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The COVID-19 pandemic provoked a harsh deterioration of global economy and exacerbation into levels of unemployment, poverty and inequality. In Latin America, the situation took on dramatic contours, due to severe recession experienced from the 2010s, associated with problematic historical-structural traits in the region, such as a high degree of informality in the workforce and fragile social protection systems. Given this scenario, the article aims to examine how the national governments of Mexico, Argentina and Brazil have responded to needs to protected work and guaranteed income. The identification of responses from each country was based on bibliographic research and documental survey, in addition to consultations with secondary data. The analysis considered the structural characteristics of the labor market, the previous legacy of social protection policies and the political-ideological orientation of the governments in turn., La irrupción de la pandemia de COVID-19 provocó un contundente deterioro de la economía mundial y la exacerbación de los niveles de desempleo, pobreza y desigualdad. En América Latina, la situación fue dramática, frente al cuadro de fuerte recesión experimentado desde los años 2010, asociado a trazos histórico-estructurales problemáticos de la región, como alto grado de informalidad de la fuerza de trabajo y sistemas de protección social frágiles e incompletos. Ante este escenario, el artículo busca examinar cómo los gobiernos nacionales de México, Argentina y Brasil han respondido a la necesidad de protección del empleo y los ingresos. La identificación de las respuestas de cada país fue realizada a partir de revisión bibliográfica y documental, además de consulta de datos secundarios. El análisis consideró las características estructurales del mercado de trabajo, el legado previo de las políticas de protección social y la orientación político-ideológica de los gobiernos de turno., A irrupção da pandemia de COVID-19 provocou uma contundente deterioração da economia mundial e a exacerbação dos níveis de desemprego, pobreza e desigualdade. Na América Latina, a situação ganhou contornos dramáticos, em face ao quadro de forte recessão experimentado a partir dos anos 2010, associado a traços histórico-estruturais problemáticos da região, como alto grau de informalidade da força de trabalho e sistemas de proteção social frágeis e incompletos. Diante deste cenário, o artigo tem como objetivo examinar como os governos nacionais do México, Argentina e Brasil têm respondido à necessidade de proteção ao trabalho e à garantia de renda. A identificação das respostas de cada país se deu a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamento documental, além de consultas a dados secundários. A análise considerou as características estruturais do mercado de trabalho, o legado prévio das políticas de proteção social e a orientação político-ideológica dos governos em turno.

Background & aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may associate with clinical manifestations, ranging from alterations in smell and taste to severe respiratory distress requiring intensive care, that might associate with weight loss and malnutrition. We aimed to assess the incidence of unintentional weight loss and malnutrition in COVID-19 survivors. Methods In this post-hoc analysis of a prospective observational cohort study, we enrolled all adult (age ≥18 years) patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who had been discharged home from either a medical ward or the Emergency Department of San Raffaele University Hospital, and were re-evaluated after remission at the Outpatient COVID-19 Follow-Up Clinic of the same Institution from April 7, 2020, to May 11, 2020. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters upon admission were prospectively collected. At follow-up, anthropometrics, the mini nutritional assessment screening and a visual analogue scale for appetite were assessed. Results A total of 213 patients were included in the analysis (33% females, median age 59.0 [49.5–67.9] years, 70% overweight/obese upon initial assessment, 73% hospitalised). Sixty-one patients (29% of the total, and 31% of hospitalised patients vs. 21% of patients managed at home, p = 0.14) had lost >5% of initial body weight (median weight loss 6.5 [5.0–9.0] kg, or 8.1 [6.1–10.9]%). Patients who lost weight had greater systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein 62.9 [29.0–129.5] vs.48.7 [16.1–96.3] mg/dL; p = 0.02), impaired renal function (23.7% vs. 8.7% of patients; p = 0.003) and longer disease duration (32 [27–41] vs. 24 [21–30] days; p = 0.047) as compared with those who did not lose weight. At multivariate logistic regression analysis, only disease duration independently predicted weight loss (OR 1.05 [1.01–1.10] p = 0.022). Conclusions COVID-19 might negatively impact body weight and nutritional status. In COVID-19 patients, nutritional evaluation, counselling and treatment should be implemented at initial assessment, throughout the course of disease, and after clinical remission. Clinicaltrials.gov registration NCT04318366., Highlights • Weight loss and risk of malnutrition are prevalent, yet likely underestimated collaterals of COVID-19. • Clinically significant weight loss was evident in both patients managed at home and hospitalised. • Weight loss was predicted by disease duration, highlighting the important role of disease severity and inflammation. • All COVID-19 patients should undergo nutritional assessment/interventions, in all settings and during the recovery phase.

The city of Concepción, has been greatly transformed by the occurrence of several seismic events. During the XX century, modern architecture found, in these events, the agent that allowed its introduction and consolidation as an urban image. Moreover, as posed in this research, one of these events was also responsible for its demise. The 1939 earthquake is related with the production of significant public spaces, and set the basis for a change of the architectonic image of the city through the edification of the first modern style buildings. Also, the 1960 earthquake allowed the consolidation of the modern architecture started by mi 1950¿s. In the other hand, the great earthquake occurred in February 2010, uncovered the process of vanishing of the city modern urban-architectonic image, represented by the intervention strategies applied to urban relevance buildings that were affected by the earthquake. Until the 2010 event, the Plaza Independencia was the place in which three of its four facades were defined by modern buildings. The north-west façade stands out, being emphasized by plate and tower typology, constitute urban character architectural pieces, form Concepción most representative urban facade. Two of the buildings of such facade, the FIUC and El Araucano Hotel buildings, suffered damage that resulted in reconstruction and repair strategies that eliminated the modern features characterizing them. Thus, irreparably and drastically altering the architectonic image of the nor-west facade of the Plaza. The applied intervention strategies, allows us to propose a trend that could mark the future of the modern heritage of the city. A question arises from all the above, why the architectonic image, understood as the system of visual relationships of the oeuvre, of emblematic modern buildings of Concepción, has been erased?. Based on the idea that ¿the expressive organ of architecture is the material with which we balance the structure, we harmonize its proportions and give meaning to the creation process¿, the hypothesis links technical and constructive aspects with the modern form. The most representative modern image would have its origin in the technique as social ideology, that situated it as a modernity icon, based in the extensive use of glass. The technique was not only important from the point of view of the technicality, as it encompassed three scales of indissoluble relationship: the form, the urban form and the technique. Then, research reconstructed, from the perspective of the project, the Plaza Independencia modern urban set (1955-1970), in order to recognize the value of the form and its relationship with the technique, from the visual experience of its study and from the analysis of its technical and formal criteria. Our work allowed to determine which were the contributions of the architectural projects proposals, under the consideration that architectonic image has a direct relationship with the expression of the facade cladding technique, which played a fundamental role to stablish the guidelines that emerge from them. In the light of the performed research on the Plaza Independencia modern urban set, the press of the time, interviews and studies of referents, the FIUC building becomes relevant. Not only from the recognizance of its visual criteria and formal structures derived from the technique that determined its contemporaneity and made it into a city building piece. The major contribution of this research lies in the FIUC building, the discovery of what in the Thesis work we named as the Plan Seccional de 1957 (Sectional Plan of 1957). This Sectional Plan, established the model form of the plate in advance of the plan of Duhart y Goycoolea in 1960, to which traditionally has been attributed the establishment of the plate-tower system for the center of the city., La ciudad de Concepción ha sido escenario de eventos telúricos que han originado en ella grandes transformaciones. Durante el siglo XX, la Arquitectura Moderna encontró en ellos el agente que permitió su introducción y consolidación como imagen urbana y, como se plantea en esta investigación, su desaparición. El terremoto de 1939 se relacionó con la producción de espacios públicos significativos para la ciudad y sentó las bases para un cambio de su imagen arquitectónica, mediante los primeros edificios de corte moderno. El de 1960, permitió la consolidación de la arquitectura moderna iniciada a mediados de los 50. El último, sismo, ocurrido en febrero de 2010, dejó al descubierto el lento proceso de desaparición de la imagen arquitectónico-urbana moderna de la ciudad, al ver las estrategias de intervención en edificios de relevancia urbana que se vieron afectados. Hasta ese entonces, la Plaza Independencia era el lugar donde tres de sus cuatro fachadas estaban definidas por edificios modernos, destacando la norponiente. Aquella, configurada por un conjunto de edificios que, adscritos a la tipología de placa-torre se constituyen en piezas arquitectónicas de carácter urbano, son los que formaron la fachada moderna más representativa de Concepción. Dos de ellos, el edificio FIUC y el del Hotel El Araucano, sufrieron daños que derivaron en estrategias de reconstrucción y reparación que eliminaron los rasgos modernos que los caracterizaban y, con ello, alteraron irreparable y drásticamente la imagen arquitectónica de la fachada nor-poniente de la Plaza. Las estrategias de intervención aplicadas, permiten plantear una tendencia que podría marcar el futuro del patrimonio moderno de la ciudad. De todo lo anterior, surge la pregunta ¿Por qué se ha borrado la imagen arquitectónica, entendida como el sistema de relaciones visuales característico de la obra, de emblemáticos edificios modernos de Concepción? Basándonos en la idea que "el órgano expresivo de la arquitectura es el material con el que equilibramos la estructura, armonizamos sus proporciones y damos significado al proceso de creación", la hipótesis vincula los aspectos técnico-constructivos con la forma moderna. La imagen moderna más representativa tendría su origen en la técnica como ideario social, que la situaba como ícono de la modernidad y estaría basada en el uso extensivo del vidrio. La técnica, no sólo tuvo importancia desde el punto de vista del detalle. Aquella abarcaba tres escalas de relación indisoluble: forma, forma urbana y técnica. La investigación, entonces, reconstruyó, desde la perspectiva del proyecto, el conjunto urbano Moderno de la Plaza Independencia (1955-1970), para reconocer los valores de la forma y su relación con la técnica, desde la experiencia visual de su estudio y del análisis de sus criterios técnicos y formales. Lo anterior permitió determinar cuáles fueron los aportes de aquellos, bajo la consideración que su imagen arquitectónica tiene directa relación con la expresión técnica del cerramiento de fachada. Aquella jugó un rol fundamental para establecer las directrices que de ellos se desprenden. A la luz de la investigación realizada sobre las obras del Conjunto Urbano Moderno de la Plaza Independencia, mediante consulta de prensa de la época, entrevistas y estudio de referentes, cobra relevancia el Edificio FIUC. No sólo desde el reconocimiento de sus criterios visuales y estructuras formales derivadas de la técnica que determinaban su contemporaneidad y lo convertían en una pieza constructora de ciudad. En él radica el mayor aporte de esta investigación, que es el descubrimiento y develación de lo que en la Tesis se determinó llamar como Plan Seccional de 1957, el cual estableció la forma modélica de la placa con anticipación al plan de Duhart y Goycoolea de 1960, al cual tradicionalmente se le ha atribuido la instauración del sistema de placa-torre para el centro de la ciudad.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2013 Submitted by Repositório FFUL (repositorio@ff.ul.pt) on 2021-02-03T18:47:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MICF_Valentina_Dias.pdf: 1047899 bytes, checksum: 123cb4f5a72633e0c2484eb791f09bb3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-03T20:15:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MICF_Valentina_Dias.pdf: 1047899 bytes, checksum: 123cb4f5a72633e0c2484eb791f09bb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-04