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Vascular aging is a complex and multifaceted process that provokes profound molecular, structural, and functional changes in the vasculature. Eventually, these profound aging alterations make arteries more prone to vascular disease, including hypertension, atherosclerosis and other arterial complications that impact the organism beyond the cardiovascular system and accelerate frailty. For these reasons, preventing or delaying the hallmarks of vascular aging is nowadays a major health goal, especially in our aged societies. In this context, angiotensin(Ang)-(1− 7), a major player of the protective branch of the renin-angiotensin system, has gained relevance over recent years as growing knowledge on its anti-aging properties is being unveiled. Here, we briefly review the main actions of Ang-(1− 7) against vascular aging. These include protection against vascular cell senescence, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects together with the induction of cytoprotective systems. Ang-(1− 7) further ameliorates endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of vascular aging and disease, attenuates fibrosis and calcification and promotes protective angiogenesis and repair. Although further research is needed to better understand the anti-aging properties of Ang-(1− 7) on the vasculature, this heptapeptide arises as a promising pharmacological tool for preventing vascular aging and frailty, Supported by grants from 1) Plan Nacional I+D PID2020-115590RB100/AEI 10.13039/501100011033 to C.P. and C.F.S.F., 2) SPACE2-CVCOVID-CM, REACT EU from Comunidad Autonoma ´ de Madrid- Fondos FEDER to C.P. and 3) Talent Advanced Researchers’ Grant from Comunidad Autonoma ´ de Madrid (2019-T1/IND-13794) to F.C. I.V. and L.S. are recipients of Spanish Ministry of Education FPU-MECD program [grant number 496 FPU16/02612] and FPI Universidad Autonoma ´ de Madrid (SFPI / 2020-00053), respectively

Multiparametric imaging allows researchers to measure the expression of many biomarkers simultaneously, allowing detailed characterization of cell microenvironments. One such technique, CODEX, allows fluorescence imaging of >30 proteins in a single tissue section. In the commercial CODEX system, primary antibodies are conjugated to DNA barcodes. This modification can result in antibody dysfunction, and development of a custom antibody panel can be very costly and time consuming as trial and error of modified antibodies proceeds. To address these challenges, we developed novel tyramide-conjugated DNA barcodes that can be used with primary antibodies via peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. This approach results in signal amplification and imaging without the need to conjugate primary antibodies. When combined with commercially available barcode-conjugated primary antibodies, we can very quickly develop working antibody panels. We also present methods to perform antibody staining using a commercially available automated tissue stainer and in situ hybridization imaging on a CODEX platform.

I examine the evolution of the socio-literary image of female middle-ranking producers of text in the late Heian period, and how it was informed by different understandings of domesticity and its interplay with the public sphere—both in these authors’ work and in later re-contextualisations; discussing relations between these writers and higher ranking patrons/husbands, the negotiation of loss of control over textual production and public persona, and it contemplates questions of patronage, forced circulation, and intertextuality. In order to do so, it focuses primarily on the power dynamics underlying the portrayal and significance of domestic and household-centred literary circulation in women-authored texts and others that exemplify their reception; addressing firstly, the different ways in which household and court-based kana nikki 仮名日記 (diary, memoir) authors conceptualise domesticity and their position within it as a tool to articulate their relation to broader society, and secondly, how they respond and negotiate around this conception. This thesis presents a comparative approach to different modes of authorship, dynamics of patronage, questions of publicity, the circulation of women-authored texts, and their relation with the sphere of domesticity; and finds itself in the intersection between premodern literature and Queer studies.

Most of the energy produced in the brain is dedicated to supporting synaptic transmission. Glucose is the main fuel, providing energy and carbon skeletons to the cells that execute and support synaptic function: neurons and astrocytes, respectively. It is unclear, however, how glucose is provided to and used by these cells under different levels of synaptic activity. It is even more unclear how diseases that impair glucose uptake and oxidation in the brain alter metabolism in neurons and astrocytes, disrupt synaptic activity, and cause neurological dysfunction, of which seizures are one of the most common clinical manifestations. Poor mechanistic understanding of diseases involving synaptic energy metabolism has prevented the expansion of therapeutic options, which, in most cases, are limited to symptomatic treatments. To shed light on the intersections between metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuronal excitability, we briefly review current knowledge of compartmentalized metabolism in neurons and astrocytes, the biochemical pathways that fuel synaptic transmission at resting and active states, and the mechanisms by which disorders of brain glucose metabolism disrupt neuronal excitability and synaptic function and cause neurological disease in the form of epilepsy.

Background: About 10% of all newborns may have difficulty breathing and require support by trained personnel. In Peru, 90% of deliveries occur in health facilities. However, there is not a national neonatal resuscitation and certification program for the public health sector. In addition, the Andes and the Amazon regions concentrate large rural remote areas, which further limit the implementation of training programs and the accomplishment of continuous certification. Neonatal resuscitation training through the use of information, communication and technology (ICT) tools running on computers, tablets or mobile phones, may overcome such limitations. This strategy allows online and offline access to educational resources, paving the way to more frequent and efficient training and certification processes. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a neonatal resuscitation training and certification program that uses a multi-platform ICT (MP-ICT) strategy on neonatal health care in remote areas. Methods: We propose to conduct the study through a cluster-randomized trial, where the study and analysis unit is the health care facility. Eligible facilities will include primary and secondary health care level facilities that are located in provinces with neonatal mortality rates higher than 15 per 1,000 live births. We will compare the proportion of newborns with a heart rate ≥100 beats per minute at two minutes after birth in health care facilities that receive MP-ICT training and certification implementation, with those that receive standard training and certification. Discussion: We expect that the intervention will be shown as more effective than the current standard of care. We are prepared to include it within a national neonatal resuscitation training and certification program to be implemented at national scale together with policymakers and other key stakeholders.

Introducción: La carrera de bachillerato y licenciatura en promoción de la salud inicia en el año 2007 y constituye el primer proyecto de grado de la Escuela de Salud Pública. En el marco de una visión compleja y sistémica del currículo, y en el desarrollo de proyectos formativos, la carrera cuenta con personal docente de ciencias de la salud y sociales. Durante el año 2014, se realizó la primera etapa de un proyecto que tuvo como objetivo identificar las nociones, conocimientos y prácticas sobre salud del personal docente de la Escuela de Salud Pública. Material y método: Es un estudio de carácter cualitativo, con enfoque fenomenológico; las fuentes de información fueron los mismos docentes. Se desarrollaron cinco conversatorios con la participación de 29 docentes. Se hizo uso de una guía de preguntas y la revisión documental de marcos de referencia en salud. Respecto al manejo de los conversatorios, se realizó previo consentimiento del personal docente. Posteriormente, se elaboró un proceso de categorización y de cuadros resumen para el análisis de la información. Resultados: Los hallazgos del estudio señalan que el personal docente consideró que el concepto de salud debe superar las visiones del modelo tradicional en el abordaje desde el ámbito sanitario, asimismo señalaron su carácter multidimensional y polisémico que trasciende el bienestar físico. Además, consideraron a la salud como derecho humano, que está implícito en el reconocimiento de las luchas sociales que han sido necesarias para ejercerla y permitir su acceso. Conclusiones: Es necesaria la construcción de un marco conceptual en salud debido a la necesidad que manifestaron los docentes de contar con herramientas conceptuales, teóricas y metodológicas para realizar acciones en docencia, acción social e investigación. Se reconoce la importancia de construir y legitimar colectivamente dichas construcciones, especialmente por el carácter multidisciplinario y de trabajo en equipo que existe en el ámbito de la Promoción de la Salud.

The objectives are to describe the experience of children and parents in a pediatric emergency service (PED) and to determine whether there are differences of opinion between the two groups. This was a descriptive study. A questionnaire was designed based on the Picker questionnaire on the patient experience. From July through December 2015, a survey was made of the children aged 8-18 treated in the PED, as well as of their parents. The proportion of dissatisfaction was determined. A total of 514 questionnaires (257 children, 257 parents) were completed. The most poorly rated aspects according to the children and parents were the entertainment activities (43.2%), the waiting time (23.7%), and the treatment for pain (10.5%). Differences were detected in the experiences of the children and the parents regarding the overlong waiting time (28.0% children vs 19.5% parents; p = 0.023), inadequate explanations (7.0 vs 1.6%, p = 0.002), inadequate treatment for pain (14.4 vs 6.6%; p = 0.004), and insufficient privacy (11.7 vs 2.7%; p

Introducción: El nivel de grado en Promoción de la Salud, que imparte la Escuela de Salud Pública (ESP) de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), cuenta con personal docente de distintas disciplinas en las áreas de ciencias sociales y ciencias de la salud, así como una oferta académica planteada desde un posicionamiento de pensamiento complejo. Esta diversidad en el concurso de saberes fue terreno fértil para explorar los marcos de referencia conceptuales en los que se sitúa el personal docente participante, a partir de sus conocimientos y experiencias en promoción de la salud. Material y método: Para ello desarrollamos una primera ronda con 4 talleres en la que participaron 32 docentes, que mediante la técnica de lluvia de ideas, expresa-ron el significado acerca de salud y promoción de la salud, desde sus conocimientos, experiencias, acciones y prácticas. En la segunda ronda facilitamos 3 talleres y 12 participantes, que deconstruyeron los conceptos en su significado, componentes, niveles de aplicación y su fin o aspiración; esta base sirvió para ellos determinaran los marcos teóricos de referencia de estos conceptos, así como un análisis reflexivo de las críticas y méritos de esa construcción. En la plenaria contamos con 27 participantes, los cuales reflexionaron acerca de las distintas acepciones del término “promoción de la salud”, su posicionamiento y justificación. Finalmente, con un panel de tres expertos invitados externos y tres invitados internos validaron los marcos teóricos construidos por los docentes. Resultados: A partir de esta base teórica presentada por los diferentes equipos de trabajo, el personal docente de la Escuela de Salud Pública tiene un concepto de Salud y Promoción de la salud, que ha sido parte de su ejercicio académico, profesional y ha sido capaz de identificar los marcos teóricos de referencia, desde los cuales entiende y aplica la salud y la promoción de la salud. Conclusiones: No existe un concepto unificado o un solo posicionamiento que explique la forma en cómo entiende la promoción de la salud el personal docente en el Escuela de Salud Pública, por el contrario, para algunos representa un enfoque, para otros una estrategia, y algunos piensan que es un paradigma: cada una de estas posiciones implica distintas formas de operativizar este constructo en la práctica universitaria docente.

Introducción: La Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Costa Rica, se encuentra a la vanguardia en lo que respecta a la formación de recurso humano en promoción de la salud, en la medida que representa el único ente de educación superior en cuya oferta académica se ofrece. En este sentido, le dota de una gran responsabilidad en términos de propuesta curricular, didáctica y pedagógica en aras de alcanzar su profesionalización y posicionamiento con alto impacto en el sistema y servicios de salud de Costa Rica. Esta propuesta fue objeto de análisis con el fin de colocar en perspectiva la forma en que cada docente encamina lo que podría denominarse la operativización de la promoción de la salud. Material y método: Los resultados de este estudio forman parte de un proyecto de docencia integrado por tres grandes momentos o fases metodológicas: el primero de abordaje conceptual sobre las nociones de salud y promoción de la salud del personal docente participante, el segundo para reconocer el posicionamiento conceptual de los docentes en relación a los marcos teóricos de referencia y el tercero para determinar las formas de aplicación de la promoción de la salud en su quehacer dentro del ámbito de la docencia. Este escrito recopila la tercera fase, cuyo corte es, principalmente de tipo cualitativo, analizando las diversas formas en las que cada docente construye su labor docente, incluye así un análisis de contenido. Esta fase se desarrolló con la participación de 22 docentes distribuidos en cuatro talleres diferentes. Resultados: Como principales hallazgos se destaca dos fuertes tendencias, entre el personal docente, en lo que respecta a las estrategias didácticas empleadas para la formación de la persona profesional en Promoción de la salud, ello consiste en una propuesta fuertemente práctica y por otro lado una propuesta puramente teórica, esta tendencias se encuentran permeadas según la disciplina y experiencia profesional de cada docente, así como la conceptualización que posee en cuanto a salud. Conclusiones: A partir de este análisis se concluye la trascendencia e implicaciones que posee la experiencia, la profesión y la conceptualización de salud de cada docente en la propuesta didáctica ofrecida para la operativización de la promoción de la salud en el plano profesional. Ante esto, se recomienda una continua revisión en lo que respecta al perfil de salida de la persona egresada con el fin de determinar la coherencia que existe entre este y la propuesta didáctica ofrecida por el personal docente, en la medida que este proceso formativo tendrá implicaciones acerca del cómo operativizar la promoción de la salud.

The contractile effect of lead on rat aortic rings was examined. Lead (0.1-3.1 mM) elicited concentration-dependent but endothelium-independent contractions, which were unaffected by prazosin (1 μM). The contractile effects of lead were similar when the aortic rings were bathed either in the absence or presence of external Ca 2+ . Lanthanum (1 1 mM) but not verapamil (1 μM) inhibited the lead contractions; hence non-L-calcium channels are involved in such effect. In addition, lead induced contractions on aortic rings incubated in Ca 2+ -free EGTA-containing solution for 70 min., an experimental condition in which intracellular Ca 2+ -stores are depleted. Finally, the contractile effect of lead was not modified by calphostin C (an inhibitor of protein kinase C). In conclusion, the present results suggest that in rat aorta, the lead-induced contraction is independent of extra- and intracellular calcium stores. In addition, the effect of lead is independent of either catecholamines or protein kinase C. It is likely that in rat aorta, lead enters into the smooth muscle cells through non-L-calcium channels, and when acting like calcium on the contractile machinery it produces contraction. The differences observed between our results and those obtained by other authors may indicate that the mechanism of the contractile effect of lead varies among the different blood vessels.

The subtype(t) of alpha-adrenoceptor-mediating contractions to alpha-methynoradrenaline in the rat aorta has been investigated by using alpha-adrenoceptor-selective competitive antagonists and the alpha 1-adrenoceptor selective agonist, phenylephrine, for comparison. alpha-Methylnoradrenaline and phenylephrine elicited concentration-dependent contractions in the endothelium-denuded and endothelium-intact aortic rings with similar potencies and maximal effects. alpha-Methylnoradrenaline- and phenylephrine-induced contractions in endothelium-denuded aortic rings were competitively antagonized by prazosin (pA2 = 9.38 and 9.13; respectively) and rauwolscine (pA2 = 7.19 and 6.60, respectively). This confirms that there is an alpha 1- and a non alpha 2-adrenoceptor response to alpha-methylnoradrenaline in the rat aorta. The subtype selective alpha 1D-adrenoceptor antagonist, BMY 7378, was found to antagonize contractions to alpha-methylnoradrenaline and phenylephrine competitively in endothelium-denuded and endothelium-intact aortic rings. The pA2 values of BMY 7378 against alpha-methylnoradrenaline (8.39 and 8.41; endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded, respectively) and phenylephrine (8.64 and 8.76; endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded, respectively), are consistent with its published functional potency and clonal alpha 1D-adrenoceptor binding affinity. In addition, contractions to alpha-methylnoradrenaline and phenylephrine in endothelium-denuded aortic rings, were potently inhibited by WB 4101 with pA2 values of 9.75 and 9.25, respectively. The high pA2 values for WB 4101 indicate that the alpha 1B-adrenoceptor subtype does not seem to participate in alpha-methylnoradrenaline (and phenylephrine) induced contractions in this artery. These results suggest that the alpha 1D-subtype plays a determining role in rat aorta contractions induced by alpha-methylnoradrenaline.

Compared with other productive economic sectors of society, the building sector shows that technological and industrial production techniques are incorporated slowly, which explains in part the slow overall development. This is due mainly to the deep economic crisis that the sector experience cyclically, and the lack of continued research activities. Within this area, the Construction Science Department of the School of Architecture at the University of Navarra has developed a protocol for the development of new technologies to improve and optimize the performance of facade systems, contributing at the same time to the sustainability of material and environmental resources, and the reduction of the final costs of buildings and the costs derived from its service stage. En el sector de la edificación, en comparación con otros sectores económico-productivos de la sociedad, se aprecia que los avances tecnológicos y las técnicas de producción industriales se van incorporando con lentitud, lo cual explica en parte su lento desarrollo global. Esto es debido, fundamentalmente, a las crisis económicas profundas que el sector experimenta cíclicamente, y a la falta de actividades continuadas de investigación. Dentro de este ámbito, en el Departamento de Edificación de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Navarra se ha elaborado un protocolo para el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías que permitan mejorar y optimizar las prestaciones de los cerramientos de fachadas, contribuyendo también a la sostenibilidad de los recursos materiales y ambientales y a la disminución de los costes finales de los edificios y los derivados de su estado en servicio.

In the regional headquarters of EDF (Electricite de France) in Bordeaux, designed by Foster and Partners and built in 1996, the HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) system and the facades form an ensemble aiming to ensure an efficient thermal behaviour. The design of the louvers that protect against solar radiation is optimized according to the orientation of the facades. In addition, the building has a centralized computer system for the management of HVAC installations and a series of automation and control sensors supporting them. A computer analysis of the louvers is made, in order to assess the suitability of the selected design to achieve the energy saving targets proposed by the architects. The site visits and interviews with users allowed us to know their level of satisfaction with the implemented energy-saving systems and with the performance of the entire building.

Analyzing and measuring the difference of incident solar radiation due to the facing of the building façades and the influence of the surrounding area.

An evaluation of the capacity of a lyophilized water extract of borage leaves to delay the lipid oxidation process in dry fermented sausages enriched with ω-3 PUFAs has been performed. Lyophilized extract (340ppm) showed an antioxidant capacity equivalent to 200ppm of a butylhydroxyanisol (BHA) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) mixture. Two batches of dry fermented sausages enriched in ω-3 PUFA were developed. One of them was supplemented with a synthetic antioxidants mixture (200ppm of BHA+BHT) and the other one with natural antioxidants (340ppm of lyophilized water extract of borage leaves). Furthermore, a traditional formulation of this type of dry fermented sausage (Control), was also manufactured. The natural extract gave rise to lower amount of volatile compounds (including hexanal), than the mixture of synthetic antioxidants (2202 and 2713ng dodecane/g dry matter, respectively). TBARS and Cholesterol Oxidation Products (COPs) did not show significant differences between products with different antioxidants. The sensorial analysis showed that lyophilized water extracts of borage leaves did not affect the sensorial properties of the products. From the economical and safety standpoints, the use of a by-product (borage leaves) and water as extracting solvent are valuable alternatives for obtaining natural antioxidants to be added to dry fermented sausages enriched in ω-3 PUFA

Fresh pork sausages (pork shoulder, pork back fat, water, rusk and seasoning) were manufactured where 15% of the pork back fat was substituted with linseed oil (LO) or fish oil (FO). Green tea catechins (GTC) and green coffee antioxidant (GCA) were added to both LO (LGTC 200 and LGCA 200) and FO (FGTC 200 and FGCA 200) substituted sausages at a level of 200mg/kg. Raw and cooked pork sausages were either over-wrapped with oxygen permeable film (aerobic storage) or stored in modified atmosphere packages (MAP) containing 80% O(2):20% CO(2) or 70% N(2):30% CO(2), respectively for 7 days at 4°C. Effects on fatty acid profiles, lipid oxidation, colour and sensorial properties were investigated. α-Linolenic acid increased from 1.34% (control) to 8.91% (LO) and up to 11.2% (LGTC 200 and LGCA 200). Addition of fish oil increased levels of EPA from 0.05% (control) to 2.83% (FO), 3.02% (FGTC 200) and 2.87% (FGCA 200) and DHA levels increased from 0.04% (control) to a maximum of 1.93% (FGTC 200). Lipid oxidation was low in raw and cooked linseed oil containing sausages. GTC (200mg/kg) significantly (P

Members of the Kv7 family (Kv7.2-Kv7.5) generate a subthreshold K(+) current, the M- current. This regulates the excitability of many peripheral and central neurons. Recent evidence shows that Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 subunits are targeted to the axon initial segment of hippocampal neurons by association with ankyrin G. Further, spontaneous mutations in these subunits that impair axonal targeting cause human neonatal epilepsy. However, the precise functional significance of their axonal location is unknown. Using electrophysiological techniques together with a peptide that selectively disrupts axonal Kv7 targeting (ankyrin G-binding peptide, or ABP) and other pharmacological tools, we show that axonal Kv7 channels are critically and uniquely required for determining the inherent spontaneous firing of hippocampal CA1 pyramids, independently of alterations in synaptic activity. This action was primarily because of modulation of action potential threshold and resting membrane potential (RMP), amplified by control of intrinsic axosomatic membrane properties. Computer simulations verified these data when the axonal Kv7 density was three to five times that at the soma. The increased firing caused by axosomatic Kv7 channel block backpropagated into distal dendrites affecting their activity, despite these structures having fewer functional Kv7 channels. These results indicate that axonal Kv7 channels, by controlling axonal RMP and action potential threshold, are fundamental for regulating the inherent firing properties of CA1 hippocampal neurons.

Buena parte del desarrollo de nuevos alimentos funcionales está encaminada al descubrimiento o aplicación de componentes de los alimentos que favorezcan la instauración de un perfil lipídico saludable en el organismo. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar la caracterización de la fracción lipídica de dos tipos de aceites, de pescado y de alga, para valorar su potencial utilización como ingredientes funcionales, tanto en relación con el contenido en ácidos grasos de alto peso molecular como con la presencia de esteroles y otros componentes de la fracción insaponificable. Ambos aceites presentaron una fracción lipídica muy rica en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ω-3 de alto peso molecular, con un 33,75% en el caso del aceite de pescado y un 43,97% en el de alga, siendo el EPA el ácido graso mayoritario en el pescado y el DHA en el alga. La relación ω-6/ω-3 fue en ambos aceites inferior a 0,4. En cuanto a la fracciσn insaponificable, el aceite de alga presentσ un contenido 3 veces menor de colesterol y una mayor proporciσn de escualeno. El contenido en fitosteroles fue significativamente superior en el aceite de alga. An important area of the development of new functional foods is facussed on finding or applying food components which favour achieving a healthier lipid profile in the organism. The objective of this work was to carry out the characterisation of the lipid fraction of two oils, fish oil and algae oil, to evaluate their potential use as functional ingredients, in relation to the high molecular weight fatty acid content and the presence of sterols and other components of the unsaponificable fraction. Both oils showed a lipid fraction rich in high molecular weight polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids, containing a 33.75% in the fish oil and a 43.97% in the algae oil. Eicosapentaenoic acid was the major fatty acid in fish oil, whereas docosahexaenoic was the most abundant fatty acid in algae oil. The ω-6/ω-3 ratio was lower than 0.4 in both oils. In the unsaponificable fraction, algae oil had a Mold lower cholesterol content and a higher proportion of squalene than fish oil. The phytosterol content was significantly higher in the algae oil.