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Background: We aimed to investigate the molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central, Iran. Methods: Total of 35 fecal samples were collected from patients referred to Yazd Central Laboratory, Yazd, Iran from February to July 2022. All the samples were included in this study after microscopic observation of G. duodenalis. DNA samples were extracted using related kit and were analyzed by Nano Drop. The molecular assessment was carried out using semi-nested PCR using the target gene of gdh. All amplified samples were sequenced using Sanger method. BLAST analyzed the sequences for assemblage identification. Results: Out of 35 samples, 24 (68.57%) and 11 (31.43%) were male and female, respectively. All included samples were amplified using the specific gdh primer pair. The molecular analysis showed 17 isolates (48.57%) as assemblage BIV, 8 isolates (22.86%) as assemblage BIII, 6 isolates (17.14%) as assemblage AII and 4 isolates (11.43%) as assemblage AIII (P<0.05). Conclusion: Assemblages A and B are the most prevalent in Central Iran. The molecular identification of G. duodenalis isolates from animals and implementing control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recently, the association between sexual dysfunction (SD) and diabetes has been proven in various studies. The study aimed to determine the frequency of SD and identify risk factors related to SD in men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 114 men with T2DM who had referred to the Yazd Diabetes Center from 2019-2020. All of them filled out a standard questionnaire with a specified validity and reliability. The analysis was performed using ANOVA and Chi-square by SPSS, version 22 software. Results: The mean age of participants was 52.48 (±5.33). The SD frequency was 73.7%. The mean SD score was 17.89 (±12). There was a significant relationship between the total SD and neuropathy (P: 0.0001), retinopathy (P: 0.0001), nephropathy (P: 0.023), type of treatment (P: 0.0001), age (P: 0.0001) and addiction (P: 0.031). There was no significant relationship between the total SD score and hyperlipidemia (P: 0.371), hypertension (P: 0.683), Hb1Ac (P: 0.816), duration of diabetes (P: 0.101) and smoking (P: 0.29). Conclusion: Due to the high frequency of sexual dysfunction in men with T2DM, it is recommended that SD be considered as an important complication in these patients so that by identifying indicators related to this complication in patients with diabetes, sexual health clinics take the necessary measures to solve sexual problems in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases among women. Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a complication in patients with T2DM that has received less attention among women than men. This study aimed to assess the factors related to female SD in T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: 120 women with T2DM who referred to the Yazd Diabetes Center in 2019-2020 were selected. Female sexual function index (FSFI) as a valid questionnaire was used. Neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes medication, Hb1Ac, age, and duration of diabetes as factors related to SD were assessed. The T-test and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data by SPSS 22 software. Results: The mean age of participants was 48.40 (±7.35). The SD was impaired in 85.8% of subjects and none of the participants showed a level of good function in any of the sexual domains. There was a significant relationship between SD and neuropathy (P= 0.005), hyperlipidemia (P= 0.007), hypertension (P= 0.015), diabetes medication (P= 0.005), age (P= 0.0001), and duration of diabetes (P= 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between SD and retinopathy (P= 0.565), nephropathy (P= 0.288), and Hb1Ac (P= 0.92). Conclusion: The frequency of SD in females with T2DM remarkably was high and the factors including age, duration of diabetes, diabetes medication, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and neuropathy were identified as factors related to SD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic infection that can endanger mother's and neonates' health during pregnancy. The disease is also prevalent in Iran. This study intended to evaluate the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in neonates and postpartum mothers referred to health centers of Yazd in Iran in 2020. Materials and Methods: Totally, 184 postpartum mothers and 184 neonatal umbilical cords in health centers of Yazd were evaluated for Toxoplasma infection through a specific IgM and IgG antibodies kit. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS18. Results & Conclusion: Out of 184 samples of postpartum mothers, 8 cases (4.35%) were seropositive, and 176 (95.65%) were seronegative for IgG antibody; moreover, 7 cases (3.80%) were seropositive, and 177 (96.20%) seronegative for IgM antibody. Also, 184 neonatal umbilical cords were IgM negative, and no toxoplasmosis infection was reported. No significant correlation was found between seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection and caring for pets, consumption of raw meat, level of education, blood type, job, living area and type of delivery (P>0.05). However, a significant correlation was identified between the number of deliveries and the prevalence of toxoplasmosis (P=0.014). This study also illustrated a low prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in postpartum mothers and no congenital transmission of the disease in diverse health centers of the province. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between risk factors and the prevalence of Toxoplasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common causes of parasitic infections in humans and other warm-blooded vertebrates that have worldwide spread. The purpose of this study was to determine the mean level of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG, IgM in young couples in the verge of marriage attending marriage preparation programs in Yazd Counseling Center, 2017. Methods: In this study, 200 couples, who referred to Yazd Health Center were randomly selected. Samples were taken from the statistical populations and the presence of Toxoplasmosis infection was investigated in them. Later, the results were evaluated with specific IgM and IgG antibody kits and the data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software. Results: Of a total of 200 Young Couples, 100 girls and 100 boys were studied, 25girls (25%) showed positive results for IgG and 75 (75%) had negative results. In 6 boys (6%), IgM was positive and in 94 (94%) boys the results were negative. IgM was positive and negative in 4 (4%) and 96 (96%) girls, respectively. Regarding IgG, 12 (12%) and 88 (88%) girls showed positive and negative results, respectively. No significant relationship was found between hair loss (0.614), job (0.470), level of education (p = 0.488), blood group (p = 0.618), and p = 0.663. Conclusions: The prevalence of Toxoplasma infection is lower among young couples in the verge of marriage compared to similar studies. No significant relationship was observed in the main factors, such as keeping cats as pet; however, the prevalence of Toxoplasmosis infection was higher in people with lower education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Blood group as a genetic trail can be associated with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this research was to determine the distribution of ABO frequency and RH blood groups in type 2 diabetic patients referred to Yazd diabetes center. Materials and Methods: In this research 1502 type 2 diabetes patients of Yazd diabetes center were selected and checked for blood group, age, sex, duration of diabetes, nephropathy, retinopathy, diabetes control and familial history of diabetes. Data were analyzed on SPSS-21. Results: From 1502 patients participated in this study 995 were male (66.2%) and 507 female (33.8%). The mean age (standard deviation) of patients was 52±10.46. About 541 participants (36%) had O blood group, 431 (28%) A, 379 (25%) B, and 150 (10%) AB. About 90.8% patients were RH. The most frequency was observed in blood group O+ (30.9%) and the patients with blood group of AB- had the lowest frequency (0.5%) among patients. The various blood groups were not different in following subgroups; Familial History (P=0.6), diabetes duration (P=0.32), retinopathy (P=0.64), nephropathy (P=0.69), and hypertension (P=0.33). But HbA1c<7 and blood groups were significantly different (P=0.03). Discussion: The blood group O+ was the most frequent and ABwas the least frequent among blood groups in this study. But for evaluation of relationship between blood group and diabetes the prospective studies are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, administration of antiepilepsy drugs (AED) has become very common. This study aimed to assess the impacts of chlorogenic acid(CA) on parameters, features of chromatin and DNA integrity of spermatozoa and assess the Malondialdehyde (MDA) in carbamazepine (CBZ)-consuming epileptic mice. Materials and Methods: thirty-six adult male NMRI mice were randomly selected into six groups. Group I (Control), received basal diet; group II, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ); group III, PTZ+carbamazepine; group IV, CA; group V, PTZ+CA; group VI, PTZ+CBZ+CA. Finally, removal of caudal epididymis was done and placed in 1mL Ham'sF10 medium at 37C for 15 min. Then, analysis of sperm parameters was executed. Toluidine blue (TB), chromomycinA3 (CMA3), aniline blue (AB) and TUNLE were applied for assessment of sperm chromatin quality. Also, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capability were measured by MDA test. Results: A significant increase was evident in sperm parameters in the CA, PTZ+CA and PTZ+CBZ+CA groups in comparison with the control and PTZ groups. About AB, TB, CMA3 and TUNEL tests, there was a significant increase in the PTZ group in comparison with the PTZ group. MDA test showed significant decreasing in the PTZ group compared to all groups. Also, the PTZ+CBZ+CA group had a significant increase compared to the control, PTZ, PTZ+CBZ and PTZ+CA groups Conclusion: Although epilepsy can have deleterious effects on sperm fertility and DNA integrity, the CBZ and CA administration has positive result on sperm parameters, sperm chromatin abnormalities, and MDA in mice with epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The search is ongoing for simple, effective ways to identify and differentiate thyroid nodules in order to avoid invasive procedures. This study aims to perform an ultrasound assessment of clinically suspected patients with malignant nodules, to perform a fine needle biopsy on them, and to compare the results obtained., Methods: In total, 135 patients with thyroid nodules suspected to be malignant in the ultrasound underwent ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsies. The patients' gender, age, ultrasound views (echogenicity, shape, and calcification type), nodule size, number of nodules, and needle biopsy results were retrospectively evaluated., Results: Of the 135 patients, 117 (86.7%) were female and 18 (13.3%) were male. In terms of age, 67 (49.16%) were younger than 40 and the rest were older. According to the Chi-square test, a significant relationship was found between the type of nodule and calcification found in the ultrasound views (p=0.001). The nodule type was not significantly related to gender (p=0.563) or to the number of nodules (p=0.128); however, there was a significant relationship between nodule size and type (p=0.001). Ultrasound specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for differentiating benign from malignant nodules were 93.2%, 93.8%, 81.1%, 98%, and 93.3%, respectively., Conclusions: Ultrasound views (comet tail artefact and linear echogenic foci) were better predictors of benign nodules than of malignant ones, while round, echogenic foci, brighter and larger than typical micro-calcifications without any visible echoes and multiple punctuate round echogenic foci were better predicted malignancy.

Background: Various diseases affect the liver, among them, malignant and benign tumours with hepatic nodules are the most important. We aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological findings related to hepatic tumours and nodules., Methods: This retrospective study was carried out during November 2014 to August 2015 by reviewing the hospital medical records of 164 registered patients with liver biopsies referred to Shahid Sadoughi educational General Hospital, Yazd, Iran, between 2004 and 2014. The samples were selected through the census method. Age, gender, clinical symptoms, initial clinical diagnosis, pathology reports and ultrasound results were considered as variables. Data were analysed by using SPSS-17., Results: There were 87 (53%) men and 77 (47%) women. The mean ages of presentation for malignant and benign tumours were 57.9 ± 17.2 and 44.9 ± 19.4 years, respectively. Seventy benign tumours and 147 malignant tumours were recorded. The most frequent chief complaint was abdominal pain (54.9%) in both malignant (56.50%) and benign tumours (41.20%). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hemangioma were the most prevalent malignant and benign hepatic tumours, respectively. In our study, correlation between pathology reports and primary diagnoses was 40.9%, and a significant relationship was found between sonography and pathological findings (p = 0.038)., Conclusions: We found that only when primary clinical diagnosis and sonography were in favour of malignancy, they were correlated with pathology results. Clinicopathological assessments can help physicians in their diagnosis in order to facilitate the management of hepatic tumours.