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Producción Científica, Purpose: To assess the reliability and agreement of non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) in symptomatic and asymptomatic contact lens (CL) wearers using automatic objective and conventional subjective techniques. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, soft CL wearers, classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic based on the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8, underwent NIBUT assessment with the CL in situ. The CA-800 Corneal Analyzer and the EasyTear® VIEW+ Tearscope were used for objective and subjective evaluation, respectively. The within-subject repeatability and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. The agreement between the devices was compared using the Bland–Altman method. Results: A total of 141 CL wearers (51 male and 90 female) with a mean age of 33.6 (SD = 12.2) years were included. The repeatability and ICC values obtained with the CA-800 device when measuring NIBUT were 5.4 s and 58.6% across the whole sample, 4.2 s and 48.8% for the asymptomatic group and 7.1 s and 68.4% for the symptomatic group. When using the subjective method (EasyTear®), the respective repeatability and ICC values were 7.3 s and 32.7% for the whole sample, 6.5 s and 30.4% for the asymptomatic group and 8.6 s and 35.9% for the symptomatic group. The CA-800 device provided significantly (p < 0.001) shorter NIBUT values compared with EasyTear® for the whole sample (3.3 [2.9] vs. 8.1 [3.4] s), the asymptomatic (3.3 [3.0] vs. 7.7 [3.6] s) and the symptomatic (3.8 [2.9] vs. 8.6 [3.0] s) groups. Conclusion: Objective (CA-800) NIBUT assessment provides more reliable measurements than the conventional subjective technique using the EasyTear® device. However, CL practitioners should also be aware that the objective method indicates shorter NIBUT values. Symptomatic CL wearers may also need a higher number of NIBUT measurements to obtain reliable estimations., Ministry of Universities and European Social Fund, Grant/Award Number: FPU19/01109

Producción Científica, Purpose To assess the reliability and agreement of non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) in symptomatic and asymptomatic contact lens (CL) wearers using automatic objective and conventional subjective techniques. Methods In this prospective cross-sectional study, soft CL wearers, classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic based on the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8, underwent NIBUT assessment with the CL in situ. The CA-800 Corneal Analyzer and the EasyTear® VIEW+ Tearscope were used for objective and subjective evaluation, respectively. The within-subject repeatability and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. The agreement between the devices was compared using the Bland–Altman method. Results A total of 141 CL wearers (51 male and 90 female) with a mean age of 33.6 (SD = 12.2) years were included. The repeatability and ICC values obtained with the CA-800 device when measuring NIBUT were 5.4 s and 58.6% across the whole sample, 4.2 s and 48.8% for the asymptomatic group and 7.1 s and 68.4% for the symptomatic group. When using the subjective method (EasyTear®), the respective repeatability and ICC values were 7.3 s and 32.7% for the whole sample, 6.5 s and 30.4% for the asymptomatic group and 8.6 s and 35.9% for the symptomatic group. The CA-800 device provided significantly (p < 0.001) shorter NIBUT values compared with EasyTear® for the whole sample (3.3 [2.9] vs. 8.1 [3.4] s), the asymptomatic (3.3 [3.0] vs. 7.7 [3.6] s) and the symptomatic (3.8 [2.9] vs. 8.6 [3.0] s) groups. Conclusion Objective (CA-800) NIBUT assessment provides more reliable measurements than the conventional subjective technique using the EasyTear® device. However, CL practitioners should also be aware that the objective method indicates shorter NIBUT values. Symptomatic CL wearers may also need a higher number of NIBUT measurements to obtain reliable estimations., Ministerio de Universidades y Fondo Social Europeo, Número de subvención (FPU19/01109)

La miopía consiste en una alteración refractiva en cuyo origen concurren múltiples factores que cursa de manera congénita o adquirida pudiendo llegar a ser un grave problema de salud pública o conllevar a la ceguera. Además, cada vez tiene mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial, de modo que es necesario conocer y utilizar posibles soluciones para frenar el progreso de este error refractivo. La revisión bibliográfica que se realiza en el presente trabajo, tiene como objetivo recopilar la evidencia científica existente hasta la fecha acerca del control de miopía comparando, dentro de los métodos existentes, las lentes de contacto (LC) de Orto-k y lentes oftálmicas. El objetivo de ambos métodos se basa en inducir un desenfoque miópico en la retina periférica capaz de contener la progresión de la miopía, consiguiendo que la imagen excéntrica se forme por delante de la retina y evitando así un aumento longitudinal axial. Se ha observado que tanto el uso de LC de Orto-k como el de lentes oftálmicas son capaces de reducir la progresión de la miopía. Sin embargo, las lentes oftálmicas han sido menos estudiadas que las LC de Orto-k y, por tanto, se requieren más estudios futuros que permitan comparar la eficacia de ambos métodos., Myopia is a multifactorial refractive alteration that can be congenital or acquired and can become a serious public health problem or lead to blindness. Moreover, it is becoming more and more prevalent worldwide, so it is necessary to know and use possible solutions to slow down the progress of this refractive error. The aim of this literature review is to compile the existing scientific evidence to date on myopia control comparing, within the existing methods, Ortho-k contact lenses (CL) and ophthalmic lenses. The aim of both methods is based on inducing a myopic defocus in the peripheral retina, which is able to reduce the progression of myopia, getting the peripheral image to form in front of the retina and thus, avoiding an increase in axial length. It has been observed that both, the use of Ortho-k CL and ophthalmic lenses can reduce the progression of myopia. However, ophthalmic lenses have been less studied than nocturnal Ortho-k and, therefore, more future studies are required to compare the efficacy of both methods., Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Grado en Óptica y Optometría

Objetivos: existen en el mercado dos categorías de materiales para la fabricación de lentes de contacto (LC) blandas: hidrogel convencional e hidrogel de silicona. El principal motivo de abandono del uso de LC deriva de la incomodidad asociada a los cambios biofísicos provocados por la inserción de una LC en la superficie ocular. Por ello, este trabajo se ha enfocado en estudiar algunos de esos cambios, comparando los resultados obtenidos sin LC con los derivados del porte de la LC de hidrogel de silicona MyDay® y la LC de hidrogel convencional Proclear® 1 day, además de las diferencias entre ellas. Materiales y métodos: en una única visita, se tomaron las medidas sin LC y se adaptaron, de manera aleatorizada y doble ciego, las LC MyDay® y Proclear® 1 day. Se completaron los cuestionarios de salud general y ocular (Anexo II), y el Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ)-8 (Anexo III), y se realizaron medidas de evaporimetría, tiempo de ruptura lagrimal no invasivo (NIBUT) e interferometría. Tras un tiempo de estabilización de 30 minutos entre cada adaptación se repitió la misma triada de pruebas. Los datos sin LC y de ambas LC se compararon estadísticamente utilizando el test t-Student para muestras relacionadas en el caso de las variables paramétricas, y el test de Wilcoxon para las no paramétricas. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 24 usuarios de LC (6 hombres y 18 mujeres), con una media de edad de 23,33±3,90 años (rango 20-37). En la comparación entre las medidas con y sin LC, se encontró un aumento en la evaporimetría con las LC de hidrogel de silicona (p=0,018) e hidrogel convencional (p=0,022), una disminución del NIBUT con la LC de hidrogel de silicona (p=0,006) y una reducción del espesor de capa lipídica con la LC de hidrogel convencional (p<0,001). Al comparar las LC entre ellas, solamente se hallaron diferencias en la interferometría (p<0,001), resultando menor el espesor de la capa lipídica con la LC de hidrogel convencional. Conclusión: la prese, Purpose: there are two different materials used for the fabrication of soft contact lenses (CL): conventional hydrogel and silicone hydrogel. The main reason for CL’s drop-out is the discomfort associated with the biophysical changes caused by the insertion of a CL in the ocular surface. Thus, this project has been focused in studying some of those changes by comparing the results when there was no CL in the ocular surface, and the results when wearing a conventional and a silicone hydrogel CL. Method: in one single visit, the measurement without CL was taken and after that, both pairs of CL were fitted, in a randomized and double-blind way. The general health and ocular health questionnaire (Appendix II) and the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ)-8 (Appendix III) were completed. The measurement of the tear evaporation rate, the non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) and interferometry were conducted. After waiting for 30 minutes for the stabilization of the CL on the ocular surface, the same three measurements were repeated, for each CL respectively. The data without CL and with conventional and silicone hydrogel CL were statistically compared using the t-Student test for related samples in the case of parametric variables, and the Wilcoxon test for non-parametric variables. Results: a total of 24 CL wearers (6 men and 18 women), with an average age of 23.33±3.90 years (range 20-37) were included. In the comparison between the results without and with CL, an increase in the tear evaporation rate when wearing the silicone hydrogel CL (p=0.018) and conventional hydrogel CL (p=0.022) was found. It was also found a NIBUT decrease with the silicone hydrogel CL (p=0.006) and a reduction in the tear film lipid layer thickness with the conventional hydrogel CL (p<0.001). When comparing both materials, only the interferometry showed significant differences (p<0.001), being the tear film lipid layer thickness lower with the conventional hydrogel CL. Conclusion: the prese, Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Grado en Óptica y Optometría

La miopía es un problema cada vez más prevalente a nivel mundial y un tema de interés creciente porque las condiciones de vida actuales no ayudan a que no se imponga la ametropía. Es importante una rápida actuación para prevenir sus efectos a largo plazo, que pueden conducir en último término a la ceguera. La siguiente revisión bibliográfica pretende dar a conocer la importancia de los métodos existentes de control de la miopía actuales, desde los farmacológicos hasta los ópticos. Existen estrategias como la utilización de atropina, ortoqueratología nocturna, lentes de contacto hidrofílicas y lentes oftálmicas, además de su utilización de manera simultánea para potenciar los efectos. Estos tratamientos se ofrecen con el objetivo de reducir la progresión miópica y no para que ésta desaparezca. El mecanismo de acción de la gran mayoría de estos métodos se basa en evitar el desenfoque hipermetrópico periférico producido en la retina y sustituirlo por uno miópico, mientras que la imagen central sí focaliza en la fóvea para permitir al mismo tiempo la corrección del defecto refractivo. Al quedar la imagen por delante de la retina periféricamente, se evita que aumente la longitud axial del ojo., Myopia is an increasingly prevalent problem worldwide and a topic of growing interest because current living conditions do not help to prevent the onset of this ametropia. Prompt action is important to prevent its long-term effects, which can ultimately lead to blindness. The following review aims to provide an insight into the importance of current methods of myopia control, ranging from pharmacological to optical. Strategies such as the use of atropine, orthokeratology at night, soft contact lenses and spectacles are available, as well as their simultaneous use to enhance the effects. These treatments are offered with the aim of reducing myopic progression and not to make myopia disappear. The mechanism of action of most of these methods is based on avoiding the peripheral hypermetropic defocus produced in the retina and replacing it with a myopic one, while the central image is focused on the fovea to allow correction of the refractive defect at the same time. As the image remains peripherally in front of the retina, the axial length of the eye is prevented from increasing., Grado en Óptica y Optometría

El Síndrome de Ojo Seco (SOS) es una enfermedad multifactorial que afecta a la superficie ocular, produciendo inestabilidad, inflamación y daño. Los síntomas y signos son muy variados y puede deberse a diferentes causas, entre ellas alteraciones hormonales, consumo de medicamentos y depresión. El sueño es un proceso biológico indispensable para una buena salud tanto física como mental. La alteración del transcurso normal del sueño implica una afectación en la calidad de vida diaria. El propósito de este trabajo es buscar evidencias científicas sobre la asociación entre las alteraciones del sueño y el SOS. En primer lugar se ha establecido la relación entre estas enfermedades y se detalla su afectación implícita del estado mental y emocional producido por ellas, como la depresión. Después se enumeran los cambios que se producen en la superficie ocular debido la deprivación del sueño gracias a numerosas pruebas diagnósticas realizadas tanto en animales como en seres humanos. Finalmente se aportan ejemplos de alteraciones del sueño, como el lagoftalmos nocturno y la apnea del sueño, que implican cambios en la superficie ocular debido a una exposición excesiva y a patologías oculares asociadas, respectivamente., Dry Eye Syndrome (SOS) is a multifactorial disease that affects the ocular surface, causing instability, inflammation and damage. Its symptoms and signs are very varied and it can be due to different causes, such as hormonal alterations, consumption of medicines and depression. Sleep is an essential biological process for good physical and mental health. Alterations in the normal course of sleep affect the daily quality of life. This work has been focused on finding scientific evidence on the possible association between sleep disturbances and SOS. Firstly, the relationship between these diseases has been established. Their implicit involvement in the mental and emotional state, like depression, are detailed. Then, the changes that occur on the ocular surface due to sleep deprivation are listed. Finally, examples of sleep disturbances are provided, such as nocturnal lagophthalmos and sleep apnea, which involve changes in the ocular surface due to excessive ocular exposure and associated eye pathologies, respectively., Grado en Óptica y Optometría

La presente revisión bibliográfica tiene como propósito realizar un análisis de la calidad de vida que presentan los usuarios de distintos tipos de lentes de contacto. Por otro lado, se compara esta calidad de vida con la que tienen otros pacientes que utilizan diferentes métodos de corrección como las lentes oftálmicas. Se comienza con una breve introducción, en la que se describe lo que es y ha sido la calidad de vida a lo largo de la historia, seguida de una breve presentación sobre las lentes de contacto y sus características ideales para favorecer la calidad de vida de sus usuarios. A continuación, se describen de manera detallada los cuestionarios más conocidos y utilizados para cuantificar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud visual, y se presentan, en el orden cronológico de su publicación, varios estudios en los que se comparan las puntuaciones de la calidad de vida asociada a la visión obtenidas con diferentes métodos de corrección. Por último, se explica lo que es la incomodidad con lentes de contacto, puesto que es un factor que influye negativamente en la calidad de vida asociada a la visión., The aim of this review is to describe the current evidence regarding the quality of life provided by the use of contact lenses. Quality of life is also compared among other methods of refractive error correction such as ophthalmic lenses. The review begins with a brief introduction about what the quality of life is and what it has been throughout history, and it continues with a brief presentation on contact lenses and their ideal characteristics to promote the highest quality of life. The best known and most used questionnaires to quantify the visual health-related quality of life are specifically described; and several studies comparing visual quality of life scores obtained with different methods of correction are presented in the chronological order. Finally, the contact lens discomfort is explained, because it is a factor that influences negatively on the visual quality of life., Grado en Óptica y Optometría