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The article discusses the Mass communication media in ancient Rome, Italy. It states that the Ancient Rome has already knew press conferences, gatherings of magistrates, priests and generals who rendered information on matters to be put before the next meeting of the Senate and to be decided by their vote. It mentions that the tabulae publicae in ancient Rome had originated in the civil service and the censor was the one responsible for this publication and these tabulae were kept in the Aerarium which is the temple of Satrun in the Forum. It says that in the days of the Empire , the news sheets on the Forum walls were called acta urbis and with the introduction of the name acta urbis, the Roman wall newspapers became the information means for local news.

An abstract of the article "Prevention and management of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) in a regional WA hospital - utilising clinical practice improvement principles to optimise practice" by M. Hake, K. Auret, H. van Gessel and C. Sinclair is presented.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples experience a disproportionate burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study assessed the effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy among Aboriginal peoples in the three years following universal access in Australia. REACH-C, a national multicentre prospective cohort study, evaluated HCV treatment outcomes from sequential DAA initiations across 33 health services between March 2016 and June 2019. DAA effectiveness was assessed by sustained virological response (SVR) in the total (full analysis set) and effectiveness (modified analysis set excluding those lost to follow-up) populations. Overall, 915 (10%) Aboriginal and 8095 (90%) non-Indigenous people commenced DAA therapy, of whom 30% and 16% reported current injecting drug use and 73% and 42% were treated in primary care, respectively. SVR in the total and effectiveness populations was 74% and 94% among Aboriginal people and 82% and 94% among non-Indigenous people, with loss to follow-up contributing to lower SVR in the total population analysis (22% Aboriginal, 13% non-Indigenous). Among Aboriginal people, returning for follow-up was positively associated with older age (aOR 1.20; 95% CI 1.04, 1.39) and SVR was negatively associated with cirrhosis (aOR 0.39; 95% CI 0.19, 0.80) and prior DAA treatment (aOR 0.14; 95% CI 0.04, 0.49). Factors reflecting higher vulnerability or inequity were not associated with returning for testing or SVR. DAA therapy was highly effective among Aboriginal peoples with HCV treated through primary and tertiary services. Tailored community-led interventions are necessary to optimize follow-up and engagement. Sustained DAA uptake and equitable access to care, treatment and prevention are required for HCV elimination., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Viral Hepatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aims: In order to improve the future reliability of surveillance for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), an Australia/New Zealand-wide survey was conducted to examine methods of laboratory diagnosis in use, identify deficiencies in practice and burden of CDI., Methods: An online survey of 48 Australian and New Zealand microbiology laboratories (private and public) was conducted in late 2009 and 2010 to collect information about methods of detection in use and collective testing experience from July 2008 to June 2009., Results: The overall prevalence (proportion positive of all faecal specimens tested) of C. difficile in 123,574 tested samples was 5.3%. The incidence rate across jurisdictions varied between 18.0 per 100,000 population in Victoria to 35.8 per 100,000 population in Tasmania, with a mean for Australia of 25.6 per 100,000 population. The incidence rate in New Zealand was 21.5 per 100,000 population. Most laboratories (60%) screened stools with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or equivalent that detected both toxins A and B., Conclusions: The low overall rates reported here may reflect the lack of sensitivity of diagnostic testing procedures currently used in Australia and New Zealand to detect C. difficile. Recommendations for best practice in diagnosis of C. difficile were developed by the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID) C. difficile working party and later endorsed by ASID.

Objective: To analyze the development of recurrent pain in 3 body locations in children and adolescents (baseline age, 9 to 14 years) in a 4-year period., Study Design: In a large population-based longitudinal epidemiological study data was collected through annual postal questionnaires (longitudinal, n = 2025). Descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations were used., Results: Girls were more likely to report recurrent pain, demonstrated a steeper development during the 4-year period, and reported multiple pain more often than boys. Younger children reported less recurrent pain, but displayed a steeper trend of increasing prevalence rates as they grew older. Older children illustrated a more stable development of recurrent pain and reported multiple pain more often. Disability experienced because of recurrent pain was related strongest to pain intensity. Stable patterns of pain were related to higher intensity and disability reports. The children experienced headache as the most disabling of the 3 pains., Conclusion: The results show that boys and girls report recurrent pain in different patterns in the years. To identify risk factors, analysis should be performed separately for boys and girls. Furthermore, it is recommended to include children before the age of 9 years in a prevention study., (Copyright © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The present paper is concerned with the question whether cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) function as a transport system for doxorubicin (DXR)-containing liposomes into solid tumors. The investigations were performed in solid IgM immunocytoma bearing Lou/M Wsl rats. In this tumor system macrophage accumulation was observed during DXR and cisplatin induced tumor regression. Tumor-bearing rats were treated i.v. with 1 mg/kg DXR (either free or entrapped in liposomes) for 4 consecutive days. Changes in the cellular composition of the tumor were studied by histology and cytology comparing free and liposomal DXR treatment. Therapy with DXR-liposomes (lip DXR) induced macrophage accumulation similar to free DXR. No differences in cellular changes in the tumor between both types of treatment were found. The DXR-content of tumor-associated cells was measured at various times during treatment with free or lip DXR by means of flow cytometry. Most DXR-fluorescence was associated with dead cells and cellular debris. No clear-cut differences in DXR-content were found between macrophages isolated from tumors of free DXR treated animals and those isolated from lip DXR treated animals. In order to investigate whether DXR-liposomes are taken up by tumor tissue (either via macrophages or directly by the tissue itself), [3H]inulin-labeled DXR-liposomes were administered to tumor-bearing rats. The distribution of radiolabeled lip DXR in non-treated rats was compared with that in rats which were pretreated with non-radiolabeled lip DXR to induce macrophage accumulation. In both untreated and pretreated animals most of the administered 3H-dose was recovered in liver and spleen. Only a minor fraction was recovered from the tumor and other tissues. This fraction was not higher than that obtained when a comparable amount of free [3H]inulin was injected. In conclusion, this study suggests that DXR-liposomes do not enter the solid IgM immunocytoma, even when during therapy macrophages pass the endothelial barrier. Therefore, it is unlikely that macrophage-mediated transportation of DXR-liposomes into the tumor is involved in the mechanism of tumor regression induced by liposome-entrapped DXR.