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5. Towards the standardization of biochar analysis: the COST Action 1 TD1107 inter2 laboratory comparison

Author

Jörg Bachmann, Hans, Bucheli, Thomas D., Dieguez-Alonso, Alba Dieguez-Alonso, Fabbri, Daniele, Knicker, Heike, Schmidt, Hans-Peter, Ulbricht, Axel, Becker, Roland, Buscaroli, Alessandro, Buerge, Diane, Cross, Andrew, Dickinson, D, Enders, Akio, Esteves, Valdemar I., Evangelou, Michael W. H., Fellet, Guido, Friedrich, K., Gasco Guerrero, Gabriel, Glaser, Bruno, Hanke, Ulrich M., Hanley, Kelly, Hilber, Isabel, Kalderis, Dimitrios, Leifeld, Jens, Masek, Ondrej, Mumme, Jan, Paneque Carmona, Marina, Calvelo Pereira, Roberto, Rees, Frederic, Rombola, Alessandro G., Maria de la Rosa, Jose, Sakrabani, Ruben, Sohi, Saran, Soja, Gerhard, Valagussa, Massimo, Verheijen, Frank, and Zehetner, Franz

Subjects
round robin test, biochar analysis, biochar certification, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, inter-laboratory test, charcoal
Abstract

Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized and standardized. Therefore, the COST Action TD1107 conducted an inter-laboratory comparison, in which 22 laboratories from twelve countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical-chemical parameters (macro- and micro-elements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data was evaluated in detail using professional inter-laboratory testing software. Whereas intra-laboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, inter-laboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already, and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future.

Published
2016
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7. Toward the Standardization of Biochar Analysis: The COST Action TD1107 Interlaboratory Comparison

Author

Bachmann, Hans Jörg, primary, Bucheli, Thomas D., additional, Dieguez-Alonso, Alba, additional, Fabbri, Daniele, additional, Knicker, Heike, additional, Schmidt, Hans-Peter, additional, Ulbricht, Axel, additional, Becker, Roland, additional, Buscaroli, Alessandro, additional, Buerge, Diane, additional, Cross, Andrew, additional, Dickinson, Dane, additional, Enders, Akio, additional, Esteves, Valdemar I., additional, Evangelou, Michael W. H., additional, Fellet, Guido, additional, Friedrich, Kevin, additional, Gasco Guerrero, Gabriel, additional, Glaser, Bruno, additional, Hanke, Ulrich M., additional, Hanley, Kelly, additional, Hilber, Isabel, additional, Kalderis, Dimitrios, additional, Leifeld, Jens, additional, Masek, Ondrej, additional, Mumme, Jan, additional, Carmona, Marina Paneque, additional, Calvelo Pereira, Roberto, additional, Rees, Frederic, additional, Rombolà, Alessandro G., additional, de la Rosa, José Maria, additional, Sakrabani, Ruben, additional, Sohi, Saran, additional, Soja, Gerhard, additional, Valagussa, Massimo, additional, Verheijen, Frank, additional, and Zehetner, Franz, additional

Published
2016
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10. Fast field cycling NMR relaxometry characterization of biochars obtained from an industrial thermochemical process.

Author

Pasquale, Claudio, Marsala, Valentina, Berns, Anne, Valagussa, Massimo, Pozzi, Alessandro, Alonzo, Giuseppe, and Conte, Pellegrino

Subjects
SOIL fertility, CARBON sequestration, CHARCOAL -- Environmental aspects, ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance
Abstract

Purpose: Biochar has unique properties which make it a powerful tool to increase soil fertility and to contribute to the decrease of the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide through the mechanisms of C sequestration in soils. Chemical and physical biochar characteristics depend upon the technique used for its production and the biomass nature. For this reason, biochar characterization is very important in order to address its use either for agricultural or environmental purposes. Materials and methods: Three different biochars obtained from an industrial gasification process were selected in order to establish their chemical and physical peculiarities for a possible use in agronomical practices. They were obtained by charring residues from the wine-making industry (marc) and from poplar and conifer forests. Routine analyses such as pH measurements, elemental composition, and ash and metal contents were performed together with the evaluation of the cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) C NMR spectra of all the biochar samples. Finally, relaxometry properties of water-saturated biochars were retrieved in order to obtain information on pore size distribution. Results and discussion: All the biochars revealed basic pH values due to their large content of alkaline metals. The quality of CPMAS C NMR spectra, which showed the typical signal pattern for charred systems, was not affected by the presence of paramagnetic centers. Although paramagnetism was negligible for the acquisition of solid state spectra, it was effective in some of the relaxometry experiments. For this reason, no useful information could be retrieved about water dynamics in marc char. Conversely, both relaxograms and nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion profiles of poplar and conifer chars indicated that poplar char is richer in small-sized pores, while larger pores appear to be characteristic for the conifer char. Conclusions: This study showed the potential of relaxometry in revealing chemical-physical information on industrially produced biochar. This knowledge is of paramount importance to properly direct biochar agronomical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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11. Toward the Standardization of Biochar Analysis: The COST Action TD1107 Interlaboratory Comparison

Author

Alessandro G. Rombolà, Heike Knicker, Ondřej Mašek, Franz Zehetner, Guido Fellet, Alba Dieguez-Alonso, Thomas D. Bucheli, Ulrich M. Hanke, Hans Jörg Bachmann, Diane Buerge, Michael W.H. Evangelou, Daniele Fabbri, José María De la Rosa, Hans-Peter Schmidt, Ruben Sakrabani, Marina Paneque Carmona, Frédéric Rees, Andrew Cross, Valdemar I. Esteves, Gerhard Soja, Akio Enders, Frank G. A. Verheijen, Roberto Calvelo Pereira, Roland Becker, Massimo Valagussa, Jan Mumme, Axel Ulbricht, Gabriel Gasco Guerrero, Dimitrios Kalderis, Isabel Hilber, D Dickinson, Bruno Glaser, Jens Leifeld, Kelly Hanley, Alessandro Buscaroli, Saran Sohi, K. Friedrich, Bachmann, Hans Jörg, Bucheli, Thomas D, Dieguez-Alonso, Alba, Fabbri, Daniele, Knicker, Heike, Schmidt, Hans-Peter, Ulbricht, Axel, Becker, Roland, Buscaroli, Alessandro, Buerge, Diane, Cross, Andrew, Dickinson, Dane, Enders, Akio, Esteves, Valdemar I., Evangelou, Michael W. H., Fellet, Guido, Friedrich, Kevin, Gasco Guerrero, Gabriel, Glaser, Bruno, Hanke, Ulrich M., Hanley, Kelly, Hilber, Isabel, Kalderis, Dimitrio, Leifeld, Jen, Masek, Ondrej, Mumme, Jan, Carmona, Marina Paneque, Calvelo Pereira, Roberto, Rees, Frederic, Rombolà, Alessandro G., De La Rosa, José Maria, Sakrabani, Ruben, Sohi, Saran, Soja, Gerhard, Valagussa, Massimo, Verheijen, Frank, Zehetner, Franz, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Agroscope, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), CIRI EA c/o CIRSA, University of Bologna, IRNAS-CISIC, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Institute for Carbon Intelligence, Ithaka, Eurofins Umwelt Ost GmbH, BAM Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing (BAM), Intitute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, UK Biochar Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, CESAM & Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Agricultural and Environnemental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie], Fachhochschule Bingen, Departamento de Produccion Agraria - ETSI Agronomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), institut für agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften - Bodenbiogeochemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Technological and Educational Institute of Crete, Institute for Sustainability Sicences ISS, IRNAS-CSIC, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), School of Energy - Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Health and Environment Department - Environmental Resources and Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology [Vienna] (AIT), Minoprio Analisi e Certificaziono S.r.L, Environment and Planning Department, CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), Institute of Soil Research, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Cornell University [New York], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and European Cooperation in Science and Technology

Subjects
Biochar analysis, Biochar certification, Round-robin test, Interlaboratory test, Charcoal, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Heavy metals, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Amendment, Reproducibility of Result, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, biochar analysi, 01 natural sciences, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, round-robin test, Biochar, interlaboratory test, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Reproducibility, Intralaboratory, biochar certification, Chemistry (all), Reproducibility of Results, General Chemistry, Repeatability, Reference Standards, heavy metal, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulp and paper industry, Soil conditioner, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Reference Standard, Round robin test, Laboratories, 0210 nano-technology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Pyrolysis, Laboratorie
Abstract

15 páginas.-- 2 figuras.-- 1 tablas.-- 42 referencias.-- Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05055.-- Bachmann, Hans Jörg et al. (2016) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64(2): 513–527, Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical–chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future., The biochar-producing companies Pyreg GmbH, Sonnenerde GmbH, and Swiss Biochar GmbH are acknowledged for sample donation. We are grateful to the IBI and the EBC for fruitful discussions about analytical method standardization. D.F., A.B., and A.G.R. thank the Universitàdi Bologna and Regione Emilia Romagna (Italy) APQ Ricerca Intervento a “Sostegno dello sviluppo dei Laboratori di ricerca nei campi della nautica e dell’energia per il Tecnopolo di Ravenna” and Denis Zannoni for laboratory assistance. F.Z. thanks the laboratory staff at the Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria., We thank the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) for financial support

Published
2016
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