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Prior studies have demonstrated racial disparities in the severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism among dialysis patients. Our primary objective was to study the racial and socioeconomic differences in the timing and likelihood of parathyroidectomy in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.We used the United States Renal Data System to identify 634,428 adult (age ≥18) patients who were on maintenance dialysis between 2006 and 2016 with Medicare as their primary payor. Adjusted multivariable Cox regression was performed to quantify the differences in parathyroidectomy by race.Of this cohort, 27.3% (173,267) were of Black race. Compared to 15.4% of White patients, 23.1% of Black patients lived in a neighborhood that was below a predefined poverty level (P.001). The cumulative incidence of parathyroidectomy at 10 years after dialysis initiation was 8.8% among Black patients compared to 4.3% among White patients (P.001). On univariable analysis, Black patients were more likely to undergo parathyroidectomy (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.74-1.93). This association persisted after adjusting for age, sex, cause of end-stage renal disease, body mass index, comorbidities, dialysis modality, and poverty level (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.43). Therefore, patient characteristics and socioeconomic status explained 26% of the association between race and likelihood of parathyroidectomy.Black patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to end-stage renal disease are more likely to undergo parathyroidectomy with shorter intervals between dialysis initiation and parathyroidectomy. This association is only partially explained by patient characteristics and socioeconomic factors.

Children learn language through the interactions they have with their parents/caregivers beginning at birth. Hart and Risley (1995) discovered an inequity in the home language input children received from parents/caregivers. Children reared in low-income families received less input (conversations, turns) from parents than did children reared in more advantaged families. Less language input was linked to a disparity in children’s vocabulary learning by age 3. The long-term result of this social determinant of early language/literacy learning is a life trajectory of poor educational, economic, and health attainment for many children in families with limited resources, at vast cost to individuals, communities, and the nation. What is needed is an approach to word-gap prevention that is capable of achieving positive individual, community, and population outcomes. Translating research into practice, we developed the Bridging the Word Gap Community Action Planning Guide (BWG-CAPG) using a combined behavior-analytic, community psychology, and public health framework for this purpose (Greenwood et al., 2017). We also developed a progress-monitoring measure, the online BWG Community Check Box Evaluation System, to provide feedback on a community’s actions and progress in implementing their plan. Results from an initial pilot investigation within and across three community sectors in a large urban city were promising. BWG Community Check Box results indicated a number of desired outcomes: (a) capacity development and mobilization, (b) community implementation actions, and (c) community changes in practices, programs, and policies. Implications are discussed.

Like most events that have taken place since March of last year, the Sundance Film Festival—normally hosted in the cozy ski town of Park City, Utah—was held virtually in 2021. But what it lacked in celebrity sightings and snowy ambiance was more than made up for in the festival's assortment of provocative and timely offerings—from gripping accounts of the COVID-19 pandemic and California's wildfire crisis to mind-bending meditations on the limits of perception and the nature of reality. Read on to see what our reviewers thought of nine of the films that featured strong science and technology themes.

Fearing career repercussions, a theoretical physicist calls out a growing crisis. Setting aside DNA for the filing cabinet, a historian unearths a radically new history of human genetics. Pondering the anatomical correlates of human intelligence, a neurologist searches for Einstein's brain. From an eye-opening tour of bioluminescence to an idiosyncratic history of energy, this year's summer reading picks are chock full of thoughtful research and passionately argued perspectives. Savor a round-the-world search for the origins of wine. Dive below the ocean's waves, where fish—some familiar, some outrageous, and some imaginary—shimmer and shoal. Time travel through the Solar System or tag along on a quest to find long-missing shipwrecks.

How does the Moon's influence on Earth's wobble affect the weather? Which animal earns the title of the world's deadliest? Can the Arctic undergo a drought? Even adults may struggle to articulate the answers to these seemingly simple questions. Fear not: This year's finalists for the Science Books and Films (SB&F) Prizes for Excellence in Science Books have you covered. Sponsored by Subaru and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS; the publisher of Science ), this competi­tion celebrates books that promote science literacy among children and young adults and encourages the publication of high-quality science books for young readers. Winners in each category will be announced at the AAAS Annual Meeting in Austin, Texas, in February 2018. Until then, read on for reviews of the finalists written by the staff of the Science fam­ily of journals, with help from a few friends.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the reasons university students with nonapparent disabilities gave for formally disclosing their disability and seeking the university’s disability services or not and the consequences they associate with their decisions. Conducted in a Mid-western four-year university, nine students with self-identified nonapparent disabilities participated in the study. Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted to gather in-depth data from participants. A five-stage approach to qualitative data analysis was adapted to analyse the data. The findings indicate positive experiences with formal disability disclosure, but revealed barriers impeding students’ desire to disclose. Recommendations challenge colleges and universities to create an inclusive ethos for all students with disabilities by removing barriers impeding their full participation in academia.

In Mad at School, Margaret Price explores many avenues for addressing issues of mental disability and access within critical pedagogy. Specifically, Price suggests that college instructors be mindful of the power dynamics embedded not only in formal assignments, tests, and lectures, but also of informal academic environments, in the “kairotic spaces” such as small-group, online, or class discussions; conference meetings between student and faculty; peer-review interactions; and informal gatherings. This chapter engages directly with Price’s call to think more critically about addressing mental health accessibility issues in formal and informal academic environments. Drawing upon qualitative interviews with students with learning, cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disabilities, this chapter engages with specific barriers to participation, as well as strategies for success and insights for greater accessibility in higher education classrooms. Using student voices as a starting point, the authors draw upon universal design principles and disability studies pedagogy to map out relational approaches to teaching and learning.

This qualitative study examines the experiences of former nontraditional-age students with depression and reasons that led them to leave college prematurely. Constant comparative methods were used to illuminate themes within and across participants' stories. The findings showcase eight complex interlocking factors that these former students grapple with in pursuit of a college education. Implications to improve the retention of nontraditional college students with depression are discussed.

This pilot study used a 14-question online survey to examine two key characteristics of undergraduate students with self-identified disabilities: nondisclosure/disclosure to disability services; and utilization of accommodations through disability support services. A total of 10,100 students were sent the survey and 111 were returned completed. Of the 111 completed surveys, 31 students identified as having disabilities perceived to interfere with academic performance. The most notable difference between the characteristics of students with disabilities who disclosed to disability services and those who did not disclose was the prevalence of nondisclosure among students with self-identified psychological disabilities. Recommendations for university and college administrators are included. Key words : students with disabilities; undergraduates; college/university; disability disclosure; disability support services.

Neurotrophic factors are integrally involved in the development of the nigrostriatal system and in combination with gene therapy, possess great therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease (PD). Pleiotrophin (PTN) is involved in the development, maintenance, and repair of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. The present study examined the ability of striatal PTN overexpression, delivered via psueudotyped recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2/1 (rAAV2/1), to provide neuroprotection and functional restoration from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Striatal PTN overexpression led to significant neuroprotection of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and THir neurite density in the striatum, with long-term PTN overexpression producing recovery from 6-OHDA-induced deficits in contralateral forelimb use. Transduced striatal PTN levels were increased threefold compared to adult striatal PTN expression and approximated peak endogenous developmental levels (P1). rAAV2/1 vector exclusively transduced neurons within the striatum and SNpc with approximately half the total striatal volume routinely transduced using our injection parameters. Our results indicate that striatal PTN overexpression can provide neuroprotection for the 6-OHDA lesioned nigrostriatal system based upon morphological and functional measures and that striatal PTN levels similar in magnitude to those expressed in the striatum during development are sufficient to provide neuroprotection from Parkinsonian insult.

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) binds with high affinity to the norepinephrine transporter (NET), making the noradrenergic system a potential target during fetal exposure. Recent data indicate that adult rats that had been prenatally exposed to MDMA display persistent deficits in working memory and attention; behaviors consistent with abnormal noradrenergic signaling in the forebrain. The present study was designed to investigate whether prenatal exposure to MDMA from embryonic days 14–20 affects the structure and/or function of the noradrenergic system of the rat on postnatal day 21. Offspring that were prenatally exposed to MDMA exhibited an increase in noradrenergic fiber density in the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex and the CA1 region of the hippocampus that was not accompanied by an increase in the number of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. Direct tissue autoradiography using tritiated nisoxetine demonstrated that while NET binding was not altered in the prelimbic cortex, the dentate gyrus, or the locus coeruleus, it was increased in the CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Basal levels of norepinephrine were increased in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens of MDMA-exposed rats, as compared to saline-treated controls. These findings indicate that prenatal exposure to MDMA results in structural changes in the noradrenergic system as well as functional alterations in NE neurotransmission in structures that are critical in attentional processing.

Gambling impacts upon the health, wellbeing and finances of many people throughout Australia. This study aimed to explore the socioeconomic and cultural factors linked with gambling in urban and remote Indigenous settings in the Northern Territory to inform the development of a gambling public health strategy. The Aboriginal and Islander Mental Health Initiative developed a semi‑structured questionnaire with Aboriginal partner organisations following consultation. Indigenous consumers of substance use treatment facilities participated in focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted with nine service providers at two time points, a year apart. Participants described key strengths in community as family, health and culture, while key worries included substance misuse, health concerns and family disharmony. Regulated gambling and card playing were also identified as important community worries. Financial and family concerns and addictive behaviour were seen as negative consequences of gambling. There was increasing concern linked with card playing and electronic gaming machines and an increased call for awareness campaigns, support from government for change and greater regulation. The findings of this study provide the most recent insight into attitudes, behaviours and consequences linked with Indigenous gambling in the Northern Territory.

The mechanisms underlying the effects of long-term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) as a therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) remain poorly understood. The present study examined whether functionally effective, long-term STN DBS modulates glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in both unlesioned and unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Lesioned rats that received two weeks of continuous unilateral STN DBS exhibited significant improvements in parkinsonian motor behaviors in tests of forelimb akinesia and rearing activity. Unilateral STN DBS did not increase GDNF in the nigrostriatal system, primary motor cortex (M1), or hippocampus of unlesioned rats. In contrast, unilateral STN DBS increased BDNF protein 2-3 fold bilaterally in the nigrostriatal system with the location (substantia nigra vs. striatum) dependent upon lesion status. Further, BDNF protein was bilaterally increased in M1 cortex by as much as 2 fold regardless of lesion status. STN DBS did not impact cortical regions that receive less input from the STN. STN DBS also was associated with bilateral increases in BDNF mRNA in the substantia nigra (SN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). The increase observed in GPi was completely blocked by pretreatment with 5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), suggesting that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was involved in this phenomenon. The upregulation of BDNF associated with long term STN DBS suggest that this therapy may exert pronounced and underappreciated effects on plasticity in the basal ganglia circuitry that may play a role in the symptomatic effects of this therapy as well as support the neuroprotective effect of stimulation documented in this rat model.

The current study sought to determine whether prenatal 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) exposure from E14-20 in the rat resulted in behavioral sequelae in adult offspring. Prenatal MDMA exposure results in increased dopaminergic fiber density in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens of young rats. Since these areas are critical in response to novelty, reward, attention and locomotor activity, we hypothesized that prenatal MDMA exposure would produce significant changes in the performance of tasks that examine such behaviors in adult rats. Adult rats prenatally exposed to MDMA exhibited greater activity and spent more time in the center during a novel open field test as compared to controls. This increased activity was not reflected in normal home cage activity. Prenatal exposure to MDMA did not affect feeding or food reward. It did not alter cocaine self-administration behaviors, nor did it have an effect on the locomotor response to amphetamine challenge. Finally, while prenatal MDMA did not affect performance in the radial arm maze or the Morris water maze (MWM), these animals demonstrated altered performance in a cued MWM paradigm. Prenatal MDMA exposure resulted in perseverative attendance to a hanging cue when the platform in the MWM was removed as compared to controls. Together, these data demonstrate that prenatal exposure to MDMA results in a behavioral phenotype in adult rats characterized by reduced anxiety, a heightened response to novelty, and "hyperattentiveness" to environmental cues during spatial learning.

Abnormal dopamine neurotransmission is associated with many different genetic and acquired dystonic disorders. For instance, mutations in genes critical for the synthesis of dopamine, including GCH1 and TH cause l-DOPA-responsive dystonia. Despite evidence that implicates abnormal dopamine neurotransmission in dystonia, the precise nature of the pre- and postsynaptic defects that result in dystonia are not known. To better understand these defects, we generated a knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia (DRD) mice that recapitulates the human p.381Q>K TH mutation (c.1141C>A). Mice homozygous for this mutation displayed the core features of the human disorder, including reduced TH activity, dystonia that worsened throughout the course of the active phase, and improvement in the dystonia in response to both l-DOPA and trihexyphenidyl. Although the gross anatomy of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons was normal in DRD mice, the microstructure of striatal synapses was affected whereby the ratio of axo-spinous to axo-dendritic corticostriatal synaptic contacts was reduced. Microinjection of l-DOPA directly into the striatum ameliorated the dystonic movements but cerebellar microinjections of l-DOPA had no effect. Surprisingly, the striatal dopamine concentration was reduced to ∼1% of normal, a concentration more typically associated with akinesia, suggesting that (mal)adaptive postsynaptic responses may also play a role in the development of dystonia. Administration of D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor agonists to enhance dopamine signalling reduced the dystonic movements, whereas administration of D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists to further reduce dopamine signalling worsened the dystonia, suggesting that both receptors mediate the abnormal movements. Further, D1-dopamine receptors were supersensitive; adenylate cyclase activity, locomotor activity and stereotypy were exaggerated in DRD mice in response to the D1-dopamine receptor agonist SKF 81297. D2-dopamine receptors exhibited a change in the valence in DRD mice with an increase in adenylate cyclase activity and blunted behavioural responses after challenge with the D2-dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole. Together, our findings suggest that the development of dystonia may depend on a reduction in dopamine in combination with specific abnormal receptor responses.

An Inconvenient Sequel , directed by Bonni Cohen and Jon Shenk, of­fers a snapshot of the superstorms, global summits, and political shake-ups that have occurred in the decade since the premiere of the ground­breaking climate change documentary An Inconvenient Truth .

PURPOSE Experienced clinicians derive many diagnoses intuitively, because most new problems they see closely resemble problems they've seen before. The majority of these diagnoses, but not all, will be correct. This study determined whether further reflection regarding initial diagnoses improves diagnostic accuracy during a high-stakes board exam, a model for studying clinical decision making. METHOD Keystroke response data were used from 500 residents who took the 2010 American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Internal Medicine Certification Examination. Data included time to initial response on each question, whether the answer was correct, and whether or not the resident changed her or his initial response. The focus was on 80 diagnosis questions that comprised realistic clinical vignettes with multiple-choice single-best answers. Cognitive skill (ability) was measured using overall exam scores. Case complexity was determined using item difficulty (proportion of examinees that correctly answered the question). A hierarchical generalized linear model was used to assess the relationship between time spent on initial responses and the probability of correctly answering the questions. RESULTS On average, residents changed their responses on 12% of all diagnosis questions (or 9.6 questions out of 80). Changing an answer from incorrect to correct was almost twice as likely as changing an answer from correct to incorrect. The relationship between response time and accuracy was complex. CONCLUSIONS Further reflection appears to be beneficial to diagnostic accuracy, especially for more complex cases.

Framed within Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective, this article reports on a study that explored mezzo factors that Juniors and Seniors with nonapparent disabilities associated with their college withdrawal. The five former students in this exploratory qualitative research reported family’s expectations and the institution’s requirements and expectations as the major factors they associate with their college withdrawal. Conclusions and suggestions are made about the role families and universities can play in fostering a learning environment in which college students with nonapparent disabilities can be successful.

With many schools moving to one-to-one handheld devices, new leasing and finance schemes are emerging. Valerie Thompson outlines some of the risks – and lists the questions you must ask before signing up.

Objective The purpose of this study was to review outcomes from LLETZ (large loop excision of the transformation zone) procedures carried out for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), in particular findings at colposcopy, cytology and HR-HPV(high-risk human papilloma virus) result to assess whether colposcopy provides any additional information in the management of women at 12 months. Methods We retrospectively analysed 252 patients who had a LLETZ procedure for a HSIL (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) between January 2005 and December 2010. Results Eighty per cent of women who had a LLETZ procedure for HSIL were reviewed in our colposcopy clinic at 12 months after the procedure. Colposcopy at 12 months after LLETZ was documented as unsatisfactory for 30% of these women. The sensitivity of colposcopy at 12 months after LLETZ was 0.47, and the specificity was 0.95. Conclusion Colposcopy examination is an insensitive tool for detection of persisting HPV-related change after excision of high-grade CIN. Its usefulness to investigate persistent or recurrent HSIL is further reduced by the high rate of unsatisfactory colposcopy examinations after a LLETZ procedure. Papanicolaou smear and HRHPV tests may be adequate follow-up at 12 months after LLETZ for women at low risk of recurrence of HSIL.

Gone are the days when microbes were considered mere disease-spreading agents that must be purged at all costs. Through a combination of videos, larger-than-life models, interactive displays, and live performance, The Secret World Inside You shows how microbes engage in complex, and often mutually beneficial, interactions with our skin, immune, and digestive systems.

Dystonia is a neurological disorder associated with twisting motions and abnormal postures, which compromise normal movements and can be both painful and debilitating. It can affect a single body part (focal), several contiguous regions (segmental), or the entire body (generalized), and can arise as a result of numerous causes, both genetic and acquired. Despite the diversity of causes and manifestations, shared clinical features suggest that common mechanisms of pathogenesis may underlie many dystonias.Shared themes in etiologically-diverse dystonias exist at several biological levels. At the cellular level, abnormalities in the dopaminergic system, mitochondrial function and calcium regulation are often present. At the anatomical level, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are frequently implicated. Global CNS dysfunction, specifically aberrant neuronal plasticity, inhibition and sensorimotor integration, are also observed in a number of dystonias. Using clinical data and data from animal models, this article seeks to highlight shared pathways that may be critical in understanding mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic strategies in dystonia.Identifying shared features of pathogenesis can provide insight into the biological processes that underlie etiologically diverse dystonias, and can suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention that may be effective in a broad group of affected individuals.

With the aim of discovering the important factors in training staff to use newly installed automated circulation systems, the appropriate libraries in New Zealand were sent a questionnaire in 1988. This asked how libraries had trained their staff, and the outcome of the training in terms of satisfaction with their decisions, sparseness of mistakes after implementation and time taken for staff to attain efficiency after implementation. The most important factors in training were that the vendor should be heavily involved in organizing and carrying out training; training should be given before the system went live; staff should be given detailed training in the whole system; and a number of different training methods should be used. These factors were especially important for libraries installing their first automated system, those installing integrated systems, those with few staff, and those installing their systems in the earlier years of automation; that is, those libraries whose staff have the least background in the system being installed, have the greatest need for excellent training.

The e-Learning Foundation's Valerie Thompson updates us on the government's Home Access programme and urges schools to move quickly to get involved

The current study examined whether modest concentrations of MDMA could increase the survival and/or neurite outgrowth of fetal midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in vitro since increased DA neurite outgrowth has been previously observed in vivo from prenatal exposure. MDMA concentrations in fetal brain were quantified to determine relevant in vivo concentrations to employ in vitro. A dose response study in vitro demonstrated that MDMA, at concentrations observed in vivo, resulted in increased, DA-specific, neuron survival. Higher doses resulted in non-specific neurotoxicity. MDMA application immediately after culture establishment resulted in greater survival than delayed application, however both were superior to control. MDMA significantly increased the expression of the slc6a3 gene (dopamine transporter; DAT) in culture. Co-application of the DAT reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate (MPH) with MDMA attenuated this effect. Progressive reductions in MPH concentrations restored the MDMA-induced survival effect. This suggests that MDMA's action at DAT mediates the survival effect. Neurite density per neuron was unaffected by MDMA in vitro suggesting that MDMA promotes DA neuron survival but not neurite outgrowth in culture. Finally, animals prenatally exposed to MDMA and examined on postnatal day 35 showed an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons in the substantia nigra but not in the ventral tegmental area. These data suggest that during development, MDMA can increase the survival of DA neurons through its action at its transporter. Understanding how MDMA increases DA neuron survival may provide insight into normal DA neuron loss during development.

On 31 August 2015, PBS will offer viewers a glimpse into the remarkable recovery of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, airing the first episode of a three-part series anchored in real time from the sanctuary's shores and seas. M. Sanjayan, a senior scientist at Conservation International and co-host of the program, offers a sneak peek of what viewers can expect to see in this Q&A.

As schools provide more online resources for students to use at home, those who do not have access to a computer become increasingly disadvantaged. Valerie Thompson explains

[Figure][1] ![Figure][1] CREDIT: PHOTO: LIAM DANIEL/FOCUS FEATURES “It's American!” the woman exclaims with dismay, as her British husband demonstrates a speech synthesizer that will allow him to communicate after months of silence. With two words, Jane Hawking, portrayed by Felicity Jones, brings a moment of levity to a film that might easily have sunk under the weight of its own serious subject matter. Instead, The Theory of Everything , directed by James Marsh, masterfully weaves moments of humor and happiness throughout the dramatized retelling of the early life of renowned cosmologist Stephen Hawking. Despite receiving a devastating diagnosis—motor neuron disease—at the age of 21, Stephen Hawking married Jane Wilde in the summer of 1965. Yet even as his health was rapidly deteriorating, his fame as a physicist was growing. The film gives equal consideration to the effects these factors had on the couple. In a subtle performance, actor Eddie Redmayne conveys an almost palpable frustration as the progression of Stephen's affliction gradually makes everyday tasks difficult and then impossible. Not to be overshadowed, Jones's Jane is at once full of quiet grace and steely resolve. Hawking has confirmed the general accuracy of the story, which is based on Jane's 2007 memoir ([ 1 ][2]), reportedly describing it as “broadly true” ([ 2 ][3]). In a more tacit endorsement, the film also features Hawking's own computer-generated voice. Although the film only briefly touches on Hawking's many illustrious scientific contributions, it does a delightful job of introducing his complex theories to a lay audience. A potato and a pea, for example, become the framework for explaining quantum physics, while the properties of a black hole are illustrated with a beer poured on a pub table. In a poignant homage to Hawking's contributions to our understanding of time, the film closes with a sweeping montage of scenes from the relationship's early days, as the couple, now divorced, reflects on their life together. In the end, we are left with a unique and intimate portrait of the personal struggles that accompanied Hawking's meteoric rise in the field of theoretical physics. 1. [↵][4] 1. J. Hawking , Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen (Alma Books, London, 2007). 2. [↵][5] [www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2014/10/07/theory\_of\_everything\_stephen\_hawking\_how\_difficult\_was\_it\_to\_make\_a\_movie.html][6]. [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [6]: http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2014/10/07/theory_of_everything_stephen_hawking_how_difficult_was_it_to_make_a_movie.html

In 2012, the BBC's panorama exposed the leasing scandal affecting some schools. As new schemes are emerging, Valerie Thompson provides sadvice and outlines some of the risks.

An assessment of the tree species preferences of koalas inhabiting forest and woodland communities growing on Quaternary deposits in the Port Stephens area, New South Wales, was undertaken between November 1994 and March 1996. Using a plot-based methodology, 3847 trees were sampled, comprising 15 Eucalyptus species and 17 species of non-eucalypt. Evidence of tree use by koalas, specifically the presence of koala faecal pellets, was recorded from beneath 10 Eucalyptus species and 9 species of non-eucalypt. Tree species preferences were determined by analyses of log- likelihood ratios derived from data based on the presence/absence of koala faecal pellets, rather than on gross counts. This approach confirmed significant variation in the levels of utilisation amongst and between different tree species, and that two in particular – swamp mahogany (E. robusta) and drooping red gum (E. parramattensis) – were most preferred. Increases in the levels of use of other tree species were also positively associated with the presence of E. robusta and/or E. parramattensis. Levels of utilisation of E. robusta and E. parramattensis did not alter significantly in response to changes in their respective densities, suggesting that the relative abundance of both was important in terms of understanding the carrying capacity of vegetation communities utilised by koalas. The results have established the success with which an enumerative approach to the interpretation of faecal pellet data can be utilised to clarify the tree species preferences of koalas. Application of the approach for habitat assessment and mapping purposes is also discussed.