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The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions and practices of parenting among Nigerian immigrant fathers in Portugal, what cultural values they transmit to their children and how easy or difficult is it for Nigerian immigrant fathers to practice parenting. The aim was to understand if migrating to a new country with different culture and values brings changes in the way parenting is perceived and practiced by Nigerian immigrant fathers. This was a qualitative study among 6 fathers with children born here or who brought them to Portugal. This study fills the gap on migration from a specific African country, Nigeria, into a European country, Portugal, with insights on their experiences. The data was collected through in-depth individual interviews which were conducted in English with the aid of open-ended, semi structured questions. The research found out that Nigerian immigrant fathers perceived parenting as being the head of the family and provider. The research also found out that the Nigerian immigrant father’s parenting style could not be incorporated into a single parenting style as suggested by Baumrind (1967), since it constituted of components of both the authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles. I also found that parenting for Nigerian immigrant fathers in Portugal was affected by native culture, children's reactions, Portuguese laws and norms and social support systems.

The purpose of this study was to understand which parenting style presented by Baumrind (1967) of authoritative, authoritarian or permissive the Nepalese immigrants in Portugal are associated with, what values they transmit to their children and how does it affect child integration in schools. The aim was to know if migrating to a country with difference in culture and values brings changes in the way parenting is provided for Nepalese parents and the affect it has on children. This was a qualitative study among 10 participants with 5 mothers and 5 fathers who brought their children to Portugal. The parent's perception of the way they provide parenting, the transmission of values and their children's response to these provided the primary data for this study. The data was collected through in-depth individual interviews which were conducted in Nepali language with the support of semi structured questionnaires. The research found that the Nepalese parenting style could not be incorporated into a single parenting style as suggested by Baumrind as it has components of both the authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles. I also found that parenting for Nepalese immigrants in Portugal was affected by native culture, children's reactions, Portuguese laws and norms and support systems. The mothers and fathers performed different parenting roles as mothers were mostly associated with care, support and comfort whereas fathers were mostly associated with monitoring and implementation of rules.

The number of embryos transferred after in vitro fertilization (IVF) have been a topic of debate for over a decade now. Due to the risk associated with multiple pregnancy, there has been a global effort at reducing the multiple pregnancy rates to a minimum while maintaining an acceptable level of successful IVF pregnancy rate. Elective single embryo transfer (eSET) is advocated in most European countries. In Belgium and Sweden, eSET is mandatory for couples with a good prognosis. However, despite clinical recommendations and policy statements, patients in clinical practice frequently do request for the transfer of multiple embryos in order to have twins. Such requests conflict with policy guidelines and create an ethical dilemma for physicians: Should the physician do as the couple requests, and there with respect the autonomy of patients, or adhere to medical policy that takes the health of the mother and children at heart? This article provides an exploration of the arguments found in the literature that plays a role in the discussion on this topic and eventually argues that what a physician should do depends on the specificities of the context in which patients and physicians are implicated. These contextual issues can be taken into account in a shared decision‑making procedure, which allows reflections and the responsibilities of both patients and physicians to be attended in decision about assisted reproduction.

The study explores the relationship between cultural values and perceptions of the creativity climate. Asian culture is allegedly inimical to creativity and innovation in organizations. High power distance, high femininity, and greater orientation towards collectivity are discordant with the cultural underpinnings of the flatter, fluid, less formal, and networked organization. One hundred and seventy executives and nonexecutives of two steel mills were tested for the value orientation using an adaptation of Hofstede's measures for values and Ekvall's Creativity Climate Questionnaire forassessing the creativity climate of the organization. The executives' perceptions of the creativity climate in the organization were low and coincided only weakly with their value orientation. However, power distance and uncertainty avoidance stood out as the single most influential variable in creativity perceptions. Attention must be paid to the relationship and steps to ameliorate these influences by cultural profiling – a move thatidentify subcultures whose values may be more amenable to innovation and creativity than most.

There are still several myths around leadership in spite of the fact that it is one of the most topical issues in modern organisations. The importance thereof and contributions of leadership in high performing organisations can never be underestimated. Leaders play an important role in an organisation as social architects by creating vision and strategic direction, building relationships, establishing culture and values and leading change. This article attempts to address specific requirements, by referring to relevant leadership competencies and providing more empowering views on the essence of leadership when dealing with organisational change issues. By referring to various models of leadership, emphases have been place on the evolution of change leadership. This article also attempts to provide a new framework applicable to leading change successfully by applying a mixed method. The existing framework in the relevant company was reviewed in order to develop a new framework. http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-00-0-000-000-1997-Web/JSS-00-0-000-000-1997-1-Cover.htm