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Children and families from immigrant and refugee communities entering new lives in the United States are at risk of traumatic adjustment. Federal policies impact them directly and indirectly, privileging some while challenging others. It is incumbent upon social workers, as professionals committed to social and economic justice, to comprehensively understand the range of obstacles facing immigrants and refugees and empower them in their struggle to make a healthy adjustment. This article weaves together multiple policy and practice strands with discussion of the needs, strengths, and traumas experienced by immigrant and refugee individuals and families. The responses of a small metropolitan community to the needs of diverse immigrant and refugee populations are presented as an exemplar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis in cattles laughtered in southern Chile. Data from 198260 bovines slaughtered in three large slaughter plants(PFCs) in southern Chile, from January to December 2010 were used. The animals were inspected post mortem according to official procedures in Chile, where mandatory inspection sites are: heart, tongue, masseter, oesophagus, diaphragm and superficial observation of the carcass. A total of 1158 (0.58%) animals were diagnosed positiveto C.bovis. Of the positive cases 98.45% were infected with the slight form (up to 4 cysts); the carcasses of these bovines were sent to sanitation before being used for human consumption. Only 1.55% of the positive cases corresponded to amassive infection (more than 4 cysts); these carcasses were condemned and not suitable for human consumption according to the official inspection procedure in Chile. The prevalence of C.bovis was higher in oxen and cows, hence higher in older cattle. In females the infection was more prevalent than in males. The occurrence of cysticercosis was observed in all months of the year. In conclusion, the prevalence of cysticercosis PFCs varied according to gender, class and level of infection.

The purpose this review gathers the available information for easy acces and identifies where further research is required. Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonosis of socioeconomic and public health importance. Economically important to the meat industry, for losses incurred from condemnation, downgrading and refrigeration of carcasses. Dietary habits and culinary practices affect transmission. Taeniosis is more common in populations/age groups that consume raw or undercooked beef. The prevalence of bovine cysticercosis shows wide variation between countries, regions and slaughterhouses. High-prevalence in Eastern African countries, moderate prevalence in Asia and Latin America, and low prevalence in USA, Canada and Australia. The anatomical distribution of Cysticercus to the inspection is higher in heart and masseter muscles. While the anatomical distribution of Cysticercus to the total dissection is wide. According to the classification concerning viability, the occurrence of metacestode nonviable (dead) dominates viable (alive). From the Cysticercus alive, most are located in the masseter muscle followed by heart, tongue; whereas from those dead, most are located in the hearts muscles, followed by masseter muscles and tongue. En conclusion the prevalence data on bovine cysticercosis usually come from meat inspection results. Many studies report on the low sensitivity of meat inspection, resulting in an underestimation of the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis. This partly explains the persistence of T. saginata in industrialised countries. The heart was confirmed as the preferred site for detection of cysticercosis based on high cyst density and frequency of infection. More extensive examination of the heart is recommended to improve detection of infected animals.

The aim of this paper is to test different models for predicting furan content in a dough system, based on partial least squares regression using colour images. Starch dough systems were fried at five temperatures between 150 and 190 °C and for 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 min. The furan content was quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, while the corresponding images were simultaneously obtained and processed in order to extract 2914 features. Good furan content predictions were obtained using computer vision image chromatic features using correlation coefficient of prediction (R p  = 0.86). However, the best prediction correlation was obtained using the image textural features (R p  = 0.93), when the number of features was reduced to 10 by algorithms applications. These results suggest that furan content in fried dough systems can be predicted using features of computer vision images., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of composition (dietary fiber = DF, fat = F, and gluten = G) and baking time on the target microstructural parameters that were observed using images of potato and wheat starch biscuits. Microstructures were studied Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Non-enzymatic browning (NEB) was assessed using color image analysis. Texture and moisture analysis was performed to have a better understanding of the baking process. Analysis of images revealed that the starch granules retained their native form at the end of baking, suggesting their in complete gelatinization. Granules size was similar at several different baking times, with an average equivalent diameter of 9 and 27 µm for wheat and potato starch, respectively. However, samples with different levels of DF and G increased circularity during baking to more than 30%, and also increasing hardness. NEB developed during baking, with the maximum increase observed between 13 and 19 min. This was reflected in decreased luminosity (L*) values due to a decrease in moisture levels. After 19 min, luminosity did not vary significantly. The ingredients that are used, as well as their quantities, can affect sample L* values. Therefore, choosing the correct ingredients and quantities can lead to different microstructures in the biscuits, with varying amounts of NEB products.

This research tested furan classification models in fried matrices based on the pattern recognition of images. Samples were fried at 150, 160, 170, 180, and 190°C for 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 30min. Furan was measured by GC-MS. Corresponding images were acquired and processed to extract 2175 chromatic and textural features. Principal component analysis was used to reduce features to 8-12 principal components. In parallel, sequential forward selection coupled with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was the best strategy to select only 5-7 features. LDA was the best classifier with 91.39-97.60% recognizing above 113µg/kg and 69.54-83.80% to classify images from class 1 (0-38µg/kg) from class 2 (39-113µg/kg). Also, support vector machine recognized 87.71-96.74% of class 3 (114-398µg/kg) from class 4 (399-646µg/kg). The technique may be used to detect high amount of furan in fried starchy matrices., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The outcome of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) deteriorates with time, and additional procedures may be required. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes between unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) and total knee replacement (TKR) after HTO as well as after primary UKR. A total of 63 patients (63 knees) were studied retrospectively and divided into three groups: UKR after HTO (group A; n = 22), TKR after HTO (group B; n = 18) and primary UKR (group C; n = 22). The Oxford knee score (OKS), Knee Society score (KSS), hip-knee-ankle angles, mechanical axis and patellar height were evaluated pre- and post-operatively. At a mean of 64 months (19 to 180) post-operatively the mean OKS was 43.8 (33 to 49), 43.3 (30 to 48) and 42.5 (29 to 48) for groups A, B and C, respectively (p = 0.73). The mean KSS knee score was 88.8 (54 to 100), 88.11 (51 to 100) and 85.3 (45 to 100) for groups A, B and C, respectively (p = 0.65), and the mean KSS function score was 85.0 (50 to 100) in group A, 85.8 (20 to 100) in group B and 79.3 (50 to 100) in group C (p = 0.48). Radiologically the results were comparable for all groups except for patellar height, with a higher incidence of patella infra following a previous HTO (p = 0.02).

Accurate implant positioning and restoration of lower limb alignment are major requirements for successful long-term results in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Alignment accuracy was compared between navigated-UKA (nUKA) and conventional-UKA (cUKA) groups using a retrospective matched case-control study (n=129, 58 nUKA, 71 cUKA). Mechanical axis (MA), hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA°), coronal implant alignment, and tibial implant posterior slope were measured. No statistically significant difference was observed when comparing MA, HKA° or coronal implant alignment (p>0.05). Statistical significance was seen with tibial component posterior slope (p=0.04, nUKA 4.2°, cUKA 2.9°); and between intra-operative navigationally determined HKA° and post-operative whole-leg standing (WLS) film HKA°. Navigation does not significantly improve UKA alignment compared to conventional methods. Further studies are needed to justify the use of this technology in UKA., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in a rural area of Mexico in order to explore their knowledge and beliefs regarding diabetes., Design: A pilot study was conducted in a rural town in Morelos, Mexico. Adults over the age of 40 were invited to participate in a screening program for DM, and those who had been previously diagnosed with Type 2 DM were invited for an interview to learn about their knowledge and beliefs regarding diabetes., Results: The glucose screening project enrolled 521 participants, including 56 previously diagnosed with Type 2 DM. Interviews were conducted with 37 of those with previously diagnosed DM. Almost all individuals in the interview sample held causal explanations based on non-scientific beliefs. Home remedies were used by a majority, and most informants used one or more methods. Blood glucose monitoring was virtually non-existent. The most frequently reported source of social support was family members. Physicians appeared to be a less important source of support., Conclusion: Most respondents would like to improve management of their DM, and they try to do so with whatever resources they can afford; however, a lack of information and restricted economic resources appear to limit the availability of modern medical resources. Without the availability of glucose monitoring/screening programs and affordable medication, it appears unlikely that improved treatment of Type 2 DM will occur. Dietary changes and other management approaches may be best modified through family and community influence, instead of the individual lifestyle modification strategies described in the US Type 2 DM management model.

Cisapride, a relatively new gastrointestinal prokinetic agent, has been reported to increase gastric emptying and improve symptoms of gastroparesis. We investigated these effects of cisapride in patients with severe idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis during an eight-week trial. The study design was a two-week single-blind placebo run in period to exclude placebo responders, followed by a six-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment phase. Delayed gastric emptying of solids on radionuclide scan and a minimum symptom intensity score were inclusion criteria. Forty-three patients were entered: four placebo responders and one other patient were excluded, leaving 19 patients randomized to cisapride (20 mg per os three times a day before meals), and 19 patients to placebo. Seven individual symptoms of gastroparesis were scored in a daily diary and reviewed at two-week visits. Sixteen patients in the cisapride group were able to complete the trial compared to 12 on placebo. The gastric emptying study was repeated at the end of treatment or at the time of withdrawal for those who dropped out. Cisapride significantly increased solid gastric emptying relative to baseline (P = 0.005) whereas placebo did not (P > 0.10). Cisapride did not significantly improve any symptom of gastroparesis relative to baseline or to placebo. We conclude that in a population of severe, refractory gastroparetic patients cisapride significantly accelerates gastric emptying of a solid meal without significantly reducing symptoms during a short-term treatment trial compared to placebo. Further trials of cisapride in less advanced and "end-stage" gastroparetics than studied here or combining cisapride with other prokinetic agents or antiemetics, are warranted.

A noninvasive, scintigraphic technique for quantifying large intestinal transit time that provides low radiation doses was developed. The scintigraphic large intestinal transit (SLIT) method uses a total of 100 microCi of 111In encapsulated in ten 2-cm nondigestible capsules, which are ingested after a 6-hr fast. Two hundred fifty microcuries of 99mTc-sulfur colloid were given to outline the gastrointestinal tract. Images were acquired at 4-hr intervals until all capsules were excreted. Normal volunteers (n = 10) consumed a standardized diet 2 days prior and during imaging. Segmental transit times were measured in the following: ascending, transverse, descending, recto-sigmoid colons; hepatic and splenic flexures. The radiation absorbed dose to the large intestine for the SLIT technique is less than half of that associated with other radiographic methods of colonic transit time measurement.

This case demonstrates that shoulder pain can be the sole manifestation of a benign gastric ulcer. Thus benign gastric ulcer should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a referred shoulder pain.

Artificial clots made from fibrin glue with and without an inhibitor of fibrinolysis can be used to treat gastrointestinal bleeding. We have been unable to find descriptions of the effects of acid and pepsin upon such artificial clots. Therefore, 10(-2) mol/l epsilon aminocaproic acid was added to fibrin glue in vitro at acid concentrations of pH 1.0 and pH 5.5. Pepsin was added at 9000 U/50 ml, the expected value for fasting human subjects. There was a highly significant reduction in clot survival at pH 1.0. At pH 5.5, clot weight was also significantly decreased with pepsin, compared to control. Thus pepsin and acidity greatly affect survival of artificial clots, but the addition of epsilon aminocaproic acid did not affect clot survival.

This case documents scintigraphically that gastric dysmotility associated with hypoadrenalism secondary to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction was reversed when the adrenal insufficiency was treated. The patient reported upon received almost immediate relief of symptoms after corticosteroid replacement therapy and improvement of gastric motility, as demonstrated by both liquid and solid phase 99mTc-labeled studies. This experience suggests that glucocorticoids are important permissive hormones for normal gastrointestinal motor function and may have a role in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal tract disease.

In summary, we have found this technique to be useful in patients in whom coagulation therapy is not possible or effective. It must still be considered a technique which is undergoing evaluation. Prospective randomized trials comparing this therapy with other currently available therapies such a electrocoagulation, laser and conservative management must be completed to firmly define its place in treatment strategy for acute upper GI bleeding.