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6. Spatial-temporal variations of nitrous oxide emissions in coffee agroforestry systems in Costa Rica

Author

Bentzon-Tarp, Abeline, Helgadóttir, Diljá, Van den Meersche, Karel, Gay, Frédéric, Priemé, Anders, Roupsard, Olivier, Mages, Carolin, Elberling, Bo, Bentzon-Tarp, Abeline, Helgadóttir, Diljá, Van den Meersche, Karel, Gay, Frédéric, Priemé, Anders, Roupsard, Olivier, Mages, Carolin, and Elberling, Bo

Abstract

This study investigates spatial-temporal trends in N2O emissions from coffee production systems in Costa Rica with a focus on the effects of nitrogen fertilisation, topography and soil type. This is done by combining (i) multi-year continuous dynamic chamber measurements from sites with different fertilisation levels, (ii) static chamber measurements taken along a typical sloping coffee field and (iii) measurements from a laboratory incubation experiment with nutrient addition to different soil types. In the field and in the laboratory, additions included standard NPK fertiliser, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as well as potassium nitrate (KNO3). Soils in a laboratory experiment were incubated under both drained and flooded conditions. Continuous measurements from automatic chambers show that annual N2O fluxes were dominated by bursts over few weeks following N-fertilisation with peak emissions up to 60 g N-N2O ha−1 day−1. A two-month slope experiment with static chambers after KNO3-fertilisation with 90 kg N ha−1 showed N2O significant differences between the highest daily emission rates from the top and the bottom of the slope (134 ± 20 g N-N2O ha−1 and 336 ± 104 g N-N2O ha−1, respectively) which can be explained by NO3- transport downhill and flooded conditions favouring denitrification at the bottom of the slope. Incubation experiments indicate that denitrification is the main process controlling N2O emissions but also that nitrification can result in low N2O emission rates under drained conditions. It can be concluded that the reported N2O emissions from the coffee agroforestry systems are generally low, but may be underestimated, as both poorly drained depressions functioning as N2O hotspots as well as temporal N2O bursts need to be taken into account., This study investigates spatial-temporal trends in N2O emissions from coffee production systems in Costa Rica with a focus on the effects of nitrogen fertilisation, topography and soil type. This is done by combining (i) multi-year continuous dynamic chamber measurements from sites with different fertilisation levels, (ii) static chamber measurements taken along a typical sloping coffee field and (iii) measurements from a laboratory incubation experiment with nutrient addition to different soil types. In the field and in the laboratory, additions included standard NPK fertiliser, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as well as potassium nitrate (KNO3). Soils in a laboratory experiment were incubated under both drained and flooded conditions. Continuous measurements from automatic chambers show that annual N2O fluxes were dominated by bursts over few weeks following N-fertilisation with peak emissions up to 60 g N-N2O ha−1 day−1. A two-month slope experiment with static chambers after KNO3-fertilisation with 90 kg N ha−1 showed N2O significant differences between the highest daily emission rates from the top and the bottom of the slope (134 ± 20 g N-N2O ha−1 and 336 ± 104 g N-N2O ha−1, respectively) which can be explained by NO3- transport downhill and flooded conditions favouring denitrification at the bottom of the slope. Incubation experiments indicate that denitrification is the main process controlling N2O emissions but also that nitrification can result in low N2O emission rates under drained conditions. It can be concluded that the reported N2O emissions from the coffee agroforestry systems are generally low, but may be underestimated, as both poorly drained depressions functioning as N2O hotspots as well as temporal N2O bursts ne

Published
2023

11. Linking root biomass and traits with soil C and nutrients stocks and microbial activity down to 100 cm depth in a young Mediterranean agroforestry system

Author

Siegwart, Lorène, Jourdan, Christophe, Piton, Gabin, van den Meersche, Karel, Sugihara, Soh, Bertrand, Isabelle, and Fournier, Dominique

Subjects
root traits, Robinia pseudoacacia, soil C sequestration, soil enzymatic activity, [SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, alley-cropping, [SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study
Abstract

In the subsoils, roots represent a major source of organic matter. Moreover, the C inputs from rhizodeposition, root turnover (mostly perennial species) and root mortality at harvest (annual crops) have a long residence time in soil due to slow decomposition rates. However, deeper understanding of the root impact on soil C stocks and nutrient dynamics is still required, especially in deep horizons of mixed species agroecosystems. This study aims to assess the heterogeneity of the root distribution and the root traits in two main components of an alley-cropping system, i.e. the crop and the understory vegetation strip (UVS) located under the tree rows; and to relate the root variables to soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties according to the distance from the tree and to soil depth. The experimental alley-cropping site “DIAMS” (Mauguio, France) was planted in 2017 with Robinia pseudoacacia (294 trees ha-1). In May 2020, we assessed the fine root biomass density, distribution, functional traits, chemical composition and some soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties in 3 soil layers (0-20, 20-50 and 50-100cm), 3 locations (the UVS under the tree rows, the wheat (Crop- 1m) at 1 to 2m perpendicular to the tree line (under tree shade) and the crop (Crop-4m) at 3.4 to 4.5m from the tree (no tree shade)) and in 3 independent replicated plots. The crop roots at 0-20 cm of depth had a biomass reduced by 3-fold near the UVS compared to far from it. UVS and crops showed similar root traits response to depth with a decrease of specific root length and stele diameter associated with an increase of root C:P ratio. The estimated annual root C inputs represented less than 0.6% of the organic C stocks and was less important under the UVS than the crop, at depth, due to C input pathways (turnover vs. mortality, respectively). Between 0 and 50 cm of depth, the soil C stocks increased with root C stocks, whereas below 50cm the relationship was negative, suggesting that root effect on soil-C might shift in subsoil. At all depths, the root stoichiometry had a tight link with extracellular enzyme N activities. According to ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, subsoil seemed more nutrient limited. Altogether, our results suggested that increasing root biomass up to 50 cm (in our case) can foster soil C storage. In contrast, in deeper soil layers, an increase in root inputs, having high C:N ratios, could induce microbial N limitations and consequently restraint soil C storage.

Published
2022

12. Horizontal and vertical variations of root distribution and traits, soil physical, chemical and microbial properties associated with CNP cycles in a young alley-cropping system under Mediterranean climate

Author

Siegwart, Lorène, Jourdan, Christophe, Piton, Gabin, van den Meersche, Karel, Sugihara, Soh, Bertrand, Isabelle, and Fournier, Dominique

Subjects
[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, [SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study
Published
2022

15. Agroecosystem diversification with legumes or non-legumes improves differently soil fertility according to soil type

Author

Sauvadet, Marie, primary, Trap, Jean, additional, Damour, Gaëlle, additional, Plassard, Claude, additional, Van den Meersche, Karel, additional, Achard, Raphaël, additional, Allinne, Clémentine, additional, Autfray, Patrice, additional, Bertrand, Isabelle, additional, Blanchart, Eric, additional, Deberdt, Péninna, additional, Enock, Séguy, additional, Essobo, Jean-Daniel, additional, Freschet, Grégoire T., additional, Hedde, Mickaël, additional, de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, additional, Rabary, Bodovololona, additional, Rakotoarivelo, Miora, additional, Randriamanantsoa, Richard, additional, Rhino, Béatrice, additional, Ripoche, Aude, additional, Rosalie, Elisabeth, additional, Saj, Stéphane, additional, Becquer, Thierry, additional, Tixier, Philippe, additional, and Harmand, Jean-Michel, additional

Published
2021
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18. Concurrent starch accumulation in stump and high fruit production in coffee (Coffea arabica)

Author

Cambou, Aurélie, primary, Thaler, Philippe, additional, Clément-Vidal, Anne, additional, Barthès, Bernard G, additional, Charbonnier, Fabien, additional, Van den Meersche, Karel, additional, Aguilar Vega, Maria E, additional, Avelino, Jacques, additional, Davrieux, Fabrice, additional, Labouisse, Jean-Pierre, additional, de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, additional, Deleporte, Philippe, additional, Brunet, Didier, additional, Lehner, Peter, additional, and Roupsard, Olivier, additional

Published
2021
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19. Monitoreo de servicios ecosistémicos en un observatorio de cafetales agroforestales. Recomendaciones para el sector cafetalero

Author

Roupsard, Olivier, Allinne, Clémentine, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Vaast, Philippe, Rapidel, Bruno, Avelino, Jacques, Jourdan, Christophe, Le Maire, Guerric, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Dauzat, Jean, Albrecht, Alain, Chevallier, Tiphaine, Barthès, Bernard, Clément-Vidal, Anne, Gómez-Delgado, Federico, Charbonnier, Fabien, Benegas, Laura, Welsh, Kristen, Kinoshita, Rintaro, Vezy, Rémi, Pérez-Molina, Junior Pastor, Kim, John, Taugourdeau, Simon, Defrenet, Elsa, Nespoulous, Jérôme, Rançon, Florian, Guidat, Florian, Cambou, Aurélie, Soma, Maxime, Mages, Carolin, Schnabel, Florian, Prieto, Iván, Picart, Delphine, Duthoit, Maxime, Rocheteau, Alain, Do, Frédéric C., de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Moussa, Rachida, Le Bissonnais, Yves, Valentin, Christian, Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo, Roumet, Catherine, Stokes, Alexia, Vierling, Lee A., Eitel, Jan U.H., Dreyer, Erwin, Saint-André, Laurent, Malmer, Anders, Loustau, Denis, Isaac, Marney E., Martin, Adam R., Priemé, Anders, Eberling, Bo, Madsen, Mikael, Robelo, Alfonso, Robelo, Diego, Borgonovo, Carlos, Lehner, Peter, Ramirez, Guillermo, Jara, Manuel, Acuna Vargas, Rafael, Barquero, Alejandra, Fonseca, Carlos, and Gay, Frédéric

Abstract

Ocho años de estudio de la ecofisiología del café, a través de experimentación y de modelación y el monitoreo de los servicios del ecosistema (SE) en una gran finca cafetalera en Costa Rica, revelaron varias recomendaciones prácticas para los agricultores y los formuladores de políticas. El sistema de cultivo estudiado dentro de nuestro observatorio colaborativo (Coffee-Flux), corresponde a un sistema agroforestal (SAF) a base de café bajo la sombra de grandes árboles de Erythrina poeppigiana (16% de la cubierta del dosel). Una gran cantidad de SE y limitantes dependen de las propiedades locales del suelo (en este caso Andisoles), especialmente de la erosión/infiltración, el agua/carbono y la capacidad de almacenamiento de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, para la evaluación de SE, el tipo de suelo es crucial. Una densidad adecuada de árboles de sombra (bastante baja aquí por la condición de libre crecimiento), redujo la severidad de las enfermedades de las hojas con la posibilidad de reducir el uso de plaguicidas y fungicidas. Un inventario simple del área basal en el collar de las plantas de café permitió estimar la biomasa subterránea y la edad promedio de la plantación, para juzgar su valor de mercado y decidir cuándo reemplazarla. Las fincas de café probablemente estén mucho más cerca de la neutralidad de C que lo indicado en el protocolo actual de C-neutralidad, que solo considera árboles de sombra, no los cafetos ni el suelo. Se proponen evaluaciones más completas, que ncluyen árboles, café, hojarasca, suelo y raíces en el balance C del SAF. Los árboles de sombra ofrecen muchos SE si se gestionan adecuadamente en el contexto local. En comparación con las condiciones a pleno sol, los árboles de sombra pueden (i) reducir la erosión laminar en un factor de 2; (ii) aumentar la fijación de N y el % de N reciclado en el sistema, reduciendo así los requisitos de fertilizantes; (iii) reducir la severidad de enfermedades de las hojas; (iv) aumentar el secuestro de C; (v) mejorar el microclima y (vi) reducir sustancialmente los efectos del cambio climático. En nuestro estudio de caso, no se encontró ningún efecto negativo sobre el rendimiento del café.

Published
2021

20. Concurrent starch accumulation in stump and high fruit production in coffee (Coffea arabica)

Author

Cambou, Aurélie, Thaler, Philippe, Clément-Vidal, Anne, Barthès, Bernard, Charbonnier, Fabien, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Aguilar Vega, Maria E., Avelino, Jacques, Davrieux, Fabrice, Labouisse, Jean-Pierre, de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Deleporte, Philippe, Brunet, Didier, Lehner, Peter, Roupsard, Olivier, Cambou, Aurélie, Thaler, Philippe, Clément-Vidal, Anne, Barthès, Bernard, Charbonnier, Fabien, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Aguilar Vega, Maria E., Avelino, Jacques, Davrieux, Fabrice, Labouisse, Jean-Pierre, de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Deleporte, Philippe, Brunet, Didier, Lehner, Peter, and Roupsard, Olivier

Abstract

In coffee, fruit production on a given shoot drops after some years of high yield, triggering pruning to induce resprouting. The timing of pruning is a crucial farmer's decision affecting yield and labour. One reason for fruit production drop could be the exhaustion of resources, particularly the non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). To test this hypothesis in a Coffea L. arabica agroforestry system, we measured the concentrations of NSC, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in leaves, stems and stumps of the coffee plants, 2 and 5 years after pruning. We also compared shaded vs full sun plants. For that purpose, both analytical reference and visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS) methods were used. As expected, concentrations of biochemical variables linked to photosynthesis activity (N, glucose, fructose, sucrose) decreased from leaves to stems, and then to stumps. In contrast, variables linked more closely to plant structure and reserves (total C, C:N ratio, starch concentration) were higher in long lifespan organs like stumps. Shading had little effect on most measured parameters, contrary to expectations. Concentrations of N, glucose and fructose were higher in 2-year-old organs. Conversely, starch concentration in perennial stumps was three times higher 5 years after pruning than 2 years after pruning, despite high fruit production. Therefore, the drop in fruit production occurring after 5–6 years was not due to a lack of NSC on plant scale. Starch accumulation in perennial organs concurrently to other sinks, such as fruit growth, could be considered as a 'survival' strategy, which may be a relic of the behaviour of wild coffee (a tropical shade-tolerant plant). This study confirmed that VNIRS is a promisingly rapid and cost-effective option for starch monitoring (coefficient of determination for validation, R2 val = 0.91), whereas predictions were less accurate for soluble sugars, probably due to their too similar spectral signature.

Published
2021

21. Agroecosystem diversification with legumes or non-legumes improves differently soil fertility according to soil type

Author

Sauvadet, Marie, Trap, Jean, Damour, Gaëlle, Plassard, Claude, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Achard, Raphaël, Allinne, Clémentine, Autfray, Patrice, Bertrand, Isabelle, Blanchart, Eric, Deberdt, Peninna, Enock, Seguy, Essobo Nieboukaho, Jean-Daniel, Freschet, Grégoire T., Hedde, Mickaël, de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Rabary, Bodovololona, Rakotoarivelo, Miora, Randriamanantsoa, Richard, Rhino, Béatrice, Ripoche, Aude, Rosalie, Elisabeth, Saj, Stéphane, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Sauvadet, Marie, Trap, Jean, Damour, Gaëlle, Plassard, Claude, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Achard, Raphaël, Allinne, Clémentine, Autfray, Patrice, Bertrand, Isabelle, Blanchart, Eric, Deberdt, Peninna, Enock, Seguy, Essobo Nieboukaho, Jean-Daniel, Freschet, Grégoire T., Hedde, Mickaël, de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Rabary, Bodovololona, Rakotoarivelo, Miora, Randriamanantsoa, Richard, Rhino, Béatrice, Ripoche, Aude, Rosalie, Elisabeth, Saj, Stéphane, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, and Harmand, Jean-Michel

Abstract

Plant diversification through crop rotation or agroforestry is a promising way to improve sustainability of agroecosystems. Nonetheless, criteria to select the most suitable plant communities for agroecosystems diversification facing contrasting environmental constraints need to be refined. Here, we compared the impacts of 24 different plant communities on soil fertility across six tropical agroecosystems: either on highly weathered Ferralsols, with strong P limitation, or on partially weathered soils derived from volcanic material, with major N limitation. In each agroecosystem, we tested several plant communities for diversification, as compared to a matching low diversity management for their cropping system. Plant residue restitution, N, P and lignin contents were measured for each plant community. In parallel, the soil under each community was analyzed for organic C and N, inorganic N, Olsen P, soil pH and nematode community composition. Soil potential fertility was assessed with plant bioassays under greenhouse controlled climatic conditions. Overall, plant diversification had a positive effect on soil fertility across all sites, with contrasting effects depending on soil type and legumes presence in the community. Communities with legumes improved soil fertility indicators of volcanic soils, which was demonstrated through significantly higher plant biomass production in the bioassays (+18%) and soil inorganic N (+26%) compared to the low diversity management. Contrastingly, communities without legumes were the most beneficial in Ferralsols, with increases in plant biomass production in the bioassays (+39%), soil Olsen P (+46%), soil C (+26%), and pH (+5%). Piecewise structural equation models with Shipley's test revealed that plant diversification impacts on volcanic soil fertility were related to soil N availability, driven by litter N. Meanwhile, Ferralsols fertility was related to soil P availability, driven by litter P. These findings underline the import

Published
2021

22. Modelling the organic evolution of a mediterranean limestone soil under usual cropping of durum wheat and faba bean

Author

Ibrahim, Hatem, Gaieb, Sinda, Brahim, Nadhem, Blavet, Didier, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Pansu, Marc, Ibrahim, Hatem, Gaieb, Sinda, Brahim, Nadhem, Blavet, Didier, Van Den Meersche, Karel, and Pansu, Marc

Abstract

The modeling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes between microorganisms and plants in pure and associated cultures of durum wheat and faba bean demonstrated a close link between the C and N cycles in agroecosystems. The MOMOS (microorganisms and organic matter of soils) model integrates simplified descriptions of photosynthesis (origin of organic C in soil), N microbial exchange (soil origin for N), N fixation (atmospheric origin for N), and plant growth with an organic matter decomposition core that has the soil microbial community at its center. This work provides estimates of the exchange parameters between plant organs and microbes, which were compared to literature data when available. In a connection with photosynthesized C, the root demand for inorganic N can be adjusted by its microbial production. Our approach is a new methodology for improving plant production, by optimizing the interactions with soil microorganisms. Additionally, the coupling of plant growth and microbial processes enabled determining changes of the organic compartments of soil. In the unfertilized limestone soil of this study, sequestration was found to be located in the labile microbial metabolites for one year, then significantly transferred to stable humus during 6-year intercropping. Thus, we propose the MOMOS mathematical tool, not only for guiding ecological intensification, but also related to the management of agroecosystems for climate change mitigation.

Published
2021

23. Conception d'un dispositif automatisé de chambres de mesures d'échanges gazeux du sol à fermeture horizontale

Author

Duthoit, Maxime, Roupsard, Olivier, Créquy, Nathan, Sauze, Joana, van den Meersche, Karel, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Écotron Européen de Montpellier, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
échanges gazeux, multiplexage, multiplexing, greenhouse gases, measuring chamber, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, chambre de mesure, respiration du sol, automatisation, gaz à effet de serre, gas exchange, soil respiration, automation
Abstract

International audience; Greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O and CH4) exchange measurements between soil and atmosphere are important data when studying agrosystem functioning. These data can be measured on high temporal resolution with automatic chambers. However, automated chamber systems are expensive which limits the number of measuring points on a same site. Besides, researchers are restrained to integrate and understand the spatial variability of the soil metabolic activity and more generally biogeochemistry cycles that are associated to. For this study, we propose a construction plan for a self-made multiplexed system of automated chambers. We chose a system with an horizontal closure to minimise effects due to overpressure during closing events, and to allow the system to be installed under low branches. Here we present some results of leakage tests and at field functioning during several months. A particular attention has been brought to the material cost, to the electric consumption as well as the implementation simplicity. Technical information about the conception, construction and the use of these chambers and output data analyses are detailed in this paper with the drawings, pilot programming and codes for the data analysis.; Les mesures d’échanges des principaux gaz à effet de serre (CO2, N2O et CH4) entre le sol et l’atmosphère sont des données importantes dans l’étude du fonctionnement des agrosystèmes. Ces données peuvent être mesurées à haute résolution temporelle grâce à des chambres de mesure automatiques qui constituent actuellement la technique de référence. Les systèmes automatisés commerciaux sont coûteux, ce qui limite le nombre de points de mesure sur un même site, et donc, la capacité des équipes de recherche à mieux intégrer et comprendre la variabilité spatiale de l’activité métabolique du sol et plus généralement les cycles biogéochimiques qui lui sont associés. Dans cette étude, nous proposons les plans pour réaliser soi-même un système multiplexé original de chambres de mesure automatisées. Nous avons opté ici pour une fermeture horizontale, afin de minimiser les effets liés à la surpression lors de la fermeture et/ou passer sous des branches basses. Des résultats de tests de fuite et de fonctionnement en plein champ pendant plusieurs mois sont présentés. Une attention particulière a été apportée au coût du matériel, à la consommation énergétique ainsi qu’à la simplicité de mise en oeuvre. Les informations techniques relatives à la conception, à la fabrication, à l’utilisation de ces chambres et à l’analyse des données de sortie sont détaillées dans cet article, avec les plans, les programmes de pilotage et les codes pour l’analyse de données.

Published
2020

24. STRADIV - System approach for the TRAnsition to bio-DIVersified agroecosystems. Data Management Plan

Author

Auzoux, Sandrine, Naudin, Krishna, Ripoche, Aude, Autfray, Patrice, Bélières, Jean-François, Sib, Ollo, Kouakou, Patrice Koffi, Dabire, Der, Rhino, Béatrice, van den Meersche, Karel, Notaro, Martin, Allinne, Clementine, Saj, Stéphane, Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement (UMR ART-Dev), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles (UPR HORTSYS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Cirad, chemin de Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), and Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Published
2020

25. STRADIV - System approach for the TRAnsition to bio-DIVersified agroecosystems. Data Management Plan

Author

Ripoche, Aude, Autfray, Patrice, Bélières, Jean-François, Sib, Ollo, Kouakou, Patrice Koffi, Dabire, Der, Rhino, Béatrice, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Notaro, Martin, Allinne, Clémentine, Saj, Stéphane, Auzoux, Sandrine, Naudin, Krishna, Ripoche, Aude, Autfray, Patrice, Bélières, Jean-François, Sib, Ollo, Kouakou, Patrice Koffi, Dabire, Der, Rhino, Béatrice, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Notaro, Martin, Allinne, Clémentine, Saj, Stéphane, Auzoux, Sandrine, and Naudin, Krishna

Published
2020

26. Carbon-nitrogen coupling and algal-bacterial interactions during an experimental bloom: modeling a [sup.13]C tracer experiment

Author

Van den Meersche, Karel, Middelburg, Jack J., Soetaert, Karline, van Rijswijk, Pieter, Boschker, Henricus T.S., and Heip, Carlo H.R.

Subjects
Phytoplankton -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

We tracked flows of carbon and nitrogen during an experimental phytoplankton bloom in a natural estuarine assemblage in Randers Fjord, Denmark. We used [sup.13]C-labeled dissolved inorganic carbon to trace the transfer of carbon from phytoplankton to bacteria. Ecosystem development was followed over a period of 9 d through changes in the stocks of inorganic nutrients, pigments, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and algal and bacterial polar-lipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA). We quantified the incorporation of [sup.13]C in phytoplankton and bacterial biomass by carbon isotope analysis of specific PLFA. A dynamic model based on unbalanced algal growth and balanced growth of bacteria and zooplankton adequately reproduced the observations and provided an integral view of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. There were three phases with distinct carbon and nitrogen dynamics. During the first period, nutrients were replete, an algal bloom was observed, and carbon and nitrogen uptake occurred at a constant ratio. Because there was little algal exudation of DOC, transfer of [sup.13]C from phytoplankton to bacteria was delayed by 1 d, compared with the labeling of phytoplankton. In the second phase, the exhaustion of dissolved inorganic nitrogen resulted in decoupling of carbon and nitrogen flows caused by unbalanced algal growth and the exudation of carbon-rich dissolved organic matter by phytoplankton. During the final, nutrient-depleted phase, carbon and nitrogen cycling were dominated by the microbial loop and there was accumulation of DOC. The main source (60%) of DOC was exudation by phytoplankton growing under nitrogen limitation. Heterotrophic processes were the main source of dissolved organic nitrogen (94%). Most of the carbon exudated by algae was respired by the bacteria and did not pass to higher trophic levels. The dynamic model successfully reproduced the evolution of trophic pathways during the transition from nutrient-replete to -depleted conditions, which indicates that simple models provide a powerful tool to study the response of pelagic ecosystems to external forcings.

Published
2004

27. Modelling the key role of microorganisms in C and N cycles of a cereal-legume agrosystem

Author

Ibrahim, Hatem, Blavet, Didier, van den Meersche, Karel, Blitz-Frayret, Céline, Hatira, Abdessatar, Gérard, Fréderic, Drevon, Jean-Jacques, Pansu, Marc, Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), European Association of Geochemistry and the Geochemical Society, Blavet, Didier, University of Tunis El Manar, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, cycle de l'azote, cycle du carbone, sol, légumineuses, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, [SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, modélisation
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

28. Suivi des services écosystémiques dans un observatoire de caféiers agroforestiers. Applications pour la filière du café

Author

Olivier, Roupsard, Allinne, Clementine, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Vaast, Philippe, Rapidel, Bruno, Avelino, Jacques, Jourdan, Christophe, Le Maire, Guerric, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Dauzat, Jean, Albrecht, A., Chevallier, T., Barthès, B., Clément-Vidal, Anne, Gomez-Delgado, Fédérico, Charbonnier, Fabien, Benegas, Laura, Welsh, Kristen, Kinoshita, Rintaro, Taugourdeau, Simon, Nespoulous, Jérome, Rançon, Florian, Guidat, Florian, Cambou, Aurelie, Soma, Maxime, Mages, C., Schnabel, Florian, Prieto, Ivan, Picart, Delphine, Duthoit, Maxime, ROCHETEAU, Alain, Do, Frédéric, de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Moussa, Rachida, Le Bissonnais, Yves, Valentin, Christian, Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo, Roumet, Catherine, Stokes, Alexia, Vierling, Lee A., Eitel, Jan U.H., Dreyer, Erwin, Saint Andre, Laurent, Malmer, Anders, Loustau, Denis, Isaac, Marney E., Martin, Adam R., Prieme, Ambers, Elberling, Bo, Rask Madsen, Mikael, Robelo, Alfonso, Robelo, Diego, Borgonovo, Carlos, Lehner, Peter, Ramirez, Guillermo, Jara, Manuel, Acuna Vargas, R., Barquero, Alejandra, Fonseca, Carlos, Gaymard, Frederic, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Bioagresseurs, analyse et maîtrise du risque (Cirad-Bios-UPR 106 Bioagresseurs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Cornell University, Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires (ENSAIA), Université de Lorraine (UL), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes [Avignon] (URFM 629), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [ Madagascar])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Lyonbiopôle, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Hacienda Aquiares, Cafetalera Aquiares, CESAM and Department of Biology, Universidade de Aveiro, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Josiane Seghieri, Jean-Michel Harmand, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Bioagresseurs, analyse et maîtrise du risque (UPR Bioagresseurs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [ Madagascar])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Costa Rica, Séquestration du carbone, Lutte anti-insecte, Systèmes et modes de culture, Arbre d'ombrage, Coffea, Filière, Agroforesterie, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Erythrina poeppigiana, Lutte antimaladie des plantes, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Services écosystémiques
Abstract

International audience; Huit ans de travaux de recherche sur les services écosystémiques dans une grande ferme caféière du Costa Rica (observatoire collaboratif Coffee-Flux, en système agroforestier à base de caféiers sous de grands arbres d'Erythrina poeppigiana, surface projetée de couronne de l'ordre de 16 %) ont suggéré plusieurs applications pour les agriculteurs et les décideurs. Il est apparu que de nombreux services écosystémiques dépendaient des propriétés du sol (ici des Andisols), en particulier de l'érosion, de l'infiltration, de la capacité de stockage de l'eau et des éléments nutritifs. Nous confirmons qu'il est essentiel de lier les services hydrologiques et de conservation au type de sol en présence. Une densité adéquate d'arbres d'ombrage (plutôt faible ici) permet de réduire la sévérité des maladies foliaires avec, en perspective, une réduction de l'usage de pesticides-fongicides. Un simple inventaire de la surface basale au collet des caféiers permet d'estimer la biomasse souterraine et la moyenne d'âge d'une plantation de caféiers, ce qui permet d'évaluer sa valeur marchande ou de planifier son remplacement. Le protocole de calcul actuel pour la neutralité carbone des systèmes agroforestiers ne prend en compte que les arbres d'ombrage, pas la culture intercalaire. Dans la réalité, si on inclut les caféiers, on se rapproche très probablement de la neutralité. Des évaluations plus complètes, incluant les arbres, les caféiers, la litière, le sol et les racines dans le bilan en carbone du système agroforestier sont proposées. Les arbres d'ombrage offrent de nombreux servies écosystémiques s'ils sont gérés de manière adéquate dans le contexte local. Par rapport aux parcelles en plein soleil, nous montrons qu'ils réduisent l'érosion laminaire d'un facteur 2, augmentent la fixation de l'azote (N2) atmosphérique et le pourcentage d'azote recyclé dans le système, réduisant ainsi les besoins en engrais. Ils réduisent aussi la sévérité des maladies foliaires, augmentent la séquestration de carbone, améliorent le microclimat et atténuent substantiellement les effets des changements climatiques. Dans notre étude de cas, aucun effet négatif sur le rendement n'a été enregistré.

Published
2019

29. Suivi des services écosystémiques dans un observatoire de caféiers agroforestiers. Applications pour la filière du café

Author

Roupsard, Olivier, Allinne, Clémentine, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Vaast, Philippe, Rapidel, Bruno, Avelino, Jacques, Jourdan, Christophe, Le Maire, Guerric, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Dauzat, Jean, Albrecht, Alain, Chevallier, Tiphaine, Barthès, Bernard, Clément-Vidal, Anne, Gomez Delgado, Federico, Charbonnier, Fabien, Benegas, Laura, Welsh, Kristen, Kinoshita, Rintaro, Vezy, Rémi, Pérez-Molina, Junior Pastor, Kim, J., Taugourdeau, Simon, Defrenet, Elsa, Nespoulous, Jérôme, Rançon, Florian, Guidat, Florian, Cambou, Aurélie, Soma, Maxime, Mages, C., Schnabel, Florian, Prieto, Iván, Picart, Delphine, Duthoit, Maxime, Rocheteau, Alain, Do, Frédéric C., de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Moussa, Rachida, Le Bissonnais, Yves, Valentin, Christian, Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo, Roumet, Catherine, Stokes, Alexia, Vierling, Lee A., Eitel, Jan U.H., Dreyer, Erwin, Saint-André, L., Malmer, Anders, Loustau, Denis, Isaac, Marney E., Martin, Adam R., Priemé, A., Elberling, Bo, Madsen, Mikael, Robelo, A., Robelo, Diego, Borgonovo, Carlos, Lehner, Peter, Ramirez, Guillermo, Jara, Manuel, Acuna Vargas, R., Barquero, Alejandra, Fonseca, Carlos, and Gay, Frédéric

Subjects
P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Lutte anti-insecte, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Arbre d'ombrage, Coffea, Agroforesterie, Erythrina poeppigiana, services écosystémiques, Lutte antimaladie des plantes, séquestration du carbone, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales
Abstract

Huit ans de travaux de recherche sur les services écosystémiques dans une grande ferme caféière du Costa Rica (observatoire collaboratif Coffee-Flux, en système agroforestier à base de caféiers sous de grands arbres d'Erythrina poeppigiana, surface projetée de couronne de l'ordre de 16 %) ont suggéré plusieurs applications pour les agriculteurs et les décideurs. Il est apparu que de nombreux services écosystémiques dépendaient des propriétés du sol (ici des Andisols), en particulier de l'érosion, de l'infiltration, de la capacité de stockage de l'eau et des éléments nutritifs. Nous confirmons qu'il est essentiel de lier les services hydrologiques et de conservation au type de sol en présence. Une densité adéquate d'arbres d'ombrage (plutôt faible ici) permet de réduire la sévérité des maladies foliaires avec, en perspective, une réduction de l'usage de pesticides-fongicides. Un simple inventaire de la surface basale au collet des caféiers permet d'estimer la biomasse souterraine et la moyenne d'âge d'une plantation de caféiers, ce qui permet d'évaluer sa valeur marchande ou de planifier son remplacement. Le protocole de calcul actuel pour la neutralité carbone des systèmes agroforestiers ne prend en compte que les arbres d'ombrage, pas la culture intercalaire. Dans la réalité, si on inclut les caféiers, on se rapproche très probablement de la neutralité. Des évaluations plus complètes, incluant les arbres, les caféiers, la litière, le sol et les racines dans le bilan en carbone du système agroforestier sont proposées. Les arbres d'ombrage offrent de nombreux servies écosystémiques s'ils sont gérés de manière adéquate dans le contexte local. Par rapport aux parcelles en plein soleil, nous montrons qu'ils réduisent l'érosion laminaire d'un facteur 2, augmentent la fixation de l'azote (N2) atmosphérique et le pourcentage d'azote recyclé dans le système, réduisant ainsi les besoins en engrais. Ils réduisent aussi la sévérité des maladies foliaires, augmentent la séquestration de carbone, améliorent le microclimat et atténuent substantiellement les effets des changements climatiques. Dans notre étude de cas, aucun effet négatif sur le rendement n'a été enregistré.

Published
2019

30. Nitrogen fixing shade trees in coffee agroforestry: Quantification of nitrogen transfer to the coffee plant

Author

Van Den Meersche, Karel, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Zeller, Bernd, Blanchart, Eric, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Zeller, Bernd, and Blanchart, Eric

Abstract

Nitrogen-fixing shade trees in coffee agroforestry systems are assumed to provide an alternative nitrogen source for the coffee crop when fertilizer applications are low, but the transfer of nitrogen from shade trees to the coffee crop has not yet been quantified directly. We present a case study for coffee agroforestry systems with Erythrina poeppigiana as a shade tree. The transfer of nitrogen from the N2 fixing tree to coffee plants was measured through a stable isotope pulse and chase experiment. Shade trees that had been labelled with a 15N-enriched nitrate solution, were pruned, and the prunings were subsequently laid out below coffee crops under conventional or organic management. Significant fractions of nitrogen ended up in the coffee plants 5 months after the deposition of 15N labelled prunings on the plantation floor (figure 1). More nitrogen from prunings was found in the soil under organic management than under conventional management. This finding was associated with higher macrofauna abundance, particularly earthworms, in the organic system. Coppicing of the shade tree and subsequent decomposition of the pruned material was the dominant mechanism for nitrogen transfer to the coffee plant, while other mechanisms only affected coffee plants directly neighbouring the tree. In conclusion, the pruning of shade trees in coffee agroforestry systems is an important pathway for the transfer of fixed N to the coffee plants and seems to be essential in organic systems.

Published
2019

31. Shade tree species impacts on soil nutrient availability and food web in conventional and organic coffee agroforestry

Author

Sauvadet, Marie, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clémentine, Gay, Frédéric, Virginio Filho, Elias de Melo, Chauvat, Matthieu, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Sauvadet, Marie, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clémentine, Gay, Frédéric, Virginio Filho, Elias de Melo, Chauvat, Matthieu, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, and Harmand, Jean-Michel

Abstract

Conventional, intensively managed coffee monocultures are environmentally damaging. The use of shade trees and organic management are welcome options to reduce coffee physiological stress, reduce synthetic inputs and restore soil biological balance. However, whether the effects of shade trees on soil functioning would be similar for different coffee management practices should be investigated. Here, we measured soil total C and N, inorganic N, Olsen P, pH, biomass produced in bioassay, nematode and microarthropod communities under three shade types (unshaded coffee, shaded with Terminalia amazonia, and shaded with Erythrina poepiggiana) combined with two management practices (organic and conventional) in a 17- year old experimental coffee plantation in Turrialba (Costa Rica). Under conventional management, soil nutrient availability and fauna densities were higher under shade, regardless of the shade tree species (Fig 1). Under organic management, only Erythrina, a heavily pruned, N2-fixing species, had increased soil nutrient availability and fauna density, while Terminalia shade had a null or negative impact. Soil N availability was linked to bacteria-feeding nematodes while soil P availability was more linked to detritivorous microarthropods. Higher fertility was recorded in soil with balanced foodwebs. This study highlights the importance of the choice of shade tree species for soil fertility in low input systems, more so than in fertilized systems.

Published
2019

32. Co-design agricultural systems combining gaming and backcasting methods in smallholder coffee agroforestry systems

Author

Andreotti, Federico, Speelman, Erika N., Van den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clémentine, Andreotti, Federico, Speelman, Erika N., Van den Meersche, Karel, and Allinne, Clémentine

Abstract

In Central America, smallholder coffee farmers rely on low input agroforestry systems (AFS) while experiencing increased pressure from climate change and social inequality. In order to increase the sustainability of these systems and to guide farmers along agroecological transition pathways, participatory approaches are needed. However, methods for the co-design process of such complex AFS are still scarce. Here, we present a practical approach based on game sessions and backcasting for the development of sustainable farming systems, together with the smallholder communities. We organized five game sessions and one backcasting workshop with farmer communities, technicians, researchers and municipality officials in La Dalia, Nicaragua. Through the game sessions we managed to highlight the key factors that allow or impede successful coordination among farmers to diversify their systems and develop organic and/or low input agriculture. Furthermore, using backcasting, we shared the outcomes from the game sessions among the communities and co-designed new farming systems highlighting major economic, social and environmental benefits and barriers. Through combining game and backcasting sessions, we were able to describe the current system and co-construct a desirable future vision towards agrological transition. We envision a wide range of relevant applications of this method in agriculture and beyond to facilitate stakeholders to collaboratively initiate processes of change.

Published
2019

33. Shade trees have higher impact on soil nutrient availability and food web in organic than conventional coffee agroforestry

Author

Sauvadet, Marie, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clementine, Gay, Frédéric, De Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Chauvat, Matthieu, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Sauvadet, Marie, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clementine, Gay, Frédéric, De Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Chauvat, Matthieu, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, and Harmand, Jean-Michel

Abstract

Conventional, intensively managed coffee plantations are currently facing environmental challenges. The use of shade trees and the organic management of coffee crops are welcome alternatives, aiming to reduce synthetic inputs and restore soil biological balance. However, little is known about the impacts of the different types of shade tree species on soil functioning and fauna. In this paper, we assess soil nutrient availability and food web structure on a 17-year old experimental coffee plantation in Turrialba in Costa Rica. Three shade types (unshaded coffee, shaded with Terminalia amazonia, and shaded with Erythrina poepiggiana) combined with two management practices (organic and conventional) were evaluated. Total C and N, inorganic N and Olsen P content, soil pH, global soil fertility, and nematode and microarthropod communities were measured in the top 10 cm soil layer, with the objective of determining how shade tree species impact the soil food web and soil C, N and P cycling under different types of management. We noted a decrease in soil inorganic N content and nematode density under conventional management (respectively -47% and -91% compared to organic management), which suggested an important biological imbalance, possibly caused by the lack of organic amendment. Under conventional management, soil nutrient availability and fauna densities were higher under shade, regardless of the shade tree species. Under organic management, only soils under E. poeppigiana, a heavily pruned. N-2 -fixing species, had increased nutrient availability and fauna density, while T amazonia shade had a null or negative impact. The effects of coffee management and shade type on soil nutrient availability were mirrored by changes in soil food web structure. Higher fertility was recorded in soil with balanced food webs. These results emphasize the importance of the choice of shade tree species for soil functions in low input systems, more so than in fertilized systems

Published
2019

34. 'Faidherbia-Flux', a new highly instrumented collaborative Observatory in a semi-arid agro-silvo-pastoral system of Western Africa (Niakhar-Senegal)

Author

Roupsard, Olivier, Jourdan, Christophe, Cournac, Laurent, Ndour, Y.B., Tall, Laure, Chapuis-Lardy, Lydie, Clermont-Dauphin, Cathy, Orange, Didier, Do, Frédéric C., Kergoat, Laurent, Le Maire, Guerric, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Timouk, F., Grippa, Manuela, Rocheteau, Alain, Duthoit, Maxime, Chotte, Jean-Luc, and Laclau, Jean-Paul

Abstract

A new long-term flux Observatory was launched (2017) in a semi-arid agro-silvo-pastoral parkland of Senegal. Agroforestry trees are mostly Faidherbia albida, a multi-purpose legume tree, phreatophytic and displaying a reverse phenology, emblematic for agroforestry in dry lands (Roupsard et al., 1999; Sida et al., 2018). Crops are pearl millet, groundnut and cowpea mainly. The soil is sandy and yield is highly limited in water, N and P mainly. The aim of “Faidherbia-Flux” is to assess energy and GHG balances (CO2, H2O, N2O, CH4), together with some major Ecosystem Services (NPP, yield, erosion) at the plant, plot, watershed and landscape scales and separating strata (trees, crops, surface soil, deep soil, aquifer). Observation, experimentation, modelling and remote-sensing are combined, collecting data and calibrating models locally, then upscaling to larger regions. The project will run on the long term through projects, in order to encompass seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations. Faidherbia-flux is a platform where collaborative research is promoted: data are being shared between collaborators and positive interactions are enhanced. The philosophy is to concentrate several investigations on one specific site and for several years, to share a useful common experimental database, to develop modelling, to publish results in highly-ranked scientific journals and share databases internationally (FLUXNET, ICOS, ANAEE, etc.) for meta-analyses purposes. Applied research is also highly encouraged (agronomy, agro-ecological intensification, breeding, etc.). Faidherbia-flux benefits from infrastructure (People-Health-Environment Observatory of Niakhar, 50 years of research), and very good security, ready to welcome complementary scientific investigations and collaborations. The project is wide open to complementary projects, scientists and of course to students.

Published
2018

35. Shade tree species impacts on soil fauna and C, N, P cycles in Costa Rican organic and conventional coffee agroforestry systems

Author

Sauvadet, Marie, Van den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clémentine, Virginio Filho, Elias de Melo, Chauvat, Matthieu, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Sauvadet, Marie, Van den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clémentine, Virginio Filho, Elias de Melo, Chauvat, Matthieu, Becquer, Thierry, Tixier, Philippe, and Harmand, Jean-Michel

Published
2018

36. Eight years studying ecosystem services in a coffee agroforestry observatory. Practical applications for the stakeholders

Author

Roupsard, Olivier, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Allinne, Clémentine, Vaast, Philippe, Rapidel, Bruno, Avelino, Jacques, Jourdan, Christophe, Le Maire, Guerric, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Dauzat, Jean, Albrecht, Alain, Chevallier, Tiphaine, Barthès, Bernard, Clément-Vidal, Anne, Gómez-Delgado, Federico, Charbonnier, Fabien, Benegas, Laura, Welsh, Kristen, Kinoshita, Rintaro, Vezy, Rémi, Perez Molina, Junior, Kim, John H., Taugourdeau, Simon, Defrenet, Elsa, Nespoulous, Jérôme, Rançon, Florian, Guidat, Florian, Cambou, Aurélie, Soma, Maxime, Mages, C., Schnabel, Florian, Prieto, Iván, Picart, Delphine, Duthoit, Maxime, Rocheteau, Alain, Do, Frédéric C., de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Moussa, Roger, Le Bissonnais, Yves, Valentin, C., Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo, Roumet, Catherine, Stokes, A., Vierling, Lee A., Eitel, Jan U.H., Dreyer, Erwin, Saint-André, L., Malmer, Anders, Loustau, Denis, Isaac, Marney E., Martin, A., Priemé, A., Elberling, Bo, Madsen, Mikael, Robelo, A., Robelo, Diego, Borgonovo, Carlos, Lehner, Peter, Ramirez, G., Jara, Manuel, Acuna Vargas, R., Barquero Aguilar, Alejandra, Fonseca, Carlos, and Gay, Frédéric

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, K10 - Production forestière
Abstract

Eight years of monitoring ecophysiology and ecosystem services (ES) in a large coffee farm of Costa Rica yields a range of practical applications for the farmer and stakeholders, thanks to numerous scientific actors and disciplines contributing to our collaborative observatory (Coffee-Flux). • A lot of ecosystem services depend on the soil properties, such as runoff/infiltration, water and nutrient storage capacity. It is essential to relate hydrological and soil conservation services to the soil type, since this might have even more importance than the crop itself for ES. Regarding the use of fertilizer, we show that some soils may have a large storage capacity, allowing producing coffee at normal yields with just a reduced, or even a minimum amount of fertilizers, for instance when the economic conditions are unfavorable. Also, due to the soil variability within the farm, it is possible to adjust fertilization to micro-local conditions and reduce the total expenses and risks of leaching of N to the environment. VNIRS and MIR are promising broadband tools for screening the variability in soils. Adjusting N fertilizer to the optimum will also considerably reduce the N2O emissions and improve the GHG balance of the farm. • Pesticides-fongicides: we show that an adequate amount of shade trees allows reducing the severity of the whole complex of leaf diseases. This also should reduce expenses and impacts on the ecosystem. • Roots: a simple survey of basal area at collar allows estimating the belowground biomass and the average age of a plantation, to judge of its market value and to decide when to replace it. • Also starch plays a key role in the trophic equilibrium between the perennial parts of the coffee plant (aerial stump, belowground stump, coarse roots) and its ephemeral parts (resprout, leaves, fruits, fine roots). Coffee plants accumulate starch in the stumps by the end of the life of their resprout, as a strategy for survival. Breeding plants with less starch build-up capacity would probably allow increasing the fraction of productive years during the lifespan of the resprouts. • Coffee farms are probably much closer to C neutrality than currently admitted using the C-Neutrality protocol. We stress the prevailing role of coffee plants + litter + soil in the ecosystem C balance. If those are excluded from the calculations as done so far, coffee farms are GHG sources, by definition. We argue that either full assessments (as proposed here, at the ecosystem level, including trees, coffee, litter, soil and roots) or consensus on “sequestration factors” (the counterpart of emission factors) would allow performing a more realistic assessment of the GHG balance. • Finally, we bring new data confirming that shade trees offer numerous ecosystem services, when adequately managed for the local context. As compared to full sun conditions, they may (i) reduce laminar erosion by a factor of ca. 2, (ii) increase the atmospheric N2 fixation and the % of N recycled into the system, thus reducing the fertilizer requirements, (iii) reduce the severity of the leaf disease complex, (iv) increase C sequestration, (v) improve the microclimate, and (vi) be a large part of the solution to face climate changes. All this is possibly without negative effects on profitability or yield, if managed properly. In our particular case-study, we encount.

Published
2017

37. Increased light-use efficiency sustains net primary productivity of shaded coffee plants in agroforestry system

Author

Charbonnier, Fabien, Roupsard, Olivier, Le Maire, Guerric, Guillemot, Joannes, Casanoves, Fernando, Lacointe, André, Vaast, Philippe, Allinne, Clementine, Audebert, Louise, Cambou, Aurélie, Clement, Anne, Defrenet, Elsa, Duursma, Remko A., Jarri, Laura, Jourdan, Christophe, Khac, Emmanuelle, Leandro, Patricia, Medlyn, Belinda E., Saint-André, Laurent, Thaler, Philippe, Van Den Meersche, Karel, Barquero Aguilar, Alejandra, Lehner, Peter, Dreyer, Erwin, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Biogéochimie des Sols (Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier (ENSA M), Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), Western Sydney University, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Cafetalera Aquiares, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, and Western Sydney University (UWS)

Subjects
Light, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, net assimilation rate (NAR), Arbre d'ombrage, Lumière, Coffea, Agroforesterie, modèle, MAESPA, Trees, Âge, light absorption model, Biomasse, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Biomass, Photosynthèse, Compétition biologique, Plante d'ombrage, numerical models, besoin en carbone, absorption de la lumière, Agriculture, Forestry, Microclimate, Coffea arabica, net assimilation rate, Compétition végétale, Plant Leaves, séquestration du carbone, Rendement des cultures, carbon allocation, Linear Models, assimilation nette
Abstract

In agroforestry systems, shade trees strongly affect the physiology of the undergrown crop. However, a major paradigm is that the reduction in absorbed photosynthetically active radiation is, to a certain extent, compensated by an increase in light-use efficiency, thereby reducing the difference in net primary productivity between shaded and non-shaded plants. Due to the large spatial heterogeneity in agroforestry systems and the lack of appropriate tools, the combined effects of such variables have seldom been analysed, even though they may help understand physiological processes underlying yield dynamics. In this study, we monitored net primary productivity, during two years, on scales ranging from individual coffee plants to the entire plot. Absorbed radiation was mapped with a 3D model (MAESPA). Light-use efficiency and net assimilation rate were derived for each coffee plant individually. We found that although irradiance was reduced by 60% below crowns of shade trees, coffee light-use efficiency increased by 50%, leaving net primary productivity fairly stable across all shade levels. Variability of aboveground net primary productivity of coffee plants was caused primarily by the age of the plants and by intraspecific competition among them (drivers usually overlooked in the agroforestry literature) rather than by the presence of shade trees.

Published
2017

38. Plataforma científica sobre sistemas agroforestales a base de cultivos perennes en Mesoamérica (PCP)

Author

Avelino, Jacques, Oswald, Andreas, Cerda, Rolando, Allinne, Clémentine, Alpizar, Francisco, Bagny-Beilhe, Leïla, Breitler, Jean-Christophe, Cerdan, Carlos, De Melo, Elias, Georget, Frederic, Mendez, Gener, Muschler, Reinhold G., Rapidel, Bruno, Sepulveda, Claudia, Sibelet, Nicole, Somarriba Chavez, Eduardo, Ten Hoopen, Gerben Martijn, Van den Meersche, Karel, Vilchez, Sergio, Villain, Luc, and Ngo Bieng, Marie-Ange

Subjects
P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, K10 - Production forestière
Published
2017

41. Intraspecific trait variation and coordination: Root and leaf economics spectra in coffee across environmental gradients

Author

Isaac, Marney E., Martin, Adam R., de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Rapidel, Bruno, Roupsard, Olivier, Van den Meersche, Karel, Isaac, Marney E., Martin, Adam R., de Melo Virginio Filho, Elias, Rapidel, Bruno, Roupsard, Olivier, and Van den Meersche, Karel

Abstract

Hypotheses on the existence of a universal “Root Economics Spectrum” (RES) have received arguably the least attention of all trait spectra, despite the key role root trait variation plays in resource acquisition potential. There is growing interest in quantifying intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in plants, but there are few studies evaluating (i) the existence of an intraspecific RES within a plant species, or (ii) how a RES may be coordinated with other trait spectra within species, such as a leaf economics spectrum (LES). Using Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) as a model species, we measured seven morphological and chemical traits of intact lateral roots, which were paired with information on four key LES traits. Field collections were completed across four nested levels of biological organization. The intraspecific trait coefficient of variation (cv) ranged from 25 to 87% with root diameter and specific root tip density showing the lowest and highest cv, respectively. Between 27 and 68% of root ITV was explained by site identity alone for five of the seven traits measured. A single principal component explained 56.2% of root trait covariation, with plants falling along a RES from resource acquiring to conserving traits. Multiple factor analysis revealed significant orthogonal relationships between root and leaf spectra. RES traits were strongly orthogonal with respect to LES traits, suggesting these traits vary independently from one another in response to environmental cues. This study provides among the first evidence that plants from the same species differentiate from one another along an intraspecific RES. We find that in one of the world's most widely cultivated crops, an intraspecific RES is orthogonal to an intraspecific LES, indicating that above and belowground responses of plants to managed (or natural) environmental gradients are likely to occur independently from one another.

Published
2017

44. COFFEE-FLUX (Costa Rica) Observatory for monitoring and modeling carbon, nutrients, water and sediment ecosystem services in coffee agroforestry systems; Mitigation and adaptation to climate changes through ecosystem manipulation

Author

Roupsard, Olivier, Van den Meersche, Karel, Rapidel, Bruno, De Melo, Elias, Charbonnier, Fabien, Allinne, Clémentine, Avelino, Jacques, Roumet, Catherine, Stokes, Alexia, Bonnefond, Jean-Marc, Vierling, Lee A., Boll, Jan, Dreyer, Erwin, Saint André, Laurent, Loustau, Denis, Elberling, Bo, Isaac, Marney E., Malmer, Anders, and Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières
Published
2015

45. Leaf litter stoichiometry affects decomposition rates and nutrient dynamics in tropical forests under restoration in Costa Rica.

Author

Lanuza, Oscar, Casanoves, Fernando, Delgado, Diego, and Van den Meersche, Karel

Subjects
FOREST litter, TROPICAL forests, FOREST dynamics, FOREST restoration, STOICHIOMETRY, TREE planting, FACTORIAL experiment designs
Abstract

Active restoration strategies increase the production of leaf litter in tropical forests, but little is known about their effect on litter decomposition and subsequent nutrient release. We quantified changes in leaf litter stoichiometry during decomposition in former pasture sites under contrasting restoration strategies (natural regeneration, applied nucleation/islands tree planting and plantation), as well as in nearby primary forest. Litterbags were employed to evaluate decomposition. We used a leaf mixture of either the four planted tree species in the plantation and island treatments or the nearby primary forest and compared them under a factorial design. Decomposition rates were similar between restoration treatments (p > 0.5), but leaves decomposed faster in the forest mixture than in the plantation mixture (p < 0.01). The content of Ca, Mg, K, P, and the C:N ratio were higher in the forest mixture at the beginning and during decomposition (p < 0.05); the N content in the plantation mixture was higher at the beginning but lower during decomposition (p < 0.05), which meant greater mobilization of nitrogen per unit of carbon lost. K and P had a strong initial release, while Mg was released more gradually. N and Ca had an irregular pattern of initial fast release, immobilization, and re‐release in the later stages. We conclude that the differences in rates of decomposition and nutrient release in these systems under restoration were at least partly determined by the floristic heterogeneity and chemical quality of the leaf litter that reaches the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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46. Strong spatial variability of light use efficiency in a coffee AFS highlighted by 3D light and gas exchange model

Author

Charbonnier, Fabien, Roupsard, Olivier, Casanoves, Fernando, Audebert, Louise, Defresnet, Elsa, Cambou, Aurélie, Allinne, Clémentine, Rapidel, Bruno, Avelino, Jacques, Van den Meersche, Karel, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Jourdan, Christophe, Vaast, Philippe, Barquero, Alejandra, Leandro, Patricia, and Dreyer, Erwin

Subjects
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, K10 - Production forestière
Abstract

Above-ground net primary productivity (NPP) of individual arabica coffee plants (60 coffee resprouts, of various ages (0 to 5 years, after pruning), located below or far from the shade trees) was assessed during two years in the field from repeated biomass estimations (via branch scale allometry) and litter harvest (30 litter traps) (Coffee Flux Observatory, http://www5.montpellier.inra.fr/ecosols/Recherche/Les-projets/CoffeeFlux). Suprisingly, NPP was not influenced by the distance to the shade trees. MAESTRA, a 3D light interception model was applied to map shade tree transmittance and to calculate yearly light budgets (absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, aPAR) of the coffee plants (Charbonnier et al., 2013). Light use efficiency (LUE) of coffee plants was calculated dividing their annual NPP by plant aPAR. MAESTRA showed that aPAR decreased severely for coffee plants located under shade tree crowns (down to 70%). However, we obtained a 2-fold increase in LUE for coffee plants located under shade trees, and a spatial gradient of LUE according to the distance to the shade tree. The analysis revealed that the increase in LUE totally compensated the expected reduction of NPP due to the reduction in aPAR. We will discuss the possible causes of such an increase in LUE and the genericity of this finding. We will also emphasize on the role played by the 3D light interception model in the demonstration of this crucial property for AFS.

Published
2014

47. Using process models, remote sensing and spectrometry to open scientific locks in agroforestry systems: the example of coffee in Costa Rica

Author

Roupsard, Olivier, Charbonnier, Fabien, Taugourdeau, Simon, Kinoshita, Rintaro, Guidat, Florian, Rançon, Florian, Le Maire, Guerric, Van den Meersche, Karel, Jourdan, Christophe, Harmand, Jean-Michel, Vaast, Philippe, Virginio Filho, Elias de Melo, Imbach, Pablo, Albrecht, Alain, and Chevallier, Tiphaine

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, K10 - Production forestière
Published
2014

48. Sediment and carbon fluxes along a longitudinal gradient in the lower Tana River (Kenya)

Author

Tamooh, Fredrick, Meysman, Filip, Borges, Alberto V., Marwick, Trent R., Van den Meersche, Karel, Dehairs, Frank, Merckx, Roel, Bouillon, Steven, Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Chemistry, and Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Kenya
Abstract

We estimated annual fluxes of suspended matter and different carbon (C) pools at three sites along the lower Tana River (Kenya), based on monthly sampling between January 2009 and December 2011. Concentrations of total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were monitored, as was the stable isotope composition of the carbon pools. Both TSM and POC concentrations showed strong seasonality, varying over several orders of magnitude, while DOC and DIC concentrations showed no seasonal variations. A strong shift in the origin of POC was observed, which was dominated by C3-derived C during dry conditions (low ?13CPOC between ?28o/oo and ?25o/oo), but had significant C4 contributions during high-flow events (?13CPOC up to ?19.5o/oo). Between Garissa and the most downstream sampling point, a clear decrease in suspended matter and organic C fluxes was observed, being most pronounced during high-discharge conditions: on an annual basis, fluxes of TSM, POC, and DIC decreased by 34% to 65% for the 3?year study period. Our results suggest that floodplains along the lower Tana River could play an important role in regulating the transport of suspended matter and organic C. A comparison of current flux estimates with data collected prior to the construction of several hydropower dams reveals that the sediment loading is reduced during low discharge conditions.

Published
2014

50. Deep belowground biomass and net primary productivity of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in an agroforestry system of Costa Rica

Author

Defrenet, Elsa, Roupsard, Olivier, Charbonnier, Fabien, Barquero, Alejandra, Van den Meersche, Karel, Robelo, Diego, Jourdan, Christophe, Defrenet, Elsa, Roupsard, Olivier, Charbonnier, Fabien, Barquero, Alejandra, Van den Meersche, Karel, Robelo, Diego, and Jourdan, Christophe

Abstract

Introduction: Net primary productivity (NPP) plays a key role in the knowledge of the functioning, production and C sequestration of ecosystems. The part of C allocated to belowground organs is non-negligible and amounts to 33% of total NPP for fine roots (Jackson et al. 1997). Fine root turnover is rather high, particularly in tropical ecosystems (Jourdan et al. 2008). Nevertheless, belowground NPP (bNPP) was usually estimated from shallow soil samplings whereas it is now well-known that fine roots can grow deep into the soil and reach several meters in depth (Maeght et al. 2013). Agroforestry systems are often said to exhibit root competition which leads to deep rooting ecosystems. Coffee trees associated to native shade trees don't escape to this assumption. They are pruned every 5th year and resprout biomass represents a relatively small contribution to overall plant biomass, due to accumulation in perennial parts only (stumps, coarse roots). Our objectives here were to assess coffee root biomass and bNPP along the whole rooting profile (0-4.5 m) in coffee tree plantations as a function of distance to shade tree, between coffee trees and soil depth. Method: In this study, root biomass by root category was assessed on ten coffee plants, distributed according to an inventory of diameter at collar via 10 Voronoi trenches down to 1.5 m and 2 deep trenches along the full rooting profiles, down to 4.5 m. Fine root NPP was assessed by sequential coring with 8-cm-diameter cylindrical auger during 16 consecutive months in Costa Rica within the 0-30 cm soil horizon. We then extrapolated to the complete rooting profile of coffee trees using the Voronoi and deep trenches. Fine root bNPP calculations were performed using “decision matrix” (including fine root decomposition rate; Fairley and Alexander 1985) and “Max-Min” (McClaugherty et al. 1982) methods. Coarse root bNPP calculations were performed by allometry with the diameter at collar and annual growth rate. Results and

Published
2015

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