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The current period of capitalism is marked by the globalization of commodity flows and the insertion of countries in increasingly globalized circuits. In this sense, the concept of spatial circuit of production has emphasized the role of fixed and flows in the ordering of the sub-stages of production, making it possible to understand the part of these spaces in the overall productive process. This article analyses the spatial circuit of black pepper production in Brazil and its interrelation with the global market. To do so, we resorted to bibliographic review and statistical data available in IBGE, COMEX STAT and International Trade Centre databases, which reveal that Brazil is one of the main producers and exporters of this commodity in the world and that its production is concentrated in the states of Espírito Santo and Pará, while the exportation of the grain is commanded by companies located in the states of Pará, Espírito Santo and São Paulo, although the outflow and circulation, interconnecting Brazil to the global scale, is done through the ports of Santos, Belém and Rio de Janeiro, which monopolize 99% of the flow of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to reflect on the social networks developed along the cheese production chain (butter and cream) of Marajó / PA, Brazil. Using a qualitative approach, by semistructured interview and thematic oral histor, this paper sought to analyze and to understand social networks developed around the production and consumption of different Marajó cheeses, impacts on the production and commercialization, characteristics considered essential in maintaining and preserving their quality, the producers' vision to understand the contemporary production processes, their difficulties and ways of endurance and permanence over the years. The main findings suggested high social, economic and cultural importance of production in the visited communities as well as the relevance of social networks in preserving the quality, continuity and maintenance of local production; high adaptive capacity of producers in view of the demands to comply the legislation and the need for public policies that encourage, preserve and foster the artisanal production of Marajó cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a reflection on the history of cheese production (butter and cream) in Marajó, PA, Brazil. The qualitative research used the following tools and methodologies: semi-structured interview and themed oral history. We sought to perform a historical rescue of cheese production; to analyze the forms of knowledge transmission and production mode; and to start a debate on the challenges faced in order to preserve those practices given the requirements of sanitary regularization required by the inspection agencies. As a result, we observed the socioeconomic, historical, social and cultural importance of local cheese production for the families involved; the adaptation of production as a form of resistance and maintenance of the artisanal production; the aging of marajoara cheese production professionals and the decrease in the number of people interested in developing the activity. This research points to the degree of fragility of this mode of production and the need to create public policies that encourage, preserve and foster traditional knowledge and local artisanal production of Marajó cheeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries cattle production has been the main economic activity in Brazil's eastern Marajó Archipelago in the State of Pará. Territorial tensions have risen, however, after large rice producers from the northern State of Roraima relocated to the region and expanded their activity to the vicinity of the traditional Quilombo Territories. The purpose of this study is to analyze the migration of rice farmers to the archipelago and to measure its impacts on the local populations after the introduction of these large rice plantations. The study area corresponds to two of the municipalities in the archipelago where two large plantations have been established. Data from interviews and from direct observation in the field are complemented with an analysis of the literature and a review of official documents. We find that low land prices, soil and climatic conditions, and the State's support for natural resources appropriation, are essential elements that have attracted large rice farmers to the region. As a result, there has been a shift in the territorial dynamics in the archipelago, and new socio-environmental problems have emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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