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A green and sustainable procedure for obtaining Lavandula stoechas extracts with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties was investigated. Green solvents, supercritical CO2, and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) together with ultrasound-assisted extraction were used for the sequential extraction of terpene and polyphenols fractions. After the CO2 extraction of the terpene fraction, the residue material was used in an extraction with different NADES (betaine-ethylene glycol (Bet:EG), betaine-glycerol (Bet:Gly), and glycerol-glucose (Gly:Glu)), intensified with an ultrasound-assisted method (at 30 and 60 °C). In the CO2 extract, the major group of components belonged to oxygenated monoterpenes, while the highest polyphenol content with the dominant rutin (438.93 ± 4.60 µg/mL) was determined in Bet:EG extracts (60 °C). Bet:EG extracts also exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity according to DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Moreover, Bet:EG extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimum inhibitory activity of 0.781–3.125 and 1.563–6.250 mg·mL−1, respectively. By comparing the polyphenolic content and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bet:EG extracts with extracts obtained with conventional solvents (water and ethanol), the superiority of NADES was determined. The established environmentally friendly procedure unifies the requirements of green and sustainable development and modern pharmacognosy because it combines the use of safe alternative solvents, the absence of solvent waste generation, more rational use of resources, and the attainment of safe and quality extracts.

The goal of this study was to establish a green methodology for obtaining safe, high-quality, and potent antibacterial extracts of Lavandula stoechas flowers. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) at different conditions (pressure 100–300 bar, temperature 40 and 60 °C, and CO2 flow 10–30) was applied. Moreover, the impact of the parameters on the extraction yield, chemical profile of the extracts, and the activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was investigated. ScCO2 extraction kinetics was investigated by modelling the extraction curves using the models described by Brunner, Martinez, and their modifications. In vitro assays were applied to estimate the susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus to extracts. A pattern recognition approach was applied to explore the correlations between the employed scCO2 parameters, detected volatile compounds, and extracts’ antibacterial properties. The achieved yield ranged from 1.17 to 2.4% (w/w), with oxygenated monoterpenes fenchone (5.76–22.72%) and verbenone (8.04.-18.65%) as the most abundant ones. The most significant susceptibility of Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria was attributed to extracts obtained at 200 bar, with minimal inhibitory concentration in the range 2.71 ± 1.31– 20.69 ± 0.91 mgmL−1 and 3.39 ± 0.48–34.28 ± 5.94 mgmL−1, respectively. The obtained extracts represent safe, viable, and promising alternatives for tackling antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, by varying process conditions, it is possible to adjust the chemical profile and the activity of the extracts according to the target purpose. Furthermore, the requirements of clean and sustainable technologies, such as environmental preservation, rational use of renewable resources, and provision of natural, safe, and high-quality extracts can be met.

This study was aiming to research the effect of the seedless grape pomace (GP) added to feed mixture on meat quality, metabolic profile, and antioxidant status of Merinolandschaf lambs. The 90 days old lambs in the control group (C, n=10) were fed feed mixture without GP while in experimental groups were fed with 10% (GP10, n=10) or 20% (GP20, n=10) of GP in feed mixture for 30 days. There was a significant increase in L*, a* values and hue angle as well as a decrease in b* values of lamb carcasses in GP10 and GP20 compared to C group. When lambs were fed GP glucose concentrations decreased, while non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) increased on the 30th day in GP10 and GP20 compared with C group. A significant increase in SOD activity on day 30 and GPx activity on day 15 in lambs’ blood of GP10 and GP20 compared with C group was determined. Also, an increase in DPPH in lamb GP10 and GP20 compared with C was determined. The obtained results of the meat quality, metabolic profile and antioxidant status parameters of lamb meat showed that the use of 10% GP in the diet is justified, while 20% of GP was questionable.

Selenium (Se), an essential trace element for human and animal health, is covalently incorporated into amino acids, acts as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes, and is involved in the maintenance of the immune system. The main goal of this investigation was to show the effect of Se supplementation, at levels slightly higher than the recommended values, combined with natural zeolite clinoptilolite on Se deposition in tissues (muscle and liver) and on the immune and antioxidative status of supplemented growing pigs. The experiment was carried out during a 98 d period on 60 pigs. Pigs were fed a standard feed mixture based on corn and soybean and were divided into four groups, according to the level of dietary selenium supplementation as follows: C-0.3 mg/kg DM organic Se, E1-0.5 mg/kg DM sodium selenite, E2-0.5 mg/kg DM organic selenium; E3-0.5 mg/kg DM organic Se+0.2% zeolite. Higher (P < 0.05) selenium concentrations were determined in the muscle and liver in growing pigs fed with higher organic Se in combination with zeolite compared to the lower organic Se concentration. Addition of organic Se increased (P < 0.05) Se deposition in muscle and liver compared to the equal amount of inorganic Se (E2 vs. E1). Higher organic Se in combination with natural zeolite addition increases (P < 0.05) proportion of pigs' cluster of differentiation (CD)45+ compared to the same amount of inorganic Se and lower organic Se addition. The proportion of CD45+ and CD4+ lymphocytes was higher (P < 0.05) in E3 group compared to the other groups. Higher (P < 0.05) proportion of CD21+ lymphocytes were measured in the E2 and E3 groups compared with the other groups. The highest (P < 0.01) activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in pig erythrocytes was observed in the E3 group, while higher (P < 0.05) activity of glutathione reductase (GR) was in all experimental groups related to the control one. A dietary addition of 0.5 mg/kg DM of organic Se in combination with zeolite (0.2% DM) has increased (P < 0.05) Se deposition in liver, muscle, and blood, compared to the dietary addition of 0.3 mg/kg DM of the organic Se.

In this study, for the first time, the adsorption/desorption characteristics of carnosic acid and carnosol from deep eutectic solvent extract of Salvia officinalis on five macroporous resins (HP20, XAD7HP, XAD16N, HP21, HP2MG) were evaluated. The high adsorption and medium desorption capacities of carnosic acid and carnosol as well as antibacterial and antiradical activity from the extract obtained with choline chloride:lactic acid (1:2) on XAD7HP resin indicated that resin was appropriate. To get the optimal separation process, the influence of factors such as adsorption/desorption time and volume of desorbent was further investigated. The results showed that the extract with high antiradical and antibacterial activity was obtained via adsorption and desorption on XAD7HP resin. The extraction efficiencies of the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) recycled once, twice, and thrice were 97.64% (±0.03%), 93.10% (±0.66%), and 88.94% (±1.15%), respectively, for carnosic acid, and 96.63% (±0.04%), 94.38% (±0.27%), and 91.19% (±0.36%), respectively, for carnosol, relative to the initial solvent efficiency. Based on that, this method is a promising basis for the large-scale preparation of extracts from Salvia officinalis with further application in the pharmaceutical or food industry, especially for maintaining the “green” character of the whole process to obtain the appropriate extract.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hempseed cake on production traits, metabolic profile and antioxidant status of lambs. The research was conducted on 20 Merinolandschaf lambs of similar live body weight (24.03 kg ± 2.22 and 24.06 ± 1.84 kg in control and experimental group, respectively). The experiment started after the weaning of lambs at their average age of 70 days. Lambs were divided by gender (50% male: 50% female) and then allocated in two groups. The research lasted for 30 days during the fattening period. Lambs in the control group were fed with feed mixtures, where main protein source was soybean meal and extruded soybean (SB), while lambs in the experimental group were fed feed mixtures in which soybean was replaced by hempseed cake (HSC) at 12% of dry matter. Higher values of daily weight gain (P0.05) activity of the enzymes like AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and CK, as well as SOD and GPx enzymes, thus not affecting the antioxidant status of lambs’ blood. Concentrations of DHA and n-3 fatty acids were higher (P

Lipoxygenases are widespread enzymes that catalyze oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid) to produce hydroperoxides. Lipoxygenase reactions can be desirable, but also lipoxygenases can react in undesirable ways. Most of the products of lipoxygenase reactions are aromatic compounds that can affect food properties, especially during long-term storage. Lipoxygenase action on unsaturated fatty acids could result in off-flavor/off-odor development, causing food spoilage. In addition, lipoxygenases are present in the human body and play an important role in stimulation of inflammatory reactions. Inflammation is linked to many diseases, such as cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarized recent research on plant families and species that can inhibit lipoxygenase activity.

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes found in plants, mammals, and microorganisms. In animals and plants, the enzyme has the capability for the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Although LOXs participate in the plant defense system, the enzyme&rsquo, s metabolites can have numerous negative effects on human health. Therefore, many types of research are searching for compounds that can inhibit LOXs. The best quantitative structure&ndash, activity relationship (QSAR) model was obtained using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). Molecular docking was performed with iGEMDOCK. The inhibition of lipoxygenase was in the range of 7.1 to 96.6%, and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation was 7.0&ndash, 91.0%. Among the synthesized compounds, the strongest inhibitor of soybean LOX-3 (96.6%) was found to be 3-benzoyl-7-(benzyloxy)-2H-chromen-2-one. A lipid peroxidation inhibition of 91.0% was achieved with ethyl 7-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate. The docking scores for the soybean LOX-3 and human 5-LOX also indicated that this compound has the best affinity for these LOX enzymes. The best multiple linear QSAR model contains the atom-centered fragment descriptors C-06, RDF035p, and HATS8p. QSAR and molecular docking studies elucidated the structural features important for the enhanced inhibitory activity of the most active compounds, such as the presence of the benzoyl ring at the 3-position of coumarin&rsquo, s core. Compounds with benzoyl substituents are promising candidates as potent lipoxygenase inhibitors.

A novel series of tri-substituted imidazole derivatives were synthesized according to the well-known Radziszewski reaction. The desired molecules were obtained by a reaction of benzil, ammonium acetate and different derivatives of 1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde. Structures of the synthesized entities were confirmed with the support of modern techniques like elemental analysis (CHN) and spectral analysis (FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR and LC–MS). All compounds were screened for their biological potency: antibacterial activity using a serial broth dilution method and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Antimicrobial activity was performed against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The title compounds showed moderate to excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant potency against different bacterial strains and the DPPH radical.

Coumarinyl 1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles were synthesized from Schiff bases and acetic anhydride. All compounds were characterized by melting points and their structures confirmed by mass, 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry. These novel coumarinyl derivatives were subjected to antibacterial, antifungal, antaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Their activity varied depending on their structure, where 2-(3-acetyl-5-(((4- methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-2, 3- dihydro-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-1, 4-phenylene diacetate showed a significant antioxidant and antibacterial activity on B. Subtilis. 4-(3- Acetyl-5-(((4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7- yl)oxy)methyl)-2, 3-dihydro-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol- 2- yl)-1, 2-phenylene diacetate was found to possess an excellent antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity.

In this study, tangential migration and neuronal connectivity organization were analysed in the optic tectum of seven different teleosts through the expression of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in response to ecological niche and use of vision. Reduced PSA-NCAM expression in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss optic tectum occurred in efferent layers, while in pike Esox lucius and zebrafish Danio rerio it occurred in afferent and efferent layers. Zander Sander lucioperca and European eel Anguilla anguilla had very low PSA-NCAM expression in all tectal layers except in the stratum marginale. Common carp Cyprinus carpio and wels catfish Silurus glanis had the same intensity of PSA-NCAM expression in all tectal layers. The optic tectum of all studied fishes was also a site of tangential migration with sustained PSA-NCAM and c-series ganglioside expression. Anti-c-series ganglioside immunoreactivity was observed in all tectal layers of all analysed fishes, even in layers where PSA-NCAM expression was reduced. Since the optic tectum is indispensable for visually guided prey capture, stabilization of synaptic contact and decrease of neurogenesis and tangential migration in the visual map are an expected adjustment to ecological niche. The authors hypothesize that this stabilization would probably be achieved by down-regulation of PSA-NCAM rather than c-series of ganglioside.

A series of dipicolinic acid derivatives was synthesized and investigated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Mono and bis derivatives of ethyl dipicolinate were utilized as starting materials for synthesis of mono- and bis-hydrazides. Thiosemicarbazides were obtained by reaction of hydrazides with isothiocyanates and cyclized into triazoles, thiadiazoles, oxadiazoles and thiazolidinones. Some of these products, especially those incorporating a thiazolidinone moiety in their structure, are excellent antioxidants, DPPH scavengers and antifungal agents.

Coumarin derivatives are an important group of biologically active compounds that have found a wide range of application in pharmacy and medicine. For this reason, their extraction from plants, as well as the synthesis in laboratories have been increased lately. Many studies have been conducted and various coumarins shown different biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti- inflammatory, anticoagulant, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-HIV and much more. Coumarins can also act as enzyme inhibitors. It has been proven that coumarins inhibit many enzymes, including lipoxygenases. Lipoxygenases are iron-containing enzymes that convert polyunsaturated fatty acids into biologically active compounds involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. Sometimes it is necessary to inhibit those enzymes to avoid adverse reactions in plants and animals as well as in humans. During compounds synthesis in laboratory, it is important to minimize environmental contamination. Therefore, use of deep eutectic solvents is preferable, due to their desirable properties (low toxicity, high availability, low inflammability, high recyclability, low volatility and low price). The aim of this work was to obtain coumarin derivatives, with potential lipoxygenase inhibiting activity, by environmentally friendly synthetic methods . Synthesis of coumarins were performed via Knoevenagel condensation between different substituted salicylaldehydes and active methylene compounds in deep eutectic solvents, which have role of the solvent and the catalyst. Synthesized coumarin derivatives showed enzyme inhibition in range from 45% to 96%.

Vitis vinifera L. has been highlighted by its many positive effects on human health, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity due to its rich phytochemical content. Removing six basal leaves has great potential to influence the production of phytochemicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different terms of defoliation on the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of grape skin extracts of the Blaufr&auml, nkisch and Merlot varieties. The total phenolic concentration, total and individual anthocyanin concentration, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity on gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogens have been determined. The study was conducted on three treatments (control treatment without defoliation, defoliation immediately after bloom and defoliation before the start of the v&eacute, raison phase). The results showed statistically significant enhancement of the total phenolic concentration as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial activity in both studied cultivars. Defoliation just after blooming was the preferable defoliation term in the Merlot variety for achieving the highest total anthocyanin concentration, antioxidant activity and significant increase of antibacterial activity against all four investigated bacteria. Defoliation before the start of the v&eacute, raison phase was the preferable defoliation term for achieving the highest total anthocyanin concentration in the Blaufr&auml, nkisch variety. In general, treatment of defoliation immediately after bloom was more beneficial compared with the defoliation before the start of the v&eacute, raison phase.

Background: Rhodanine is known for its potential and important role in the medicinal chemistry since its derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antitubercular, anti-HIV, antiparasitic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiproliferative and anthelmintic agents. Objectives: Since N-substituted rhodanine synthons are rarely commercially available, it is desirable to develop a straightforward synthetic approach for the synthesis of these key building blocks. The objective was to synthesize a series of rhodanine derivatives and to investigate their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Also, in order to obtain an insight into their structure-activity relationship, QSAR studies on the antioxidant activity were performed. Methods: 1H and 13C FTNMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance 600 MHz NMR Spectrometer, mass analysis was carried out on ESI+ mode by LC-MS/MS API 2000. 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (% DPPH) was determined in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. The antibacterial activity was assessed against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative) bacteria in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by a modified broth microdilution method. Results: A series of N-substituted-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, GC MS, LCMS/MS and C,H,N,S elemental analysis. Most of the synthesized compounds showed moderate to excellent antibacterial activity (MIC values from 125 μg/ml to 15.62 μg/mL) and DPPH scavenging activity (from 3.60% to 94.40%). Compound 2-thioxo-3- (4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)thiazolidin-4-one showed the most potent activity against Escherichia coli (3.125 μg/mL), equivalent to antibiotic Amikacin sulphate and against Staphylococcus aureus (0.097 μg/ml), 100 times superior then antibiotic Amikacin sulphate. It has also shown a potent antioxidant activity (95% DPPH scavenging). Two best QSAR models, obtained by GETAWAY descriptor R7p+, Balabans molecular connectivity topological index and Narumi harmonic topological index (HNar), suggest that the enhanced antioxidant activity is related to the presence of pairs of atoms higher polarizability at the topological distance 7, substituted benzene ring and longer saturated aliphatic chain in N-substituents. Conclusion: A series of novel N-substituted-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives were designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity in vitro. Majority of the compounds showed excellent antibacterial activity compared to ampicillin and few of them have an excellent activity as compared to Chloramphenicol standard antibacterial drug. The QSAR study has clarified the importance of presenting a pairs of atoms higher polarizability, such as Cl and S at the specific distance, as well as the substituted benzene ring and a long saturated aliphatic chain in N-substituents for the enhanced antioxidant activity of 2-sulfanylidene-1,3- thiazolidin-4-one derivatives.

A two series of coumarinyl thiosemicarbazides were synthesized. One series derived from coumarin core substituted in position 7 and another from coumarin core substituted in position 4. All compounds were obtained in reaction of corresponding hydrazide and various isothiocyanates. Structures of all the compounds were confirmed by both 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. An antimicrobial investigation of compounds was performed on four bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus where 2-(2-(7-hydroxy-2- oxo-2H- chromen-4-yl)acetyl)-N-(2, 4, 6- trichlorophenyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide was found to be the most potent one, against B. subtilis.

A series of fluorinated 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivatives were synthesized in the reaction of corresponding acetophenone and different aldehydes followed by the second step synthesis of desired compounds from synthesized chalcone, hydrazine hydrate, and formic acid. Structures of all compounds were confirmed by both 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. Antibacterial properties of compounds were tested on four bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among synthesized compounds, the strongest inhibitor of monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase (32.07 &plusmn, 3.39%) was found to be 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbaldehyde. The PASS program has predicted the highest probable activity for the phosphodiesterase inhibition. To shed light on molecular interactions between the synthesized compounds and phosphodiesterase, all compounds were docked into the active binding site. The obtained results showed that the compound with the dimethoxyphenyl ring could be potent as an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, which interacts in PDE5 catalytic domain of the enzyme. Key interactions are bidentate hydrogen bond (H-bond) with the side-chain of Gln817 and van der Waals interactions of the dimethoxyphenyl ring and pyrazole ring with hydrophobic clamp, which contains residuals, Val782, Phe820, and Tyr612. Interactions are similar to the binding mode of the inhibitor sildenafil, the first oral medicine for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction.

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a good source of antioxidant compounds, carnosic acid and carnosol being the prominent ones. Both are soluble in CO2, and our goal was to investigate the application of supercritical CO2 extraction to obtain sage extracts rich in these compounds. The effect of pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate on the carnosic acid and carnosol yield was studied. These variables were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The pressure significantly affected carnosol extraction, while the extraction of carnosic acid was affected by the pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate. Carnosic acid content varied from 0.29–120.0 µg mg−1, and carnosol content from 0.46–65.5 µg mg−1. The optimal conditions according to RSM were a pressure of 29.5 MPa, a temperature of 49.1°C, and a CO2 flow rate of 3 kg h−1, and the sage extract yield was calculated to be 6.54%, carnosic acid content 105 µg mg−1, and carnosol content 56.3 µg mg−1. The antioxidant activities of the sage extracts were evaluated by the scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Sage extract obtained at 30 MPa and 40°C with 2 kg h−1 CO2 flow rate with a carnosic acid content of 72 µg mg−1 and carnosol content of 55 µg mg−1 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (80.0 ± 0.68%) amongst the investigated supercritical fluid extracts at 25 µg mL−1 concentration. The antimicrobial properties of extracts were tested on four bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract with a carnosic acid content of 116 µg mg−1 and a carnosol content of 60.6 µg mg−1 was found to be the most potent agent against B. subtilis.

A series of rhodanine derivatives was synthesized in the Knoevenagel condensation of rhodanine and different aldehydes using choline chloride:urea (1:2) deep eutectic solvent. This environmentally friendly and catalyst free approach was very effective in the condensation of rhodanine with commercially available aldehydes, as well as the ones synthesized in our laboratory. All rhodanine derivatives were subjected to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity investigation and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed to elucidate their structure-activity relationship. The best multiple linear QSAR model demonstrate a stability in the internal validation and Y-randomization (R2 = 0.81, F = 24.225, Q2loo = 0.72, R2Yscr = 0.148). Sphericity of the molecule, ratio of symmetric atoms enhanced atomic mass along the principle axes in regard to total number of atoms in molecule, and 3D distribution of the atoms higher electronegativity (O, N, and S) in molecules are important characteristic for antioxidant ability of rhodanine derivatives. Molecular docking studies were carried out in order to explain in silico antioxidant studies, a specific protein tyrosine kinase (2HCK). The binding interactions of the most active compound have shown strong hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions with the target protein.

The aim of this study was to determine concentration, composition and distribution of brain gangliosides in two poikilothermic fish species: eurythermic common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and stenothermic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals were subjected to seasonal temperature fluctuations in their natural ecosystem and speciments were collected from January till June. The variability of brain gangliosides was investigated by means of biochemical analysis and immunohistochemical localization. Composition and distribution of brain gangliosides changes differently in common carp and rainbow trout. During the cold acclimatization increase of polysialylated ganglioside fractions was observed in common carp, while rainbow trout showed increase of trisialogangliosides. Rainbow trout showed decrease in GD1a content against GD1b, leading to increase in the biosynthesis of the higher sialylated fractions of the b- pathway during cold acclimation. Both species showed decrease of monosialogangliosides, and formation of higher sialyilated glycosphingolipid homologues. Immunohistochemical localization revealed different species specific changes in various parts of brain. The data support the hypothesis that the composition and distribution of brain gangliosides vary with the state of thermal adaptation.

Alge uzrokuju niz problema u organiziranim vodenim sustavima: ometaju protok u drenažnim sustavima, blokiraju pumpe i brane, ometaju navigaciju, ribolov i druge oblike rekreacije, uzrokuju kvarenje i miris pitke vode, blokiraju filtere i u nekim slučajevima, predstavljaju zdravstveni rizik za ljude, stoku i divlje životinje. Ti problemi su u stalnom porastu zbog povišenih koncentracija hranjivih tvari u vodi kao rezultat ljudske aktivnosti i prirodnih procesa. Jednostanične alge je teško kontrolirati metodama koje se koriste za druge vodene biljke zbog njihove male veličine i brzog rasta. Alge su osjetljive na herbicide, ali ovaj pristup je nepopularan u nekim vodama zbog utjecaja na okoliš ili zdravlje ljudi i vodenih populacija. Nadalje, herbicidi uništavaju i više biljke, tako da ponovni rast algi nije ograničen natjecanjem s višim biljkama i problem se pogoršava u idućim godinama. Primjena slame ječma u vodi testirana je u širokom rasponu situacija u mnogim zemljama širom svijeta te se pokazala vrlo uspješnom u većini situacija bez poznatih nepoželjnih nuspojava. Slama ječma u vodi tijekom procesa raspadanja oslobađa spojeve koje sprječavaju rast algi. Ova primjena pruža jeftin, ekološki prihvatljiv način kontrole algi u vodotocima u rasponu veličina od vrtnih jezeraca do velikih rezervoara, potoka, rijeka i jezera. Unatoč jednostavnosti ideje, iskustvo je pokazalo da postoji nekoliko osnovnih pravila koje treba slijediti kako bi se osigurala uspješnost slame ječma u spomenute svrhe. Cilj ovog rada je pružiti praktične savjete o optimalnim načinima korištenja slame ječma za potrebe kontrole rasta algi u organiziranim vodenim sustavima., Algae cause a number of problems in organized water systems. They impede flow in drainage systems, pumps and dams, interfere with navigation, fishing and other forms of recreation, cause taint and odour problems in potable waters, block filters and, in some cases, create a health hazard to humans, livestock and wildlife. These problems are increasing because nutrient concentrations in water are rising as a result of human activity and natural processes. Unicellular algae are difficult to control by methods used for other aquatic plants due to their small size and rapid growth. Algae are sensitive to herbicides, but this approach is unpopular in some waters because of the impact on the environment or human health and aquatic populations. Furthermore, herbicides destroy more plants, so the regrowth of algae is not restricted by competition from higher plants and the problem gets worse in subsequent years. The application of barley straw in water was tested in a wide range of situations in many countries around the world and has proved very successful in most situations with no known adverse side effects. During the process of decomposition, barley straw releases compounds in water that prevent the growth of algae. This application provides a cost effective, environmentally friendly way to control algae in water bodies ranging in size from garden ponds to large reservoirs, streams, rivers and lakes. Despite the simplicity of the idea, experience has shown that there are some basic rules that must be followed to ensure the success of barley straw for the above-mentioned purposes. The aim of this paper is to provide practical advice on the optimal ways of using barley straw for algal growth control in organized water systems.

The aim of the research was to determine the effects that organic selenium supplemented in layer diets has on its content in the edible part of egg, on egg freshness and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) in hens’ blood. The experiment lasted for 30 days and was completed on 240 laying hens of the Hy Line Brown hybrid. Hens were divided into 2 experimental groups (E1 and E2), each consisting of 120 hens housed in 24 cages. Hens were fed a commercial diet containing 18% of crude protein and 11.60MJ ME/kg. The experiment was set up in two different feeding treatments. The E1 group had diets supplemented with 0.2ppm of selenium, and E2 had diets with 0.4ppm of selenium (organic selenium Sel-Plex®, Alltech, inc.). The GSH-Px activity was higher in blood of hens in the E2 group than in the E1 (P

The aim of the investigation was to determine influence of dietary supplementation with selenium on blood metabolic profile and thyroid hormones activities in fattening lambs. The study included 36 Merinolandschaf lambs during fattening period (50 days) divided into three groups (control, Exp- I and Exp-II). The control group diet was not supplemented with Se, whereas the diet of Exp-I was supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) and Exp-II with 0.3 mg/kg organic selenium (Sel-Plex). Concentration of minerals (Ca, P-inorganic, K, Na, Fe and Cl), biochemical indicators (urea, glucose, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, total protein, albumin), enzyme activity (ALT, AST, GGT, LDH and GSH-Px) and thyroid hormone activities (T3, T4) were determined. Significantly higher (P