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Logan Simpson archaeologists recovered a total of 18,799 ceramic artifacts during testing and data recovery within the FLA Phase 2 and Phase 3 loci. The collection mainly consists of body sherds (92 percent) and rim sherds (8 percent) from pottery vessels, but small numbers of non-vessel ceramic artifacts (e.g., figurines, pipe stems, and raw clays), partially reconstructible vessels (PRV), and a complete vessel (CV) also were recovered. The PRVs generally consist of multiple refitted sherds that comprise at least one-third of a complete vessel; for the purpose of quantifying the ceramic data, the PRVs were counted as single items (rather than as individual sherds) to avoid inflating artifact counts. The overwhelming majority of ceramics (95 percent) were collected from Locus 2; ceramic artifacts from this locus outnumber those from Locus 3 by more than 20 to 1. The project area is situated outside but adjacent to the originally defined northwest site boundary of La Ciudad. However, it constitutes part of the larger La Ciudad settlement and appears to be situated along the margin between a Pre-Classic period residential area and the surrounding farm fields, based on the mix of features related to domestic and agricultural activities. The two-phase division of the project area was designed to assist with the construction management, but it is also fortuitous for archaeological investigations because it segregates what appear to be functionally and temporally distinct site components. Locus 2 on the east side of the project area consists of a dense cluster of features, including residential pit houses and associated activity areas (defined by various extramural thermal and nonthermal pits). In contrast, Locus 3 consists of two groups of small field houses associated with limited-use extramural activity areas. Both loci appear to have been occupied primarily during the late Pioneer and Colonial periods. This chapter provides an overview of the methods and inferred results from various analyses of ceramic materials from the project area.

The Hohokam village was one of the largest pre-Classic settlements in the Phoenix Basin. The recorded site boundary covers more than 80 acres, extending from the edge of the Salt River floodplain northward. Founded during the Vahki phase (A.D. 500-650), when settlement aggregated around two large plazas, the village thrived until the Santa Cruz phase (A.D. 850950), when people began to leave the village, possibly settling in villages further down the canal system. Final abandonment occurred during the eleventh century A.D., although by that time, La Villa was greatly reduced in scale and, presumably, in importance. The project detailed in this volume is the second conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at La Villa (Lindeman, ed. 2015). The current archaeological excavations preceded installation of a storm drain, which was part of the larger Downtown Storm Drain Improvements project. The City of Phoenix Jefferson Phase 2 Drainage project entailed installation of 36- and 30-inch diameter storm drains and associated manholes, catch basins, and pipe connections along Jackson Street in downtown Phoenix. In all, 248 features were identified, including 74 pithouses, 144 extramural features, 29 mortuary features, and 1 plaza. The central precincts of major Hohokam villages have only been rarely investigated during the modern era. Uncovering the Eastern Plaza at La Villa represents the first investigation of a plaza along Canal System 2. The large linear transects that structured the project provided a unique sample across a relatively large, albeit narrow, swath of the site, allowing for sampling of contexts from the center of the village to the edges. What was uncovered under the streets of modern Phoenix was incredibly well preserved, providing a robust base for the analyses presented in the following pages.

The archaeological excavations documented in this volume examine the Hohokam village of La Villa, AZ T:12:148 (ASM). From its founding in the sixth century A.D., until abandonment in the eleventh century, La Villa was one of the largest villages in the Phoenix Basin. Current excavations preceded the installation of a storm drain that was part of the larger Storm Drain project and provided a rare glimpse of a large pre-Classic period village. Fieldwork occurred in multiple phases. Archaeological data recovery was conducted within the project alignment along in four phases of fieldwork. The work was observed by an archaeological monitor. The alignment in was tested, and because no features were identified, no further work was conducted. Most of the work was conducted in where dense occupation was encountered. The long-lived occupations encountered are in the heart of the village of La Villa. In total, 241 features were identified, including 80 pithouses, 98 extramural features, and 63 mortuary features. Located just north of the western plaza at La Villa, the project area contained dense, persistent settlement. Particularly dense were areas located closest to the western plaza. On the northern and western margins of the project area, settlement, while dense by most standards, was temporally patchy, occupied for one or more intervals but exhibiting gaps. From the founding of La Villa, its inhabitants were farmers. As productive specialization developed, particularly in ceramics but also in other goods, farming became increasingly important for the people of La Villa. Agricultural products became not only sources of sustenance, but also goods that could be exchanged for shell, ceramics, and other goods. Fieldwork revealed contexts spanning much of the Hohokam pre-Classic. Features were excavated dating from the Red Mountain phase through the Middle Sacaton, with the interval from Vahki through Early Sacaton being best represented. One of the strengths of the excavated data set is this incredible temporal sample, which revealed that change at La Villa came in fits and starts, interspersed by periods of remarkable continuity.

The Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT) is planning a pavement preservation project along the Bush Highway from Power Road to just south of State Route (SR) 87 (also known as the Beeline Highway), Maricopa County, Arizona (Figure 1). MCDOT tasked EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) with cultural resource survey in advance of road improvement. The results of the survey are presented in this report.

Approximately 61 percent (74 percent if only the extant portions of the site are considered) of the 60.5-acre Hohokam settlement known as Honey Bee Village, AZ BB:9:88 (ASM) (Arizona State Museum site files designation) was mechanically tested and horizontally exposed during excavations in 2006-2007 by Desert Archaeology, Inc., under contract with Pima County and Rancho Vistoso Partners, LLC. Honey Bee Village is located in the Town of Oro Valley north of Tucson. The core of the village was set aside as a preserve, and only surface documentation was conducted in that area. Elsewhere on the preserved portions of the site most of the village plan was exposed, and excavations revealed 2,004 primary features. This is part 1 of 2

SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted archaeological testing (as Phase I data recovery) and Phase II data recovery at a small portion of a prehistoric site, AZ AA:12:674 (ASM), located in Marana, Pima County, Arizona. Archaeological data recovery was mandated under the Town of Marana’s ordinances protecting heritage resources. This report provides the methods and results of Phase I and II data recovery, the analysis of recovered materials, and our interpretations. Prior to fieldwork, SWCA developed two historic properties treatment plans for the Town of Marana to enable our client to comply with the regulatory requirements involved in the project. The revised historic properties treatment plan (Ezzo 2008) provided a research design that focused on two themes—site chronology and site function— and outlined field and laboratory procedures, report protocols, and acceptable levels of efforts for Phase I and II data recovery. Phase I data recovery took place from January 11-22, 2008, and was summarized in a letter report (Euler 2008). Nine features were identified during this work: two pit structures, two possible pit structures, a feature identified as a pit structure or a midden, one roasting pit, and three extramural pits. Phase II data recovery was undertaken from February 28 through March 25, 2008. Investigations were conducted at two study areas, labeled Loci A and B. Twenty-seven cultural features were identified during Phase II, of which six proved to be natural in origin. We excavated completely or sampled 19 features; eight were not excavated. In the end, SWCA identified 21 cultural features: nine pits, three ash pits, five roasting pits, one pit structure, one probable activity surface, one midden deposit, and one cremation. This report consists of nine chapters. Following this introduction, Chapter 2 presents field methods and results, including feature descriptions, for Phases I and II. Analyses of various material types recovered during Phase II data recovery are presented in Chapters 3 (ceramics), 4 (flaked stone and ground stone artifacts), 5 (faunal remains), 6 (shell artifacts), and 7 (pollen and macrobotanical). Chapter 8 provides the chronometric data and other pertinent chronological information. Chapter 9 synthesizes the results and presents an interpretation of the site in light of Tucson Basin prehistory and the historic contexts developed in the research design.

In May 2004, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) conducted a phased data recovery program in part of a large prehistoric Native American village called Pueblo Viejo in southern Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. The site is also known as AZ T:12:73 (ASM) in the Arizona State Museum's site numbering system; the site’s name and number are used interchangeably in this report. The City of Phoenix Archaeology Office has assigned the following project number to the work performed at Pueblo Viejo by ARS: PGM 2005-82. As part of the City of Phoenix Archaeology Office’s review of this proposal, the parcel’s location was compared to maps of known archaeological site locations in the Salt River Valley. As a result, it was determined that the 8.4-acre parcel lies within the northwestern portion of Pueblo Viejo. Furthermore, a prehistoric irrigation canal was believed to cut across the parcel from east to west. Based on this information, the City Archaeologist recommended an archaeological survey in order to evaluate the presence/absence of cultural remains on the modern site surface, and to evaluate the potential for buried archaeological features. Of particular concern was the potential presence of unmarked human graves, which are protected from disturbance by state law (Arizona Revised Statutes 41-865). A cultural resources survey of the project area noted that prehistoric ceramics, flaked stone, and ground stone were scattered across most of the 8.4 acres, excluding only an area covered by modern fill (Wright 2004a). The types and frequencies of artifacts were consistent with a Hohokam habitation site. No human bone was noted on the site’s surface, but background research indicated that numerous prehistoric human graves had been encountered during other excavation projects in Pueblo Viejo (e.g., Zyniecki 1993). The survey report recommended that any planned ground disturbances within the project area be preceded by archaeological investigations designed to locate and evaluate buried archaeological features, and to recover their important scientific data content. After completion of these archaeological studies, the planned residential development could be constructed as originally planned. This volume provides relevant background information about the site and the project, reports descriptive and analytical data pertaining to the features and artifacts encountered within the project area, and presents interpretations of past human occupations within and near the project area based on a synthesis of the available data. This introductory chapter describes the project's location, natural and cultural setting, and administrative background. Subsequent chapters describe the study procedures and report the results of the field work, laboratory analyses, and data synthesis.

Between November 9, 2001 and May 31, 2002, SWCA archaeologists conducted a series of testing and data recovery investigations at the Cortaro Road Site (AZ AA:12:232 (ASM)) for Arizona Pavilions Development in the Town of Marana, Pima County, Arizona. This work was conducted to comply with the Town of Marana's regulations for a grading permit. Archaeological features dating to the Early Agricultural (pre-San Pedro, San Pedro, Early Cienega, and Late Cienega phases) and Early Ceramic (Tortolita phase) periods were investigated, as well as minor more recent hohokam features dating to the Sedentary (Rincon phase) and possibly Early Classic (Tanque Verde phase) periods. The Early Agricultural and Early Ceramic period occupations consisted primarily of pits used for resource processing and storage. Most of the feature information about the hohokam components appears to have been lost through historical and modern plowing. One hohokam pit structure that likely served as a field house was poorly preserved and contained a unusual mix of Tortolita phase and Tanque Verde phase ceramics.

This is the second of two volumes presenting the results of data recovery investigations at the Dutch Canal Ruin (AZ T:12:62 [ ASM]), conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at the western end of the North Runway, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. The Dutch Canal Ruin is a prehistoric agricultural site, dating between 1,700 and 500 years ago, consisting of fieldhouses and farmsteads scattered along a network of canals on the geological floodplain of the Salt River. The first volume (Henderson, ed. 2003) presented site-specific results of the Sky Harbor Airport (SHA) North Runway Expansion project. Descriptions of features and data recovery methods, analyses of artifacts and biological remains, and a synthesis that elucidates the activities of prehistoric farmers at the Dutch Canal Ruin are included there. The current volume, in contrast, includes an assortment of specialized studies whose ultimate purpose was to enhance our ability to interpret and understand the prehistoric past. This chapter provides background for the direction of SHA research and context for the specific studies.

The archaeological research reported in this volume was conducted under contract with the Desert Vista Campus, Pima County Community College District. The contract provided for data recovery excavations at two sites located on portions of the campus property: AZ BB:13:15 (ASM) and AZ BB:13:74 (ASM). Both sites had been tested using backhoe trenching in 1992 (Huckell 1993), and had been found to have significant subsurface remains. While we were aware of the research potential of the portion of BB:13:15 to be excavated, we could not have predicted the impact it would have on those of us who worked on the project. A critical part of this project was the development and implementation of a preservation plan for the portions of BB:13:15 located on campus property. The archaeological excavations and research documented in this report were only one portion of a conditional clearance provided the college. That clearance included the following conditions. Once the archaeological excavations were completed, the college's use of the site area would not include future high-intensity land uses, such as the construction of buildings or grading to a depth of 2 ft or more below the undisturbed ground surface. If such high-intensity uses are proposed, it is expected — based on this agreement and endorsed by the State Historic Preservation Office and Pima County Community College —that additional consultation regarding the effects of those plans will be required with the State Historic Preservation Office. If a substantial area will be affected, additional data recovery would be expected to occur prior to construction.

Under contract to Comsense, Inc., Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological testing and data recovery excavations for the Casa Nueva Development, a public housing project located in downtown Phoenix. The purpose of Northland’s investigations was to thoroughly document archaeological remains in the Casa Nueva project area. This report summarizes the results of those efforts. Although small in scale, the Casa Nueva project has contributed significant new information to our understanding of the prehistoric and historic occupations of the lower Salt River Valley. Prehistoric remains in the project area were associated with a limited activity area on the outskirts of La Ciudad, AZ T:12:1 (ASM), a large Hohokam farming village occupied from roughly A.D. 500 to 1450. The historical remains include a possible late-nineteenth century canal and several canal-related features. Northland’s data recovery excavations focused on two areas that previous testing had indicated contained buried cultural remains (Hart and Hackbarth 2000a). Fieldwork for the project was conducted between 21 February and 12 March 2001. Two hundred meters of backhoe trenches were excavated and roughly 400-square meters were mechanically stripped, resulting in the discovery of 24 archaeological features, including 5 structures, 2 possible structures, and 17 extramural pits. Four structures and ten pits were subsequently excavated. In total, 344 hours were expended in the field during data recovery and an additional 40 hours were expended on archival research. The remainder of the report is divided into seven sections. Background information on the physical and cultural setting of the project area is presented first. A summary of previous archaeological research at La Ciudad is included as part of this background discussion. This information was combined with the results of earlier testing to formulate a set of research themes that were investigated on the project (Hart and Hackbarth 2000b). These research themes are reviewed in the second section of the report, followed by a discussion of the results of archival studies undertaken in connection with a possible historical canal. The next three sections document the results of the Casa Nueva excavations. The methods used to excavate and record features are discussed first, followed by descriptive summaries of the features investigated and the artifacts recovered. In the final section, the results of the project are summarized and the research contributions reviewed.

This volume and the two that follow document the results of the Grewe Archaeological Research Project (GARP). The project was carried out by Northland Research, Inc. (Northland), under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Portions of three prehistoric sites were investigated by the project - Grewe, Horvath, and Casa Grande Ruins. Each of the sites represents a separate spatial and temporal component of the Grewe-Case Grande settlement, one of the preeminent Hohokam settlements in southern Arizona between A.D. 550 and 1450. In total, 1,310 cultural features were identified by GARP, including 271 structures, 3 or 4 adobe compounds, 148 cremations, 8 inhumations, 866 pits, segments of 10 canals, and 1 ballcourt. Summary information on these features is presented in this volume. The various lines of evidence used to date the GARP features are also discussed in Volume 1, along with a review of the nearly 200 chronometric samples that were submitted for independent analysis. Volume 2 presents information on the roughly 450,000 items of material culture that were recovered by GARP, including 401,042 ceramic artifacts, 39,400 pieces of flaked stone, 2,059 pieces of ground stone, and 2,413 shell artifacts. Over 9,000 animal bones, 150 botanical samples, and 140 pollen samples were also analyzed as part of the project. The research contributions of GARP are summarized in Volume 3. The sample of features and materials stands out for its size, diversity, and time depth. There are few occasions in which data from a single, preeminent site located in the heart of a cultural region and relevant to virtually every time period are available for comparative study. Most of the GARP features were associated with a large residential district in the heart of downtown Grewe. The sample of features from Horvath and Casa Grande was much smaller and more limited in scope. It includes a few dozen houses and other features from a previously undocumented residential district on the outskirts of Casa Grande, along with segments of several canals that formed part of the Grewe-Casa Grande canal system. The occupations of Grewe spanned virtually the entire Preclassic period, ca. A.D. 550 to 1100. Multiple lines of evidence were used to subdivide this period of time into nine smaller age groups, each with a duration of between 50 and 125 years. The initial occupation of Grewe corresponds to the early Pioneer period of the traditional Snaketown sequence. Twenty-one houses dating to the early Pioneer period (Vahki phase) were identified at Grewe, along with an additional 28 late Pioneer period (Snaketown phase) houses. A sharp decline in the intensity of occupation appears to have taken place between the Pioneer and Colonial periods, followed by a continuous, large-scale occupation through most of the Colonial and Sedentary periods. A large ballcourt, comparable in size to Court 1 at Snaketown, was built during the middle Colonial period, coinciding with a shift in settlement over to the Casa Grande Ruins area. Most of the materials from Horvath and Casa Grande date to the early or middle Classic period, ca. 1150-1325; however, a late Classic component (ca. 1325-1450) was also identified during limited testing at Horvath.

This is the second in a series of three volumes documenting the results of the Grewe Archaeological Research Project (GARP). The Project was carried out by Northland Research, Inc. (Northland), under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Portions of three prehistoric sites were investigated on the project - Grewe, Horvath, and Casa Grande Ruins. Each of the sites represents a separate spatial and temporal component of the Grewe-Casa Grande settlement, one of the preeminent Hohokam settlements in southern Arizona between A.D. 550 and 1450. Northland's data recovery efforts focused on a narrow corridor through the middle of Grewe and along the outskirts of Casa Grande Ruins. Over 1,300 cultural features were identified by GARP. Summary information on these features is presented in Volume 1. The purpose of Volume 2 is to describe and interpret the material remains recovered. Part I of Volume 2 focuses on the ceramic studies from the project. Close to 500,000 items of material culture were recovered on the project. Most of the materials are from Grewe, where 90 percent of the field effort was expended. Roughly 250 pit houses, 800 pits, 140 burials, and a portion of what have been the largest ballcourt ever built by the Hohokam were investigated at Grewe. The sample of features from Horvath and Casa Grande, in contrast, is much smaller and more limited in scope. It includes a few dozen houses and other features from a previously undocumented residential district on the outskirts of Casa Grande, along with segments of several canals that formed part of the Grewe-Casa Grande canal system, one of the engineering marvels of prehistoric North America.

This is the second in a series of three volumes documenting the results of the Grewe Archaeological Research Project (GARP). The Project was carried out by Northland Research, Inc. (Northland), under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Portions of three prehistoric sites were investigated on the project - Grewe, Horvath, and Casa Grande Ruins. Each of the sites represents a separate spatial and temporal component of the Grewe-Casa Grande settlement, one of the preeminent Hohokam settlements in southern Arizona between A.D. 550 and 1450. Northland's data recovery efforts focused on a narrow corridor through the middle of Grewe and along the outskirts of Casa Grande Ruins. Over 1,300 cultural features were identified by GARP. Summary information on these features is presented in Volume 1. The purpose of Volume 2 is to describe and interpret the material remains recovered. Part II of Volume 2 focuses on the stone, shell, bone artifacts and biological remains of the project. Close to 500,000 items of material culture were recovered on the project. Most of the materials are from Grewe, where 90 percent of the field effort was expended. Roughly 250 pit houses, 800 pits, 140 burials, and a portion of what have been the largest ballcourt ever built by the Hohokam were investigated at Grewe. The sample features from Horvath and Casa Grande, in contrast, is much smaller and more limited in scope. It includes a few dozen houses and other features from a previously undocumented residential district on the outskirts of Casa Grande, along with segments of several canals that formed part of the Grewe-Casa Grande canal system, one of the engineering marvels of prehistoric North America.