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Piotr Kropotkin está considerado uno de los principales autores clásicos del anarquismo, así como el padre de la corriente anarcocomunista. Una de sus mayores preocupaciones, plasmada en buena parte de su extensa producción, fue la búsqueda de una “explicación natural”, en términos relativamente darwinistas, de lo antinatural que resultaba para el ser humano el comportamiento social individualista e insolidario que, en cierta medida, derivaba del capitalismo salvaje y desenfrenado que dominó el mundo a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Esta es, precisamente, la temática sobre la que se desarrolla El apoyo mutuo: un factor en la evolución. El presente trabajo, elaborado a partir de la tercera edición en castellano de Nossa y Jara Ediciones, analiza, desde la óptica novedosa que nos ofrecen las Humanidades Digitales, la línea discursiva seguida por Kropotkin en esta obra. A través de la herramienta Voyants Tools, compuesta de varios paneles para la lectura académica y la interpretación de textos, hemos podido comprobar en qué términos se construyó la respuesta del pensador ruso a aquellos darwinistas sociales defensores de que aspectos como la explotación, las desigualdades o el individualismo capitalistas representaban un elemento más de la adaptación humana al medio natural., Piotr Kropotkin is considered one of the main classical authors of anarchism, as well as the father of the anarchocommunist current. One of his major concerns, embodied in much of his extensive output, was the search for a "natural explanation", in relatively Darwinian terms, of the unnaturalness of human beings' individualistic and unsupportive social behaviour, which, to some extent, stemmed from the wild and unbridled capitalism that dominated the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This is precisely the theme on which Mutual Support: A Factor in Evolution is based. This paper, based on the third edition in Spanish published by Nossa y Jara Ediciones, analyses, from the novel perspective offered by the Digital Humanities, the discursive line followed by Kropotkin in this work. Through the Voyants Tools tool, composed of several panels for the academic reading and interpretation of texts, we have been able to verify in what terms the Russian thinker's response to those social Darwinists who argued that aspects such as exploitation, inequalities or capitalist individualism represented one more element of human adaptation to the natural environment was constructed., Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Asociación Argentina de Humanidades Digitales

Las bibliotecas han desempeñado durante siglos un papel fundamental en la difusión del conocimiento, asumiendo funciones de conservación, difusión y dinamización del mismo entre la sociedad. La aparición de las tecnologías de edición digital, provocó un cambio de modelo en los patrones de consumo lector y planteó el debate de la utilidad de las bibliotecas. Ante esta perspectiva surge el proyecto Nubeteca, auspiciado por la Fundación Germán Sánchez Ruipérez y la Diputación de Badajoz, como modelo de sistema de integración de lo físico y lo digital, para convertir a las bibliotecas en el punto de encuentro de dos ecosistemas convergentes. El objetivo de este artículo es la descripción de este proyecto de investigación, articulando una propuesta de desarrollo futuro., Libraries have played a fundamental role in the dissemination of knowledge for centuries, assuming conservation, dissemination and revitalization functions among society. The emergence of digital publishing technologies, caused a change of model in the patterns of reader consumption and raised the debate of the usefulness of libraries. Given this perspective, the Nubeteca project arises, sponsored by the Germán Sánchez Ruipérez Foundation and the Badajoz Provincial Council, as a model of the physical and digital integration system, to turn libraries into the meeting point of two converging ecosystems. The objective of this article is the description of this research project, articulating a proposal for future development.

Empirical evidence mostly describes the negative effects of grade repetition on academic performance. Nevertheless, the international use of this educational policy is still widespread. In this study, drawing on data for the Spanish case, we provide additional evidence on the need to consider different policies to grade repetition in order to enhance the achievement of low-performers. These alternative policies should be based on two main principles: individualized treatment and early intervention. Results have been achieved from the application of a novel methodology which allows to combine microdata from two international educational assessments.

Empirical evidence mostly describes the negative effects of grade repetition on academic performance. Nevertheless, the international use of this educational policy is still widespread. In this study, drawing on data for the Spanish case, we provide additional evidence on the need to consider different policies to grade repetition in order to enhance the achievement of low-performers. These alternative policies should be based on two main principles: individualized treatment and early intervention. Results have been achieved from the application of a novel methodology which allows to combine microdata from two international educational assessments La literatura apunta la existencia de efectos negativos de la repetición de curso sobre el rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Sin embargo, en el ámbito internacional muchos países siguen aplicando esa política de forma intensiva. En este estudio, apoyándonos en datos del caso español, aportamos evidencia adicional acerca de la conveniencia de sustituir la repetición por medidas alternativas, las cuales, a partir de los resultados alcanzados, deberían basarse en dos principios básicos: tratamiento individualizado e intervención temprana. Los resultados se han obtenido a partir del empleo de una metodología novedosa que permite la combinación de los microdatos procedentes de dos evaluaciones educativas internacionales

Empirical evidence mostly describes the negative effects of grade repetition on academic performance. Nevertheless, the international use of this educational policy is still widespread. In this study, drawing on data for the Spanish case, we provide additional evidence on the need to consider different policies to grade repetition in order to enhance the achievement of low-performers. These alternative policies should be based on two main principles: individualized treatment and early intervention. Results have been achieved from the application of a novel methodology which allows to combine microdata from two international educational assessments, La literatura apunta la existencia de efectos negativos de la repetición de curso sobre el rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Sin embargo, en el ámbito internacional muchos países siguen aplicando esa política de forma intensiva. En este estudio, apoyándonos en datos del caso español, aportamos evidencia adicional acerca de la conveniencia de sustituir la repetición por medidas alternativas, las cuales, a partir de los resultados alcanzados, deberían basarse en dos principios básicos: tratamiento individualizado e intervención temprana. Los resultados se han obtenido a partir del empleo de una metodología novedosa que permite la combinación de los microdatos procedentes de dos evaluaciones educativas internacionales

El fin de la Guerra de los Diez Años supuso un punto de inflexión en las relaciones sociolaborales cubanas. El reformismo, que había capitaneado las primeras luchas obreras durante la década de 1860, resultaba ineficaz en una nueva realidad político-económica marcada por la abolición de la esclavitud y la llegada desde Europa de las ideas socialistas, en concreto del anarquismo. Esto provocó que los trabajadores buscasen nuevos sistemas societarios con los que llevar a cabo sus reivindicaciones. Surge así el Círculo de Trabajadores de La Habana, una institución erigida sobre planteamientos libertarios que rápidamente sería reproducida en otras localidades de Cuba. El presente trabajo pretende ahondar en el nacimiento y la estructuración de este innovador modelo sindical, así como analizar el grado real de influencia que ejerció sobre otras entidades laborales ajenas a la capital que tomaron como propio el nombre de Círculo de Trabajadores The end of the “Ten Years War” marked a turning point within the Cuban social and labor relations. Reformism, which had led the first workers’ struggles during the 1860s, turned to be ineffective in a new political-economic reality marked by the abolition of slavery and the arrival of socialist ideas from Europe, notably the anarchism. This fact made the workers have to seek new societal systems to carry out their demands. Then emerged the Círculo de Trabajadores de La Habana, an institution based on libertarian approaches that was quickly replicated in other Cuban localities outside the capital. This paper aims to explore the birth and structuring of this innovative model, as well as to analyse the real extent of its influence on other external labor entities.

A lack of longitudinal data prevents many countries from estimating dynamic models and, thus, from obtaining valuable evidence for policymaking in the field of education. This is the case of Spain, where recent education reforms have targeted secondary schools, but their design has been based on incomplete information regarding the evolution of student performance and far from robust evidence concerning just when educational inequalities are generated. This paper addresses the absence of longitudinal data required for performing such analyses by using a dynamic model with repeated cross-sectional data. We are able to link the reading competencies of students from the same cohort that participated in two international assessments at different ages (9/10 and 15/16) and so identify when educational gaps – in terms of gender, socio-economic status and place of birth – emerge. In addition, we provide new evidence on the effect on achievement of the main policy used in Spain for levelling the performance of secondary school students, namely, grade retention. Our results suggest that educational inequalities in Spain originate in lower educational levels. After controlling for reverse causality, the negative relationship between grade retention and performance at the lower secondary school level persists.

Most recent available evidence points to the scarce efficacy of grade retention for levelling the performance of students. Yet, the fact that many countries persist in applying this measure reflects longstanding traditions, cultural factors and social beliefs as well, it would seem, the lack of robust empirical evidence to do otherwise. We contribute to the literature by analysing the impact of grade retention on the reading competencies of lower secondary school students in Spain, a country where almost one out of every three students will repeat at least one grade by age 16. We overcome the absence of longitudinal data by creating a pseudo-panel that combines microdata from two international assessments, PIRLS and PISA. Having controlled for reverse causality, our study confirms the negative and heterogeneous impact of grade retention. This paper provides new evidence of the pressing need to rethink this educational policy, and our results highlight the importance of early intervention as opposed to only employing remedial measures.

The anarchist labor movement arisen in Cuba during the last decades of the XIX century needed a platform to spread its programme. Thus, the libertarian press emerged. The different journals that contributed to diffuse the libertarian ideal among Cubans and immigrants experienced an evolution especially due to the restrictive policy of the colonial government. The aim of this paper is to analyze the libertarian discourse through its journalistic production and to understand its transformation as a result of the current legislation of that period. El movimiento obrero de corte anarquista surgido en Cuba durante las últimas décadas del siglo XIX necesitó una plataforma desde la que difundir su programa. Surgió, así, la prensa ácrata. Los diferentes voceros que contribuyeron a divulgar el ideal libertario entre cubanos e inmigrantes sufrieron una evolución a lo largo del tiempo marcada en gran parte por la política restrictiva del gobierno colonial. El objetivo principal del presente artículo es analizar el discurso ácrata a través de su producción periodística y su transformación a consecuencia de la legislación vigente.

Este trabajo ha sido publicado en: Actas de las XXXV Jornadas de Automática. Valencia,Comité Español de Automática CEA-IFAC , 2014. ISBN-13:78-84-697-0589-6 En la remodelación del robot móvil Auriga-a, desarrollado en el año 2000, solo se ha conservado su sistema de locomoción. Además de la actualización de los sistemas informáticos y equipos de control, el principal objetivo ha sido la conversión del robot en un vehículo híbrido eléctrico. Para ello, se han incorporado baterías LiFePO4 con su correspondiente cargador y un generador monofásico. En el diseño, se han tenido en cuenta el posicionado del centro de gravedad y la ventilación de los equipos. En conjunto, la remodelación consigue reducir la masa del vehículo y mejorar su eficiencia y autonomía energética. En la actualidad, el diseño está siendo implantado en el robot real. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. CICYT DPI 2011-22443.

This paper is based on the first seven waves of the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) that allow us to follow a recent cohort of pupils from age 14 through to Higher Education (HE) participation at age 19/20. Therefore, our approach involves using rich individual data that have been linked to school level information and geographic markers to examine some of the factors determining HE participation for individuals who were in Year 11 in 2005/06 and who could therefore first enter HE in 2008/2009. Our results indicate that differences in HE participation (including studying a science degree and attending prestigious universities) between students coming from advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds are large and that much of the socio-economic gap in HE participation rates is driven by particularly low participation rates for students at the bottom of the income distribution. However, when we introduce controls for prior educational attainment, student’s expectations towards university, academic results during secondary schooling and type of school attended these gaps in participation are substantially reduced. Our analysis suggests that one of the main challenges to widening participation for pupils from poorer socio-economic backgrounds is early policy interventions at, say, age 11 as they are likely to have an im portant effect in HE participation. Also, relatively later intervention (at ages 14 to 16) aiming at improving educational aspirations of teenagers and targeting better GCSEs results will further close the gap.

Using a unique dataset which is rich in both family background and attainment in education, we find that educational attainments at the end of the compulsory schooling stage are powerful predictors for post-compulsory educational choices in England. In particular, the single academic success indicator of achieving the Government’s gold standard in GCSE, is able to explain around 30% of the variation in the proportion of young people studying for academic qualifications. Instrumental-variables estimation which exploits variations in birth weight and school starting age suggest that over half of the least-squares effect of achieving the gold standard in GCSEs on studying for academic qualifications is due to individual heterogeneity (ability bias) or simultaneity bias (reverse causation). Nonetheless, conditional on the young person working towards a higher-level qualification, we find strong evidence of a highly significant causal effect of achieving the gold standard when choosing between the academic or vocational pathway.

Using a unique dataset which is rich in both family background and attainment in education, we find that educational attainments at the end of the compulsory schooling stage are powerful predictors for post-compulsory educational choices in England. In particular, the single academic success indicator of achieving the Government's gold standard in GCSE, is able to explain around 30% of the variation in the proportion of young people studying for academic qualifications. Instrumental-variables estimation which exploits variations in birth weight and school starting age suggest that over half of the least-squares effect of achieving the gold standard in GCSEs on studying for academic qualifications is due to individual heterogeneity (ability bias) or simultaneity bias (reverse causation). Nonetheless, conditional on the young person working towards a higher-level qualification, we find strong evidence of a highly significant causal effect of achieving the gold standard when choosing between the academic or vocational pathway.

In this paper we use unique retrospective family background data from Wave 13 of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) on different birth cohorts to analyze the relevance of family background, in particular parental education, and gender on differential educational achievement. We find parents' education attainments to be strong predictors of the education of their offspring. In particular, maternal education is the main determinant on the decision of whether stay-on beyond compulsory education. Our results are robust to the inclusion of a large set of control variables, including household income. A second research question addressed in the paper investigates whether the large expansion of the UK educational system during the last decades has concurred with enhanced relative educational opportunities for children of parents with low educational background. The analysis reveals that the relevance of parental education over time becomes stronger in terms of achieving higher educational levels, in particular university degree. However, there are significant dissimilarities with respect to gender differences; in particular we observe a positive secular trend in female education attainment associated to maternal education.

Muchas de las enfermedades cardiovasculares congénitas pueden intervenirse mediante cirugía, con implantes biológicos o artificiales, lo cuales permitirán restablecer la funcionalidad del sistema cardiovascular. Por sus propiedades, los injertos biológicos procedentes de donantes cadavéricos (homoinjertos) son los más apropiados para cirugías reconstructivas del tracto de salida ventricular, pero infortunadamente son difíciles de adquirir ya que se obtienen de donantes con pocas semanas de nacidos, pretendiendo que se correlacionen con las dimensiones y geometría de la estructura nativa a reparar. Con este proyecto se evaluó el comportamiento hidrodinámico de tramos valvulados de venas yugulares bovinas, obtenidas en la Central Ganadera de Medellín, montando el segmento venoso de estudio en un banco de pruebas que emulaba las condiciones del tracto de salida del ventrículo derecho y tronco de la pulmonar, con el fin de analizar su comportamiento en condiciones similares a las que debe afrontar el vaso como bioimplante en la corrección de alteraciones cardiovasculares congénitas en neonatos y niños. Many congenital heart diseases may be treated surgically with biological or artificial implants that will allow the restoration of cardiovascular system functionality. Due to its properties, the biologic implants obtained from dead donors (homografts) are the most appropriate for ventricular output reconstructive surgeries. Unfortunately, these are difficult to acquire, because they are obtained from newborn donors and may be correlated to the dimensions and geometry of the native structure to be repaired. This project evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior of valvular segments of bovine jugular veins (obtained from the Livestock Central in Medellin), mounting the venous segment on a test bank that simulated the right ventricle output tract and the pulmonary trunk, in order to analyze its behavior in similar conditions to those that the vessel must face as bio-implant in the correction of congenital cardiovascular alterations in newborns and infants.