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We investigated the possibility of synthesizing Co nanoparticles in CoZrnH/AlOx(OH)y/Al ceramic–metal catalysts and controlling the catalytic properties of these nanoparticles in syngas conversion by changing the Co/Zr ratio. The CoZr nanocomposites were obtained from metal powders by mechanochemical activation in a high-energy mill under an argon atmosphere, followed by treatment with hydrogen at high pressure and room temperature. Ceramic–metal catalysts were prepared by mixing the corresponding CoZrnH powder nanocomposite (30 wt%) with powdered aluminum (70 wt%), hydrothermal treatment of the mixture and subsequent calcination. The materials were characterized with a set of physicochemical methods: powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, 59Co internal field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and temperature programmed reduction. Catalytic studies were performed in a laboratory fixed-bed flow reactor at 2 MPA and 210–270 °C. It is shown that the activity in syngas conversion to C5+ hydrocarbons and selectivity to methane and C2–C4 hydrocarbons depend on the Co/Zr ratio. Thus, with an increase in the zirconium content in the samples, the interaction of metal cobalt with metal zirconium improves in the process of mechanical activation and subsequent treatment with hydrogen. The destruction of the agglomerates of crystallites of metallic cobalt in the form of β-Co (Cofcc) occurs as well as their transformation to α-Co (Cohcp) particles active in the syngas conversion to C5+ hydrocarbons. This can explain the highest specific yield of C5+ hydrocarbons on a cermet with the lowest Co/Zr ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of mechanical alloying in the 33Al-45Cu-22Fe (at.%) powder mixture subjected to high-energy ball milling was studied. Due to complexity of the alloy formation in this system, several methods – X-ray diffraction phase analysis, Differential Dissolution, thermal analysis and Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy – were combined to obtain the detailed information on the structure and composition of the mechanical alloying products. Possible formation mechanisms of these phases during mechanical alloying are discussed. No crystalline phase containing Fe and Cu, Al has been found in the products of mechanical alloying of the 33Al-45Cu-22Fe mixture. The formation of Cu-Al phases followed the sequence of Al 2 Cu → Al 4 Cu 9 → Cu(Al) solid solution. When only those phases that were detected by the XRD analysis were taken into account, the mass balance of Al and Fe in the products of mechanical alloying was not satisfied. The Differential Dissolution and high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy data suggest the formation of non-stoichiometric X-ray amorphous phases containing all three elements. Reasons for the retardation of the solid-state interaction between aluminum and copper in the ternary powder mixture are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic stages of porous cermets preparation from MeAl (Me = Cr, Cu, Co, Fe) powders are elaborated including mechanical activation of Me–Al blends, soft hydrothermal treatment of mechanically alloyed blends followed by thermal treatment thus allowing to control their mechanical, thermophysical and textural properties. Ceramometal monoliths with metallic particles (up to 80 wt.%) randomly distributed in the oxide matrix are characterized by the hierarchical pore structure with developed ultramacropores which provides their high permeability. Mesoporosity of ceramometal monoliths was developed by incorporation of mesoporous components into their structure. Monolithic catalysts based on these cermet substrates were shown to be promising for different fields of application in catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the phase and microstructure evolution of the Cu–13 wt.% Al mixture during treatment in a high-energy planetary ball mill with a particular focus on the early stages of mechanical alloying. Several characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction phase analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential dissolution, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy/elemental analysis, have been combined to study the evolution of the phase composition of the mechanically alloyed powders and describe the microstructure of the multi-phase products of mechanical alloying at different length scales. The following reaction sequence has been confirmed: Cu + Al → CuAl 2 (+Сu) → Cu 9 Al 4 + (Cu) → Cu(Al). The phase evolution was accompanied by the microstructure changes, the layered structure of the powder agglomerates disappearing with milling time. This scheme is further complicated by the processes of copper oxidation, reduction of copper oxides by metallic aluminum, and by variation of the stoichiometry of Cu(Al) solid solutions with milling time. Substantial amounts of X-ray amorphous phases were detected as well. Differential dissolution technique has revealed that a high content of aluminum in the Cu(Al) solid solution-based powders is due to the presence of Al-rich phases distributed between the Cu(Al) crystallites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of oxygen and hydrogen separation membranes is the point of current interest in producing syngas from biofuels. Nanocomposites with a high mixed ionic-electronic conductivity are known to be promising materials for these applications. This work aims at studying performance of oxygen and hydrogen separation membranes based on nanocomposites PrNi 0.5 Co 0.5 O 3-δ + Ce 0.9 Y 0.1 O 2-δ and Nd 5.5 WO 11.25-δ + NiCu alloy, respectively. A high and stable performance promising for the practical application was demonstrated for these membranes. For oxygen separation membrane CH 4 conversion is up to 50% with H 2 content in the outlet feed being up to 25% at 900 °C. For reactor with hydrogen separation membrane complete EtOH conversion was achieved at T ∼ 700 °C even at the highest flow rate, and a high hydrogen permeation (≥1 ml H 2 cm−2 min−1) was revealed. • A high and stable performance was demonstrated for the membranes. • The oxygen/hydrogen permeation, syngas yield, H 2 /CO ratio meet criteria of the application. • Promising characteristics are provided by high conductivity and fast diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]