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Corymbia citriodora is a member of the predominantly Southern Hemisphere Myrtaceae family, which includes the eucalypts (Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora; ~800 species). Corymbia is grown for timber, pulp and paper, and essential oils in Australia, South Africa, Asia, and Brazil, maintaining a high-growth rate under marginal conditions due to drought, poor-quality soil, and biotic stresses. To dissect the genetic basis of these desirable traits, we sequenced and assembled the 408 Mb genome of Corymbia citriodora, anchored into eleven chromosomes. Comparative analysis with Eucalyptus grandis reveals high synteny, although the two diverged approximately 60 million years ago and have different genome sizes (408 vs 641 Mb), with few large intra-chromosomal rearrangements. C. citriodora shares an ancient whole-genome duplication event with E. grandis but has undergone tandem gene family expansions related to terpene biosynthesis, innate pathogen resistance, and leaf wax formation, enabling their successful adaptation to biotic/abiotic stresses and arid conditions of the Australian continent.

Terpenes are economically and ecologically important phytochemicals. Their synthesis is controlled by the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family, which is highly diversified throughout the plant kingdom. The plant family Myrtaceae are characterised by especially high terpene concentrations, and considerable variation in terpene profiles. Many Myrtaceae are grown commercially for terpene products including the eucalypts Corymbia and Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus grandis has the largest TPS gene family of plants currently sequenced, which is largely conserved in the closely related E. globulus. However, the TPS gene family has been well studied only in these two eucalypt species. The recent assembly of two Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata genomes presents an opportunity to examine the conservation of this important gene family across more divergent eucalypt lineages. Manual annotation of the TPS gene family in C. citriodora subsp. variegata revealed a similar overall number, and relative subfamily representation, to that previously reported in E. grandis and E. globulus. Many of the TPS genes were in physical clusters that varied considerably between Eucalyptus and Corymbia, with several instances of translocation, expansion/contraction and loss. Notably, there was greater conservation in the subfamilies involved in primary metabolism than those involved in secondary metabolism, likely reflecting different selective constraints. The variation in cluster size within subfamilies and the broad conservation between the eucalypts in the face of this variation are discussed, highlighting the potential contribution of selection, concerted evolution and stochastic processes. These findings provide the foundation to better understand terpene evolution within the ecologically and economically important Myrtaceae.

Understanding plant responses to temperature is critical for predicting their vulnerability to global warming and for planning management responses. Germination is a key life‐stage, strongly regulated by temperature, that affects the potential for plant populations to persist. Here, we compared the thermal germination niches of three unrelated, declining woodland forb species – Arthropodium fimbriatum (Asparagaceae), Bulbine bulbosa (Asphodelaceae), Microseris walteri (Asteraceae) – across common temperature and precipitation gradients, to characterize the relationships with home‐site climate, and associated implications for ecological restoration in a changing climate. Open‐pollinated seed were sampled from 14–15 populations per species across an aridity gradient in south‐eastern Australia. Germination responses for each population were tested in controlled temperature cabinets under five temperature regimes encompassing contemporary and projected future temperatures. Optimum germination temperature and thermal germination niche were characterized and assessed for associations with home‐site climate and potential germination under projected climate change. The three species showed significant intra‐specific variation in the thermal germination niche. Optimum germination temperature was correlated with home‐site climate, suggesting adaptive variation among populations in germination requirements. However, the pattern of variation in optimum germination across the environmental gradients was not always consistent among the species. Future temperatures projected under climate change tended to be outside the current thermal germination niche for all species, indicating potential benefits of incorporating pre‐adapted populations in ecological restoration. Climate‐related intra‐specific variation in the thermal germination niche provides evidence for local adaptation to climate in all three forb species and suggests potential differences among populations in vulnerability to global warming. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the extent of intra‐specific variation in key life history traits to better manage and conserve populations and restore their ecosystems as climates change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest in the phenotypic plasticity of tree species to variation in climate as it may affect the economic value of current and future plantations. This study applied ensemble learning methods to explore the plastic response of Eucalyptus nitens pulpwood selection traits of growth (DBH, diameter at 1.3 m height), wood density and Kraft pulp yield to variation in elevation, geography and associated climate variables. To help explain the pulp yield response, we also modelled underlying biological traits—cellulose, lignin and extractives. The study was based on data from 84 harvest-age plots of common genetic origin across the pulpwood plantation estate in north-western Tasmania, Australia. DBH and wood density were obtained from resistance profile traces, collected on standing trees using a drilling resistance tool. In addition, outerwood cores were taken at 1.3 m stem height for (i) calibrating the resistance measures for wood density, and (ii) for assessment of pulp yield and wood chemistry based on near infrared spectroscopy. Modelling of the variation in plot means using the random forest algorithms showed growth and wood properties were influenced by the growing period climate of the plot. Of the climate variables studied, growth was mainly influenced by temperature, while wood density was mainly affected by rainfall-related variables. Wood density varied independently of growth and decreased with increasing annual rainfall and elevation of the plots. Pulp yield had the poorest fit statistics, it was influenced by a mix of climatic and geographic variables, and appeared independent of variation in growth and wood density. The plot variation in pulp yield was best explained by the modelled trends in the underlying biological traits of cellulose and lignin. Using these models, the plastic response of the key pulpwood traits to climate was mapped across the E. nitens plantation estate to help predict current plantation attributes and guide future choices of sites for plantation establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]