Search

The goal of this research is to evaluate the influence of the polyphenols extract of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. root on the lipid oxidation, chemical properties and sensory characteristics of ground beef during frozen storage. Beef was ground in aqueous solutions of polyphenols extract at different concentrations: 830, 415, 277, 208 and 166 mg GAE/L, polyphenols solution/sample ratio is 1/20 (v/w). Then, the ground beef was stored for up to 100 days at -20±2oC. The best oxidation inhibitor for ground beef was at the highest polyphenols concentration of 830 mg GAE/L. All quality parameters (pH, PoV, MDA, color parameter and sensory evaluation) of the treated sample and of the control sample display significant differences during storage period. For this reason, it was concluded that the polyphenols extract of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. root could be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidant in beef processing.

Cellulose nanocrystals are commonly obtained by acid hydrolysis, particularly with H

Effects of the temperature of chitosan (CS) solutions as well as the temperature of the chamber on an electrospinning process were investigated. CS with a low molecular weight was dissolved in the solvent of trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane (70/30 v/v) at a concentration of 80 mg/mL for electrospinning. Both CS solution and chamber temperatures strongly affected the morphology of electrospun CS nanofibers. At the solution temperature and chamber temperature of 32°C, uniform CS nanofibers with an average diameter of 200 nm could be obtained. Although the chamber temperature is generally regarded as an unimportant parameter in the electrospinning of polymers, the experimental results demonstrated its critical effect on the electrospinning of CS.

This study synthesized cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) with high water absorbency using the cellulose extracted from pineapple leaves. The synthesis experiment used a novel combination of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the cross-linker and the initiator, respectively. Experimental results showed that the concentrations of AIBN and EGDMA had significant effects on the structure and the water absorbency of the cross-linked materials. The cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid) synthesized with 0.5 wt% AIBN and 0.5 wt% EGDMA had an excellent swelling capacity of 1900 g/g in distilled water, significantly larger than previously reported ones. Compared with poly(acrylic acid), the cross-linked product demonstrated an absorbency improvement of 1.65 times in distilled water and 1.27 times in 8.6 ppm NaCl solution that was the highest salinity level in Ben Tre, Vietnam, in March 2020. Therefore, the obtained product showed high potential for agricultural applications, especially in coastal regions facing a growing thread of saltwater intrusion.

Key to the 19 presently known Vietnamese species of Typhonium Updated from Van et al. (2017). 1. Leaves perfectly trifoliolate........................................................................................................................................... T. thatsonense - Not as above.......................................................................................................................................................................................2 2. Sterile interstice of spadix entirely covered with staminodes..................................................................................... T. flagelliforme - Only base of sterile interstice of spadix covered with staminodes.....................................................................................................3 3. Spathe limb thin, lanceolate, elongate-triangular...............................................................................................................................4 - Spathe limb thick, ovate to ovate-triangular.....................................................................................................................................14 4. Leaves fully pedate with 5 or 7 leaflets..............................................................................................................................................5 - Leaves entire and/or 3-lobed..............................................................................................................................................................8 5. Leaves with 7 leaflets, leaf lobes linear to or linear-lanceolate............................................................................................. T. lineare - Leaves with 5 leaflets, leaf lobes ovate, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate...............................................................................................6 6. Spadix much longer than spathe.................................................................................................................................... T. vermiforme - Spadix almost as long as spathe.........................................................................................................................................................7 7. Ovaries obovoid; stigmas light yellow to white; staminodes subulate, with acuminate apices ................................... T. dongnaiense - Ovaries elongate or lageniform; stigmas red; staminodes elongate-clavate, with dilated and flattened apices........... T. bachmaense 8. Spadix longer than spathe...................................................................................................................................................................9 - Spadix as long as or shorter than spathe...........................................................................................................................................12 9. Spathe limb corrugated.....................................................................................................................................................................10 - Not as above.....................................................................................................................................................................................11 10. Staminodes folded 180 o apically.............................................................................................................................. T. phuocbinhense - Staminodes straight up to parallel to axis...................................................................................................................... T. corrugatum 11. Male zone cylindrical, staminodes cylindrical to conical........................................................................................ T. khonkaenensis - Male zone subglobose, staminodes clavate..................................................................................................................... T. acetocella 12. Leaves entire....................................................................................................................................................................... T. laoticum - Leaves incompletely trifoliolate.......................................................................................................................................................13 13. Stigma funnel shaped and lobed............................................................................................................................. T. stigmatilobatum - Stigma disciform and unlobed............................................................................................................................................... T. huense 14. Spathe limb very strongly circinnately recoiled over the entire length......................................................................... T. circinnatum - Not as above.....................................................................................................................................................................................15 15. Staminodes 5 mm long..................................................................................................................................................................17 16. Spathe 14���30 cm long, thecae opening by small pores....................................................................................................... T. hayatae - Spathe 4.5���5.0 cm long, thecae opening by elongate slits.............................................................................. T. vietnamense sp. nov. 17. Staminodes subulate.............................................................................................................................................................. T. blumei - Staminodes filiform..........................................................................................................................................................................18 18. Staminodes curly............................................................................................................................................................. T. trilobatum - Staminodes not curly.................................................................................................................................................... T. penicillatum, Published as part of Van, Hong Thien, Le, Van Son, Nguyen-Phi, Nga, Nguyen, Quoc Dat, Nguyen, Tran Quoc Trung, Nguyen, Hieu Cuong & Luu, Hong Truong, 2021, A new species and a new record of Typhonium (Araceae) from southern Vietnam, pp. 201-208 in Phytotaxa 527 (3) on pages 206-207, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.527.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5751368, {"references":["Van, H. T., Nguyen-Phi, N., Vu, N. L., Galloway, A. & Luu, H. T. (2017) Typhonium dongnaiense (Araceae), a new species from Vietnam. Annales Botanici Fennici 54: 405 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.5735 / 085.054.0622"]}

Typhonium khonkaenensis A.Galloway & Seth Charoenwong in Galloway (2015: 11) (Fig. 3) Type: — THAILAND. Type: from a plant cultivated by A. Galloway (orig. coll.: Khon Kaen Province, in sandy soil in open sunny areas, S. Charoenwong), 4 July 2014, Galloway AGA-2513-01- T (holotype QBG, spirit collection). Herb seasonally dormant; rhizome cylindrical, underground, 1.5–3.0 cm high, 2.0– 2.5 cm in diameter, producing many filiform roots. Leaves 3–5. Petiole smooth, slender, 6–12 cm, 2–3 mm in diameter, green to pale grey, smooth. Leaf blade variable, entire to 3-lobed; entire blade 7–14 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, green above, pale green beneath, base cordate, apex acute, midrib slightly impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially, lateral veins 2–3, collective veins at 1–2 mm from margin; lobes linear-lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, sometimes petiolulate, apex acute to acuminate, central lobe 3–16 cm long, 0.5–2.0 cm wide, lateral lobes 3–6 cm long, 0.5–1.0 cm wide. Inflorescence 1–2, strongly foetid smelling; peduncle subterranean, white, slender, 3–4 cm long, ca. 5 mm in diameter; spathe 8–14 cm long, basal part subterranean, separated from the limb by a constriction, ovoid or ellipsoid, 1.5–1.8 cm long, 0.8–1.2 cm wide, white on both sides, sometimes purple tinged externally; spathe limb linear-lanceolate, 11–13 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diameter at base, curved downward at anthesis, outside grey to dark purple, brownish mottled, inside dark violet, with or without white longitudinal stripes at base; spadix longer than spathe, 17–20 cm long, stipitate, stipe 1.5–2.0 mm long; female zone hemispherical to conical, 1.5–2.5 mm high, 2.5–4.0 mm in diameter at base, with 4–5 rows of crowded pistils; ovary cylindrical to obconical, 0.5–0.7 mm high, 0.5–0.6 mm in diameter, light yellow, 1-locular, with 1 basal ovule; stigma sessile, 0.3 mm in diameter, concave, sometimes papillose at center, pale yellow with purple around, many pale reddish mottles surrounded stigma; sterile interstice above female zone, about 1.5 cm long, lower part 1–2 mm from female zone covered with 2–3 rows of staminodes, upper and lower part naked; staminodes loosely arranged, lightly brown, fusiform, 3–5 mm long, 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter, ascending, apex obtuse to subacute; male zone cylindrical, 3–4 mm long, 4 mm in diameter; stamens densely arranged, translucent; thecae light yellow, opening by elongate slit, pollen orange to yellow; appendix stipitate, light yellow to greenish brown, filiform, 15–18 cm, 2–3 mm in diameter at base, base slightly swollen, stipe ca. 2 mm long, acute, white. Infructescence obconical with spathe tube persistent; fruits obconical, apex truncate or concave, cream white, pinkish white with pale reddish spots, sometimes apically green with purple dots, 3–4 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide, 1-seeded; seed obovate cream white or pale pinkish, 2.5–3.5 mm long, 1.5–2.0 mm wide. Specimens studied: — VIETNAM. Ho Chi Minh City, 29 May 2017, Thong Nhat Palace, Luu Hong Truong H . T. Van 83 C (SGN!); Long An Province, Duc Hoa District, 06 Aug 2015, Nguyen Phi Nga H . T. Van 83 B (SGN!, PHH!); Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province, Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, about 107 o 30’27’’E, 10 o 33’01’’N, 32 m elevation, 06 June 2015, Van Hong Thien H . T. Van 83 A (SGN!, PHH!). Notes: —Our collections show that the populations from inland (i.e., Ho Chi Minh City and Long An Province) match well the protologue of T. khonkaenensis but that from the coastal Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province is quite distinction in having highly variable shapes of leaf blade (such as triangular, cordate-sagittate, linear-lanceolate or trifoliolate). The leaf blade of Typhonium is often known to vary within one species and a genetic analysis may help explain if this relates to any genetical differentiation among populations of T. khonkaenensis in Vietnam. Typhonium violifolium was first described as a new species from Thailand (under the name “ T. violaefolium ”) by Gagnepain (1942a: 1177) but the name was validly published by his subsequent publication (Gagnepain 1942b: 12). The species was then reported by Pham-Hoang (1970) to occur in Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City presently). This report was followed in his subsequent updates (1993 and 2000) and other later Typhonium -revising publications (e.g. Nguyen & Vu 2004, Nguyen 2017, Van 2017). All these reports did not include any vouchered specimens. Nguyen (2017) even noted that he tried but failed to find the species in Vietnam. We have recently found at the herbarium PHH a specimen named as Typhonium sp. (with code PHH 0004167) collected by Pham-Hoang from Thong Nhat Road, Saigon in September 1964. This specimen well matches his same illustration in 1970, 1993 and 2000. Our examination of the specimen indicates that it is indeed a specimen of T. khonkaenensis. According to Gagnepain (1942), Sriboonma et al. (1994) and Boyce et al. (2012), T. violifolium has a reniform to ovate leaf blade, a short petiole (ca. 6 cm long); pale green or whitish spathe that is nearly as long as spadix, short and white staminodes and a short appendix (ca. 7 cm long). On the contrary, the description by Galloway (2015) and our collections of T. khonkaenensis show that this species has highly variable leaf blades, longer petiole (6–12 cm long), abaxially brownish mottled, dark violet and abaxially grey to dark purple spathe that is much shorter than spadix, long and light brown staminodes and long appendix (15–18 cm). In fact, both Sriboonma et al. (1994) and Boyce et al. (2012) did not note any distribution of T. violifolium in Vietnam. In addition, T. violifolium grows in mixed evergreen forest on limestone while T. khonkaenensis does in open sandy soils. Therefore, it is reasonable to exclude T. violifolium from the flora of Vietnam.

Typhonium vietnamense Luu, Nguyen-Phi & H.T.Van, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) The new species is most morphologically similar to Typhonium varians Hett. & Sookchaloem in Hetterscheid et al. (2001: 51) in variant shape of leaves, triangular ovate spathe limb and general florescence structure but differs from the latter in having plain green (vs. variegated) leaves, underground (vs. above ground) flowering spathe tube, abaxially reddish purple to greenish grey, brownish mottled and ascending (vs. dark green flushed with dirty brown and horizontal) spathe limb, erect (vs. ascending) spadix, bright yellow staminodes curved downwards at their tips only (vs. pale yellow staminodes curved upwards or downwards over their entire length), ovoid (vs. spathulate to pyriform) fruits and generally smaller floral parts (3.5���4.5 vs. 8.0��� 13.5 cm long spadix, 3.5���5.0 �� 2.0���2.5 vs. 7���14 �� 4.0��� 7.5 cm spathe limb, 2.0���3.5 �� 0.4���0.5 vs. 4.5���9.0 �� 0.6���1.0 cm spadix appendix). Type:��� VIETNAM. Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province: Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, about 107 o 30���52������E, 10 o 36���17������N, 30 m elevation, 05 August 2015, Le Van Son, Nguyen Phi Nga & Van Hong Thien H . T. Van 115 (holotype SGN!, isotypes PHH!, VNMN!). Herb seasonally dormant; rhizome tuberous, subglobose to ellipsoid, underground, 1.0��� 1.5 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diameter, producing many thick roots. Leaves 4���5. Petiole smooth, slender, 7���15 cm long, 2���3 mm in diameter, white to grey with brownish mottled at base, green towards the apex. Leaf blades entire or pedatisect, green above, pale green beneath; entire blades linear, deltoid to lanceolate, 6���10 cm long, 2���8 cm wide, with acuminate to obtuse apex; pedatisect blades with 3 to 5 linear to lanceolate segments (up to 15 cm long, 2.0��� 4.5 cm wide). Inflorescence, solitary (rarely 2), slightly foetid smelling; peduncle underground, elongated in fruiting, white, 1.5���2.0 cm long, ca. 3���5 mm in diameter; spathe 4.5���6.0 cm long; spathe tube underground, separated from the limb by a constriction, ovoid or ellipsoid, 1.3���1.7 cm long, 9���10 mm wide, outside white with brownish dots, inside white to pale pink; spathe limb triangular ovate, 3.5���5.0 cm long, 2.0��� 2.5 cm wide, outside reddish purple to greenish grey, brownish mottled, inside dark purple to reddish purple; spadix little shorter than spathe, sessile, erect; female zone conical, 2���3 mm high, ca. 5 mm in diameter at base, with 6���7 rows of crowded pistils; ovary obovoid or slightly cylindrical, 1 mm high, 0.7 mm in diameter, translucent white with brownish dots at apex, 1-locular, with 1 basal ovule; style very short; stigma disciform, thick, 0.6 mm in diameter, 0.3 mm high, blackish purple to pink, papillate; sterile zone contiguously female zone, 8���10 mm long, lower part covered with 3���4 rows of staminodes, upper part naked; staminodes bright yellow, subulate, 2���3 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, ascending forming an obtuse angle with the spadix axis, slightly curved downward, weakly papillose; male zone cylindrical, 6���10 mm long, 3.5���5.0 mm in diameter; stamens densely arranged, pale yellow to pink; thecae opening by elongate slit; appendix shortly stipitate, outside brownish purple to reddish, inside light yellow, elongate conical, 2.0��� 3.5 cm long, 4���5 mm in diameter at base, with acute apex and truncate base. Infructescence obconical with spathe tube remaining and above the ground; fruits obconical, pinkish white with pale pinkish spots, 4���7 mm long, 2���3 mm wide, 1-seeded; seed obovate (or having constriction), at first creamy white, light brown when mature, 3.0��� 3.5 mm long, 2.0��� 2.5 mm wide. Etymology: ���The species is named after Vietnam, the country of origin. Vietnamese name: ���B��n h��� Vi���t Nam. Ecology: ���The new species grows in clumps on open sandy soil in sparse dipterocarp-dominated forests. Different leaf forms were found in plant individuals or clumps. Flowering was seen in May to June and fruiting in July to August. The plant becomes dormant in November to April next year. Additional specimen examined (paratype):��� VIETNAM. Dak Lak Province: Yok Don National Park, 01 October 2015, Nguyen Le Xuan Bach & Van Hong Thien H . T.Van 126 (SGN!). Distribution: ���Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province and Dak Lak Province, southern Vietnam. Proposed IUCN conservation status: ��� Data Deficient (DD) (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2017). Typhonium vietnamense has so far been found in two protected areas (Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province and Yok Don National Park, Dak Lak Province) in southern Vietnam. Although its habitat in Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve is planned to be converted into a resort in the near future, the species is likely to occur in adjacent similar sparse dipterocarp-dominated forests in Cambodia. Further survey work is necessary before a definitive conservation assessment can be made. Notes: ���The new species is morphologically closest to Typhonium varians but they have a number of differences as expressed in the diagnosis. Several other Typhonium species share with T. vietnamense a similar spadix structure, especially in the shape of spadix appendix and staminodes, but these are easily distinguishable: T. conchiforme Hetterscheid & Galloway (2006: 80) by deeply sagittate leaf blades, deeply cymbiform, strongly concave spathe limb and off-white or pale yellow staminodes; T. sagittariifolium Gagnepain (1942b: 11) by deeply trilobed sagittate leaf blades, erect elongate triangular spathe limb, longer spadix appendix (8 mm), and longer (3���5 mm) and recurved staminodes; and Typhonium viridispathum Galloway & Sinhabaedya (2012: 61) by bright green spathe with elongate triangular limb, off-white spadix appendix, basally white and apically pale green ovaries and white staminodes., Published as part of Van, Hong Thien, Le, Van Son, Nguyen-Phi, Nga, Nguyen, Quoc Dat, Nguyen, Tran Quoc Trung, Nguyen, Hieu Cuong & Luu, Hong Truong, 2021, A new species and a new record of Typhonium (Araceae) from southern Vietnam, pp. 201-208 in Phytotaxa 527 (3) on pages 201-204, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.527.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5751368, {"references":["IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2017) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 3 December 2021)","Hetterscheid, W. L. A. & Galloway, A. (2006) New Typhonium (Araceae) species from Thailand. Aroideana 29: 80 - 85.","Gagnepain, F. (1942 b) Typhonium (Araceae) nouveaux d'Indochine. Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France 89: 10 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1942.10833053"]}