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O presente trabalho é um relato de experiência das iniciativas realizadas por parte de gestores, professores e especialistas da Escola Estadual Marieta Soares Teixeira, da cidade de Cataguases, Minas Gerais, que tiveram como objetivo principal instigar a participação dos discentes nas atividades remotas, dada a atual suspensão das aulas presenciais em virtude da pandemia de COVID-19. Um dos principais problemas encontrados tem sido a baixa participação por parte dos discentes nas atividades remotas, seja por dificuldades em organizar uma rotina de estudos, seja por falta de acesso à internet ou por falta de concentração, ansiedade, entre outros problemas psicológicos e emocionais. Assim, temos desenvolvido várias estratégias, tais como videoaulas dinâmicas e interativas, concurso de redação, amigo secreto virtual, clube de leitura online, videoconferências com profissional, para tratar dos problemas psicológicos, entre outras estratégias que ajudaram a motivar e a incentivar os alunos e pais/responsáveis nesses tempos tão complicados e desafiadores.

Web accessibility means that people with some type of disability can make use of the Web in the same conditions as the rest of the people. When we talk about web accessibility, we refer to a web design and development that allows these people to perceive, understand, navigate and interact with the Web. Web accessibility also benefits other people, including elderly people whose abilities have declined as a result of age. The Web is an essential resource in human activity: education, employment, government, commerce, health, entertainment and many others benefit of the power of the Web. The aim of this systematic literature review is to analyze the empirical methods of evaluating accessibility to educational websites, disabilities and their errors described in a total of 25 selected studies. The results show that in 20 of the 25 papers, web accessibility was evaluated with automatic tools, in 2 papers it was evaluated with real users and in the other 3 papers with automatic tools, real users and experts. There is also evidence that all the educational websites analyzed in the papers need to correct errors. In conclusion, educational websites do not meet any version of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and their conformance levels. According to the results, the empirical evaluation methods used for web accessibility could be improved by adopting automatic evaluation tools for website construction and manual mechanisms with web accessibility experts. The challenge for educational institutions is to carry out web accessibility projects to comply with WCAG and other web accessibility standards and current laws of educational inclusion.

Genetically modified soybean with transgenic event DAS-81419-2 (Conkesta™ technology), expresses two Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) derived proteins, Cry1Ac and Cry1F. Event DAS-81419-2 is a proposed new Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tool with demonstrated high efficacy for controlling the primary lepidopteran pests affecting soybean production in South America. Studies were conducted in Brazil from 2011 to 2016 to assess the efficacy of DAS-81419-2 against secondary lepidopteran pests including Elasmopalpus lignosellus , Agrotis ipsilon and Helicoverpa armigera , using artificial infestations to ensure uniform pest pressure. Results from research trials across nine localities showed that compared to a non- Bt isoline, DAS-81419-2 significantly reduced the seedling stage plant mortality caused by E. lignosellus and the feeding damage caused by H. armigera during both vegetative and reproductive crop growth stages. Event DAS-81419-2 showed moderate activity on A. ipsilon , and additional control tactics such as a chemical insecticide applied as a seed treatment or spray during early crop stages may be needed against this pest to provide consistently higher levels of protection in fields that are at risk of infestation. Collectively, the efficacy of soybean transgenic event DAS-81419-2 for the control of secondary lepidopteran pests, added to its high efficacy on primary lepidopteran pests suggest this new, dual protein technology will be an important tool where primary and secondary pests affect soybean production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption processes of different para-substituted anilines from cyclohexane solution on natural sepiolite have been studied. The adsorption isotherms may be classified as type L-2 of the Giles classification in the p-bromoaniline and p-toluidine cases, and as type H-2 in the p-acetylaniline case. The experimental data points have been fitted to the Langmuir equation and the adsorption capacities, surface areas available to the amine molecules and apparent equilibrium constants have been calculated. The apparent thermodynamic magnitudes corresponding to the adsorption processes have also been determined.

Sulfoxaflor (Isoclast™ active) is a sulfoximine insecticide that is active on a broad range of sap-feeding insects, including species that exhibit reduced susceptibility to currently available insecticides. Colonies of Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) were established from aphids collected in the field from peach (Prunus persica) and nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) orchards in France, Italy and Spain. The presence of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) point mutation R81T was determined for all the colonies. Eight of the 35 colonies collected were susceptible relative to R81T (i.e., R81T absent), three of the colonies were found to be homozygous for R81T while 24 colonies had R81T present in some proportion (heterozygous). Sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid were tested in the laboratory against these M. persicae field colonies, which exhibited a wide range of susceptibilities (sulfoxaflor RR = 0.6 to 61, imidacloprid RR = 0.7 to 986) (resistance ratios, RR) to both insecticides. Although sulfoxaflor was consistently more active than imidacloprid against these field collected M. persicae, there was a statistically significant correlation across all colonies between the RRs for imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor (Pearson's r = 0.939, p < 0.0001). However, when a larger group of the colonies from Spain possessing R81T were analyzed, there was no correlation observed for the RRs between imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor (r = 0.2901, p = 0.3604). Thus, consistent with prior studies, the presence of R81T by itself is not well correlated with altered susceptibility to sulfoxaflor. In field trials, sulfoxaflor (24 and 36 gai/ha) was highly effective (~avg. 88-96% control) against M. persicae, demonstrating similar levels of efficacy as flonicamid (60-70 gai/ha) and spirotetramat (100-180 gai/ha) at 13-15 days after application, in contrast to imidacloprid (110-190 gai/ha) and acetamiprid (50-75 gai/ha) with lower levels of efficacy (~avg. 62-67% control). Consequently, sulfoxaflor is an effective tool for use in insect pest management programs for M. persicae. However, it is recommended that sulfoxaflor be used in the context of an insecticide resistance management program as advocated by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee involving rotation with insecticides possessing other modes of action (i.e., avoiding rotation with other Group 4 insecticides) to minimize the chances for resistance development and to extend its future utility., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A key to effective insect pest management and insecticide resistance management is to provide growers with a range of new tools as potential alternatives to existing compounds or approaches. Sulfoxaflor (Isoclast™ active) is a new sulfoximine insecticide which is active on a broad range of sap-feeding insects, including species that have reduced susceptibility to currently used insecticides, such as imidacloprid from the neonicotinoid class. Sulfoxaflor (SFX) and imidacloprid (IMI) were tested in laboratory bioassays to compare the susceptibility of field populations of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), exhibiting varying degrees of resistance involving an alteration (R81T) to the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The LC 50 values for M. persicae exposed to SFX ranged from 0.09 to 1.31 (mg litre -1 ), whereas when the same populations were exposed to IMI the LC 50 values ranged from 0.6 to 76.2 (mg litre -1 ). M. persicae were significantly more sensitive to SFX as compared to IMI for nine of the 13 populations tested. For M. persicae populations confirmed to be homozygous susceptible (ss) or heterozygous rs) for the R81T point mutation, there was no significant differences in the observed LC 50 values for either SFX or IMI relative to the susceptible reference population (15LP1). However, in all M persicae populations that were homozygous (rr) for the R81T point mutation, susceptibility was significantly less to IMI as compared to the reference population with resistance ratios ranging from 22.1 to 63.5-fold. In contrast, only one homozygous resistant population (15MP9) exhibited a statistically significant change in susceptibility (RR = 10-fold) to SFX as compared to the reference population, which was far less than the 56-fold observed for imidacloprid in that same population. Thus, this study indicates there is no specific correlation between the laboratory efficacy of SFX and IMI in field collected populations in Spain displaying varying degrees of resistance to IMI. Furthermore, the presence of target site resistance in M. persicae to IMI, in the form of the R81T mutation, does not a priori translate to a reduction in sensitivity to sulfoxaflor. Consequently, SFX can be an effective tool for use in insect pest management programs for green peach aphid. These data also serve as a baseline reference for green peach aphid sensitivity to SFX prior to commercial uses in Spain., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The fish short-term reproduction assay (FSTRA) is an in vivo screen to assess potential interactions with the fish endocrine system. After a 21-day exposure period vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sexual characteristics are measured in males and females. Egg production and fertility are also monitored daily throughout the test. This paper presents data from 49 studies performed to satisfy test orders from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. Data Evaluation Records were used to collate the typical control variability and performance of test parameters in FSTRAs conducted in different laboratories with fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). We also examine the statistical power of FSTRA endpoints and assess whether available historical control data (HCD) assist evidence-based interpretation of the endpoints. Statistically significant inter-laboratory differences were found for all endpoints except survival. HCD could therefore be usefully developed on a laboratory-by-laboratory basis to aid interpretation of new study data. Reliable HCD ranges could be developed for survival, body weight/length, gonadal somatic index, fertilisation success, and male tubercle score, and used in association with stated test acceptability criteria to interpret FSTRA data. In contrast, high intra- and inter-laboratory control variability for VTG and fecundity means that HCD for these endpoints are of limited use during study interpretation., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The effects of single and mixed infections with Beauveria bassiana (EABb 90/2-Dm) and Metarhizium acridum (IMI 330189) strains on survival, feeding and reproduction of thermoregulating Dociostaurus maroccanus were evaluated. Adult locusts (2-3 days post fledging) were treated with low dosages of both fungal pathogens alone and in mixture (total dosage for single treatments and combinations = 1 × 10 2 and 1 × 10 3 spores per insect). M. acridum IMI 330189 was more virulent than B. bassiana EABb 90/2-Dm at both dosages. In the mixed infections, in which half of the infective units of the more virulent pathogen were replaced by the less virulent pathogen, the analysis of the cumulative insect mortality after 30 days suggested additive interaction in the lethal effects between the two strains. All fungal treatments, except EABb 90/2-Dm at 1 × 10 2 spores per insect showed reduction in per capita feeding, as indicated by fecal production per insect per day when insects were maintained at 27 ± 2 °C (32-51% of reduction compared with the control); but only IMI 330189 caused significant reduction in per capita feeding (50%) when those insects were allowed to thermoregulate. Both strains and their mixtures caused a significant reduction of locust fecundity, with a 21-53% reduction in the number of egg-pods per female, and 30-65% reduction in the number of fertile eggs per female. In both sublethal effects (feeding and fecundity) a potential antagonistic interaction between the fungal strains was detected. Locust fecundity (egg-pods per female) and per capita feeding were positively correlated (r = 0.783). Implications of these findings on the potential use of both strains to control D. maroccanus populations are discussed., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

RNAi shows potential as an agricultural technology for insect control, yet, a relatively low number of robust lethal RNAi targets have been demonstrated to control insects of agricultural interest. In the current study, a selection of lethal RNAi target genes from the iBeetle (Tribolium castaneum) screen were used to demonstrate efficacy of orthologous targets in the economically important coleopteran pests Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and Meligethes aeneus. Transcript orthologs of 50 selected genes were analyzed in D. v. virgifera diet-based RNAi bioassays; 21 of these RNAi targets showed mortality and 36 showed growth inhibition. Low dose injection- and diet-based dsRNA assays in T. castaneum and D. v. virgifera, respectively, enabled the identification of the four highly potent RNAi target genes: Rop, dre4, ncm, and RpII140. Maize was genetically engineered to express dsRNA directed against these prioritized candidate target genes. T 0 plants expressing Rop, dre4, or RpII140 RNA hairpins showed protection from D. v. virgifera larval feeding damage. dsRNA targeting Rop, dre4, ncm, and RpII140 in M. aeneus also caused high levels of mortality both by injection and feeding. In summary, high throughput systems for model organisms can be successfully used to identify potent RNA targets for difficult-to-work with agricultural insect pests.

Avian reproduction studies are a regulatory requirement for pesticides in many regions. The data often require careful interpretation due to the nature of the study design. Here we present the historical control dataset for bobwhite quail and mallard duck reproduction studies performed at the Evans Analytical Group LLC avian toxicology laboratory over the period 1985-2016. The analysis demonstrates the stability of reproductive parameters over time and good agreement to normal control ranges as required by the regulatory test guidelines. The major source of variation is shown to be within study variation. Power analyses confirm the generally good power properties of the test design. Recommendations for the use of historical control data for the interpretation of avian reproduction studies are made. We believe the analysis and evaluation presented here can facilitate the development of practical guidance that can be implemented in regulatory programmes requiring this test., (Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)