1. Global sea-level budget 1993–present
- Author
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Group, WCRP Global Sea Level Budget, Cazenave, Anny, Meyssignac, Benoit, Ablain, Michael, Balmaseda, Magdalena, Bamber, Jonathan, Barletta, Valentina Roberta, Beckley, Brian, Benveniste, Jérôme, Berthier, Etienne, Blazquez, Alejandro, Boyer , Tim, Caceres , Denise, Chambers, Don P., Champollion, Nicolas, Chao , Ben, Chen , Jianli, Cheng , Lijing, Church , John A., Chuter, Stephen, Cogley , J. Graham, Dangendorf , Soenke, Desbruyères , Damien, Döll , Petra, Domingues, Catia, Falk , Ulrike, Famiglietti , James, Fenoglio-Marc, Luciana, Forsberg, René, Galassi , Gaia, Gardner, Alex, Groh, Andreas, Hamlington , Benjamin, Hogg, Anna, Horwath, Martin, Humphrey , Vincent, Husson , Laurent, Ishii , Masayoshi, Jaeggi , Adrian, Jevrejeva , Svetlana, Johnson , Gregory, Kolodziejczyk , Nicolas, Kusche , Jürgen, Lambeck , Kurt, Landerer , Felix, Leclercq , Paul, Legresy , Benoit, Leuliette , Eric, Llovel, William, Longuevergne , Laurent, Loomis , Bryant D., Luthcke, Scott B, Marcos, Marta, Marzeion , Ben, Merchant , Chris, Merrifield , Mark, Milne, Glenn, Mitchum , Gary, Mohajerani, Yara, Monier , Maeva, Monselesan , Didier, Nerem , Steve, Palanisamy , Hindumathi, Paul, Frank, Pérez, Begona, Piecuch , Christopher G., Ponte , Rui M., Purkey , Sarah G., Reager , John T., Rietbroek , Roelof, Rignot, Eric, Riva, Riccardo, Roemmich , Dean H., Sørensen, Louise Sandberg, Sasgen, Ingo, Schram, E.J.O., Seneviratne , Sonia I., Shum, C.K., Spada, Giorgio, Stammer, Detlef, van de Wal , Roderic, Velicogna, Isabella, von Schuckmann, Karina, Wada, Yoshihide, Wang , Yiguo, Watson, Christopher S., Wiese, David, Wijffels , Susan, Westaway , Richard, Woppelmann, Guy, Wouters, Bert, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Space Science Institute [Bern] (ISSI), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Universität Siegen [Siegen], Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), National Oceanographic Centre [Liverpool] (NOC ), Australian National University (ANU), CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hubrecht Institute [Utrecht, Netherlands], University Medical Center [Utrecht]-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Cazenave, Anny, Meyssignac, Benoit, Ablain, Michael, Balmaseda, Magdalena, Bamber, Jonathan, Barletta, Valentina, Beckley, Brian, Benveniste, Jérôme, Berthier, Etienne, Blazquez, Alejandro, Boyer, Tim, Caceres, Denise, Chambers, Don, Champollion, Nicola, Chao, Ben, Chen, Jianli, Cheng, Lijing, Church, John A., Chuter, S., Cogley, J., Dangendorf, Soenke, Desbruyères, Damien, Döll, Petra, Domingues, Catia, Falk, Ulrike, Famiglietti, Jame, Fenoglio-Marc, Luciana, Forsberg, Rene, Galassi, Gaia, Gardner, Alex, Groh, Andrea, Hamlington, Benjamin, Hogg, Anna, Horwath, Martin, Humphrey, Vincent, Husson, Laurent, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jaeggi, Adrian, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johnson, Gregory, Kolodziejczyk, Nicola, Kusche, Jürgen, Lambeck, Kurt, Landerer, Felix, Leclercq, Paul, Legresy, Benoit, Leuliette, Eric, Llovel, William, Longuevergne, Laurent, Loomis, Bryant D., Luthcke, Scott B., Marcos, Marta, Marzeion, Ben, Merchant, Chri, Merrifield, Mark, Milne, Glenn, Mitchum, Gary, Mohajerani, Yara, Monier, Maeva, Monselesan, Didier, Nerem, Steve, Palanisamy, Hindumathi, Paul, Frank, Perez, Begoña, Piecuch, Christopher G., Ponte, Rui M., Purkey, Sarah G., Reager, John T., Rietbroek, Roelof, Rignot, Eric, Riva, Riccardo, Roemmich, Dean H., Sandberg Sørensen, Louise, Sasgen, Ingo, Schrama, E. J. O., Seneviratne, Sonia I., Shum, C. K., Spada, Giorgio, Stammer, Detlef, van de Wal, Roderic, Velicogna, Isabella, von Schuckmann, Karina, Wada, Yoshihide, Wang, Yiguo, Watson, Christopher, Wiese, David, Wijffels, Susan, Westaway, Richard, Woppelmann, Guy, and Wouters, Bert
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Climate change ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Context (language use) ,sea level ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Deep sea ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,sea level, sea level change, gauge records ,14. Life underwater ,Altimeter ,Sea level ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,520 Astronomy ,Global warming ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Glacier ,lcsh:Geology ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,gauge records ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,GlobalMass ,Ice sheet ,sea level change - Abstract
Global mean sea level is an integral of changes occurring in the climate system in response to unforced climate variability as well as natural and anthropogenic forcing factors. Its temporal evolution allows changes (e.g., acceleration) to be detected in one or more components. Study of the sea-level budget provides constraints on missing or poorly known contributions, such as the unsurveyed deep ocean or the still uncertain land water component. In the context of the World Climate Research Programme Grand Challenge entitledRegional Sea Level and Coastal Impacts, an international effort involving the sea-level community worldwide has been recently initiated with the objective of assessing the various datasets used to estimate components of the sea-level budget during the altimetry era (1993 to present). These datasets are based on the combination of a broad range of space-based and in situ observations, model estimates, and algorithms. Evaluating their quality, quantifying uncertainties and identifying sources of discrepancies between component estimates is extremely useful for various applications in climate research. This effort involves several tens of scientists from about 50 research teams/institutions worldwide (www.wcrp-climate.org/grand-challenges/gc-sea-level, last access: 22 August 2018). The results presented in this paper are a synthesis of the first assessment performed during 2017–2018. We present estimates of the altimetry-based global mean sea level (average rate of 3.1 ± 0.3 mm yr−1and acceleration of 0.1 mm yr−2over 1993–present), as well as of the different components of the sea-level budget (http://doi.org/10.17882/54854, last access: 22 August 2018). We further examine closure of the sea-level budget, comparing the observed global mean sea level with the sum of components. Ocean thermal expansion, glaciers, Greenland and Antarctica contribute 42 %, 21 %, 15 % and 8 % to the global mean sea level over the 1993–present period. We also study the sea-level budget over 2005–present, using GRACE-based ocean mass estimates instead of the sum of individual mass components. Our results demonstrate that the global mean sea level can be closed to within 0.3 mm yr−1(1σ). Substantial uncertainty remains for the land water storage component, as shown when examining individual mass contributions to sea level.
- Published
- 2018