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Additional file 2. Supplementary figures.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Correlation between bacteria bound IgA and IgG. Correlation between bacteria bound IgA and IgG during menstrual bleeding; time point 1 (T = 1), 7-11 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 2 (T = 2) and 17-25 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 3 (T = 3). Data visualized as 10log coating index (CI, coating index = percentage of immunoglobulin bound bacteria * median fluorescence intensity).

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Median Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) per bacterium. The MFI of immunoglobulins bound to bacteria was measured during menstrual bleeding; time point 1 (T = 1), 7-11 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 2 (T = 2) and 17-25 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 3 (T = 3) and divided by the percentage of bacteria with bound IgA or IgG. Red line represents the median.

Additional file 9. Supplemental material 1. Validation of our protocol and gating strategies.

Additional file 8: Figure S8. The ratio between bound and unbound immunoglobulins in women with L. crispatus dominated and non-L. crispatus dominated microbiota over time. Bound and unbound immunoglobulins were measured menstrual bleeding; time point 1 (T = 1), 7-11 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 2 (T = 2) and 17-25 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 3 (T = 3) and divided to calculate the ratio. These ratios were compared between women with L. crispatus dominated vaginal microbiota and women having non-L. crispatus dominated vaginal microbiota over time. Red line represents the mean.

Additional file 4: Figure S4. The ratio between bound and unbound immunoglobulins. Bound and unbound immunoglobulins were measured during menstrual bleeding; time point 1 (T = 1), 7-11 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 2 (T = 2) and 17-25 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 3 (T = 3). Bound immunoglobulins (coating index) were divided by unbound immunoglobulins (concentration) to calculate the ratio. Red line represents the mean.

Additional file 7: Figure S7. Immunoglobulin levels in vaginal fluid from women with L. crispatus dominated and non-L. crispatus dominated microbiota over time. Unbound IgA, IgG, IgA1, IgA2 and SIgA in women with L. crispatus dominated vaginal microbiota compared to women having non-L. crispatus dominated vaginal microbiota over time. Data visualized as 10log of the unbound immunoglobulin concentration corrected for total protein. Red line represents the mean.

Additional file 6: Figure S6. Bacteria with bound IgG, IgG bound to bacteria and IgG Median Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) per bacterium in women with L. crispatus dominated and non-L. crispatus dominated microbiota over time. The (A) percentage of bacteria with bound IgG, (B) coating index of IgG bound to bacteria and (C) IgG MFI per bacterium in women with L. crispatus dominated vaginal microbiota compared to women having non-L. crispatus dominated vaginal microbiota over time. Red line represents the mean.

Additional file 5: Figure S5. Microbiota composition over time. Heat map depicting the top 20 most abundant species among the 25 study participants during menstrual bleeding (1), time point 2 (2) and time point 3 (3). Colors reflect the relative abundance.

Additional file 3: Figure S3. Immunoglobulin levels in vaginal fluid over time. Unbound immunoglobulins were measured menstrual bleeding; time point 1 (T = 1), 7-11 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 2 (T = 2) and 17-25 days after onset of menstrual bleeding; time point 3 (T = 3). The level of (A) unbound IgA1, (B) unbound IgA2 and (C) unbound SIgA over time. All data visualized as 10log of the unbound immunoglobulin concentration corrected for total protein. Red line represents the mean. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01.

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has left no country untouched there has been limited research to understand clinical and immunological responses in African populations. Here we characterise patients hospitalised with suspected (PCR-negative/IgG-positive) or confirmed (PCR-positive) COVID-19, and healthy community controls (PCR-negative/IgG-negative). PCR-positive COVID-19 participants were more likely to receive dexamethasone and a beta-lactam antibiotic, and survive to hospital discharge than PCR-negative/IgG-positive and PCR-negative/IgG-negative participants. PCR-negative/IgG-positive participants exhibited a nasal and systemic cytokine signature analogous to PCR-positive COVID-19 participants, predominated by chemokines and neutrophils and distinct from PCR-negative/IgG-negative participants. PCR-negative/IgG-positive participants had increased propensity for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation. PCR-negative/IgG-positive individuals with high COVID-19 clinical suspicion had inflammatory profiles analogous to PCR-confirmed disease and potentially represent a target population for COVID-19 treatment strategies.

The main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Suriname is Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. This case report presents a patient infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, a species never reported before in Suriname. This finding has clinical implications, because L. braziliensis has a distinct clinical phenotype characterized by mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a more extensive and destructive form of CL that requires different treatment. Clinicians should be aware that chronic cutaneous ulcers in patients from the Guyana region could be caused by L. braziliensis