic imaging, Female, Fistula diagnosis, Fistula diagnostic imaging, Laparotomy veterinary, Radiography, Uterine Diseases diagnosis, Uterine Diseases diagnostic imaging, Cecal Diseases veterinary, Deer, Fistula veterinary, Uterine Diseases veterinary
- Published
- 1996
45. Indigestion of late pregnancy in a cow.
- Author
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Van Metre DC, Fecteau G, House JK, and George LW
- Subjects
- Abomasum physiopathology, Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases physiopathology, Digestive System Diseases diagnosis, Digestive System Diseases physiopathology, Female, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications diagnosis, Pregnancy Complications physiopathology, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Digestion physiology, Digestive System Diseases veterinary, Pregnancy Complications veterinary
- Published
- 1995
46. Delivery of a live calf after in vitro maturation and fertilization of oocytes obtained from ovaries removed from a moribund cow.
- Author
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Behboodi E, Van Metre DC, BonDurant RH, and Anderson GB
- Subjects
- Animals, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell physiopathology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell veterinary, Cattle embryology, Cattle Diseases physiopathology, Euthanasia veterinary, Female, Male, Pregnancy, Superovulation, Tarsus, Animal, Cattle physiology, Embryo Transfer veterinary, Fertilization in Vitro veterinary, Oocytes growth & development, Pregnancy Outcome
- Abstract
An aged Holstein cow of high genetic merit and economic value was determined to have a squamous cell carcinoma of the tarsus. Treatment was unsuccessful, as was an attempt at superovulation and embryo collection; thus, the owner elected euthanasia. On day 17 of the estrous cycle, the ovaries were removed via laparotomy and the cow was immediately euthanatized. Oocytes were aspirated from ovarian follicles and subjected to in vitro maturation and fertilization procedures. Seven morulae that developed in culture were transferred nonsurgically to 3 recipient females, resulting in birth of a full-term healthy male calf. In vitro maturation and fertilization procedures can be used to obtain offspring from valuable, terminally ill cows for which conventional embryo collection techniques have proven unsuccessful.
- Published
- 1994
47. A case report of the treatment of an overdose of xylazine in a cow.
- Author
-
Van Metre DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Atropine therapeutic use, Bradycardia chemically induced, Bradycardia therapy, Cattle, Cattle Diseases therapy, Drug Overdose therapy, Drug Overdose veterinary, Female, Fluid Therapy veterinary, Heart Block chemically induced, Heart Block therapy, Obstetric Labor, Premature etiology, Obstetric Labor, Premature veterinary, Pregnancy, Tolazoline therapeutic use, Yohimbine therapeutic use, Bradycardia veterinary, Cattle Diseases chemically induced, Heart Block veterinary, Xylazine poisoning
- Abstract
An adult Holstein cow was inadvertently administered an overdose of xylazine hydrochloride. The cow became weak, collapsed, and developed severe bradycardia and intermittent heart block. Initial therapy for cardiovascular collapse consisted of rapid infusion of large volumes of intravenous fluids and intravenous injection of atropine sulfate. Yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, and tolazoline hydrochloride, an alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, were administered intravenously as antidotes for xylazine overdose. The cow recovered but calved prematurely 4 days later.
- Published
- 1992
48. Otitis media/interna and suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis associated with Listeria monocytogenes infection in a llama.
- Author
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Van Metre DC, Barrington GM, Parish SM, and Tumas DB
- Subjects
- Animals, Cerebrospinal Fluid microbiology, Female, Labyrinthitis microbiology, Labyrinthitis pathology, Listeria monocytogenes isolation & purification, Listeriosis microbiology, Listeriosis pathology, Meningoencephalitis microbiology, Meningoencephalitis pathology, Otitis Media, Suppurative microbiology, Otitis Media, Suppurative pathology, Camelids, New World, Labyrinthitis veterinary, Listeriosis veterinary, Meningoencephalitis veterinary, Otitis Media, Suppurative veterinary
- Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes was found to be the cause of fatal suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis in a 3.5-month-old cria. The cria initially had clinical signs of unilateral peripheral vestibular disease, but on the following day, the cria developed progressive signs of encephalitis. Treatment with antibiotics, flunixin meglumine, and anticonvulsant drugs failed to stop progression of the disease, and the cria was euthanatized. Post-mortem examination revealed otitis media-interna and diffuse suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from CSF and brain tissue.
- Published
- 1991
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