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Background: Migraine is a common neurological condition marked by frequent mild to ex-treme headaches that last 4 to 72 hours. A migraine headache may cause a pulsing or concentrated throb-bing pain in one part of the brain. Nausea, vomiting, excessive sensitivity to light and sound, smell, feeling sick, vomiting, painful headache, and blurred vision are all symptoms of migraine disorder. Females are more affected by migraines in comparison to males. Objective: The present review article summarizes preventive and therapeutic measures, including allopa-thic and herbal remedies for the treatment of migraine. Results: This review highlights the current aspects of migraine pathophysiology and covers an under-standing of the complex workings of the migraine state. Therapeutic agents that could provide an effective treatment have also been discussed. Conclusion: It can be concluded that different migraines could be treated based on their type and severity.

Background: Herbal preparations with low oral bioavailability have a fast first-pass metabolism in the gut and liver. To offset these effects, a method to improve absorption and, as a result, bioavailability must be devised. Objective: The goal of this study was to design, develop, and assess the in vivo toxicity of polyherbal phytosomes for ovarian cyst therapy. Methods: Using antisolvent and rotational evaporation procedures, phytosomes containing phosphatidylcholine and a combination of herbal extracts (Saraca asoca, Bauhinia variegata, and Commiphora mukul) were synthesized. For a blend of Saraca asoca, Bauhinia variegata, and Commiphora mukul, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), preformulation investigations, qualitative phytochemical screening, and UV spectrophotometric tests were conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, ex vivo release, and in vivo toxicological investigations were used to examine phytosomes. Results: FTIR studies suggested no changes in descriptive peaks in raw and extracted herbs although the intensity of peaks slightly reduced. Zeta potential values between -20.4 mV to -29.6 mV suggested stable phytosomes with accepted particle size range. Percentage yield and entrapment efficiency were directly corelated to amount of phospholipid used. Ex vivo studies suggested that the phytosomes with low content of phospholipids showing good permeation profiles. There was no difference in clinical indications between the extract-loaded phytosomes group and the free extract group in in vivo toxicological or histopathological examinations. Conclusion: The findings of current research work suggested that the optimized phytosomes based drug delivery containing herbal extracts as bioenhancers have the potential to improve bioavailability of hydrophobic extracts.

Cancer can be described as the abnormal cell division which is uncontrolled and involves the destruction of neighbour cells and tissues. This condition is significantly holds up a fact that 18 million fresh cases were detected during 2018 and the prevalence rate of cancer within 0 to 74 years is 20.2%. WHO stated that 9.6 million deaths worldwide occur by this disease. A complete cure for cancer has not been found yet but in recent years researches are made in the development of site-specific drugs with low cytotoxic effect with high specificity. However, amygdalin which belongs to the nitroside group has a standout feature for the presence of cyanide in it, this cyanide involves in the decomposition of carcinogenic substances and ultimately leads to the blocking of the nutrient source to the tumor cells which inhibits further growth of cancer cells leading to the cancer cell apoptosis. Amygdalin is extensively used in various diseases such as bronchitis, nausea, leprosy, asthma, etc but recently the antitumor property was evident in a large number of in-vitro studies in various types of cancer such as breast, renal, bladder, cervical, prostate by inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, apoptosis, and reducing metastasis of tumor cells. During this review, we look upon the role of amygdalin in a range of diseases and mainly focused on the treatment of various types of cancers.

Diabetic wound healing is a complicated procedure because hyperglycemia changes the various stages of wound healing. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), oxidative stress is proven to be a critical factor in causing non-healing wounds and aggravating the inflammatory phase, resulting in the amputation of lower limbs in T2DM patients. This makes scientists figure out how to control oxidative stress and chronic inflammation at the molecular level. Nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2) releases antioxidant proteins to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation and inflammation. The current review discusses the role of Nrf2 in improving diabetic wound healing by reducing the production of ROS and thus reducing oxidative stress, as well as inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) dissociation and nuclear translocation, which prevents the release of inflammatory mediators and increases antioxidant protein levels, thereby improving diabetic wound healing. As a result, the researcher will be able to find a more effective diabetic wound healing therapy.

Background: Apis mellifera, European honey bee venom (BV) is a complex combination of chemical compounds comprising proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other small molecules. Melittin (MEL), which is the key component of BV is considered as an alternative for treatment of various infections. MEL is an amphipathic, cell-penetrating, 26-residue, ahelical anti-hepatoma peptide derived from BV. However, owing to its initial conformational strength and poor stability, melittin is constrained in use as a medication. Objective: The study focused on collective data of therapeutic activities of Bee venom component, MEL. Method: Regardless of its broad variety of biological and possible therapeutic uses, there has been increasing concern in the use of MEL. According to literature, MEL revealed range of activities started from Anti- cancer activity, Anti- microbial activity, Anti- viral activity, Anti-inflammatory activity to Anti- diabetic activity. Present review article summarized therapeutic applications of MEL, their mechanism of action along with recent research progress in field of its delivery. Conclusion: It could be concluded that MEL exerts multiple effects on cellular functions of infected cells.

Wound healing is a complicated organised process that includes numerous phases that connect diverse cellular events and activate several intracellular molecular pathways in injured cells and tissues. Delay in wound healing owing to high levels of oxidative stress is a major difficulty in various metabolic illnesses, including diabetes mellitus. Several therapeutic wound dressing materials and methods, such as hyperbaric oxygen treatment and negative pressure wound therapy, have been developed to speed up wound healing and restore cellular homeostasis. A significant advance has been made in locating transcriptional regulators involved in wound healing. The redox sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the major regulator of antioxidant defense regulation, inducing the expression of cyto-protective genes and increasing the generation of antioxidants that scavenge free radicals.Activators of Nrf2 have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve wound healing in a variety of pathophysiological situations, including diabetes and its consequences such as diabetic foot ulcers, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic nephropathy. Several therapeutic chemicals have been discovered to alleviate oxidative stress and consequently increase cell proliferation. Angiogenesis results in tissue healing through activating the transcription factor Nrf2. This review focuses on role of Nrf2 mediated antioxidant gene expression for diabetic wound healing.

Resveratrol (RSV), the most effective stilbene phytoalexin synthesized naturally or induced in plants as part of their defense mechanism, is a key component of natural phenolic compounds and is being considered as a treatment option for a variety of diseases. RSV was discovered in the skin of red grapes, mulberries, peanuts, pines, and Polygonum cuspidatum weed root extracts. It was first extracted from white hellebore (Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes) roots in 1940, then from Polygonum cuspidatum roots in 1963. However, RSV’s use as a drug is limited due to its initial conformational strength and poor stability. The research focused on a set of RSV biological activity data. RSV has been the subject of growing concern, despite its wide range of biological and therapeutic applications. According to the literature, RSV has antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti- inflammatory, anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, and radioprotective properties. The current analysis summarized biological applications of RSV, their mechanisms of action, and recent scientific development in the area of their delivery. It is possible to infer that RSV has many effects on infected cells’ cellular functions.

Background: In the mammalian system, the hair follicle is known to be the most significant organ that determines appearance, gender distinction, provides intense temperature protection, and plays a role in self-defense. The younger generations have begun to suffer from extreme hair loss problems due to many lifestyle-related changes such as fatigue, anxiety, intake of junk foods, use of different hairstyling/coloring methods, etc. The loss of hair is not temporary in most cases, but it results in alopecia. Many people suffering from hair loss are in search of multiple treatments due to extreme anxiety and tension, from mythology to traditional and therapeutic healing to the use of minoxidil and finasteride. To improve hair growth and to prevent hair loss, hair root activation is required. Objective: The present study was intended to use different herbs to formulate herbal hair serum for general purposes (hair application). Methods: Crude herbs are obtained from nearby regions. In order to obtain the extract, the required part of herbs, such as Citrus sinensis peel, Zingiber officinale roots, and Linum usitatissimum seeds, Nigella sativa, and Trigonella foenum-graecum were specifically weighed and dispensed in water, boiled, allowed to cool, and then filtered. To the filtrate, castor oil and vitamin E were added. The formulated herbal hair serum was tested, and different criteria were determined and recorded in this text, such as physical appearance, viscosity, pH, homogeneity, eye sensitivity (Draize eye test), hair growth activity, hair weight, stability test, etc. Results: Prepared herbal hair serum was found to be pale brown in color with pseudoplastic behavior. The texture of the formulation was smooth and lubricative, and the pH was within the acceptable limit. Herbal hair serum revealed good hair growth as well as hair weight after application with minor sensitivity for the first time. The formulation was found to be stable for seven days. Conclusion: Herbal cosmetics are still commonly used by average citizens because of fewer side effects and greater protection and safety profile. Current research has revealed that herbal formulations are effective in enhancing hair consistency.

The drug of choice in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis is alendronate. Antidepressive agents are currently used in combination with alendronate to protect against depression and may affect the condition of osteoporosis. The aim is to study the comparative effects of venlafaxine and alendronate on biochemical, bone mechanical and anti-inflammatory properties in osteoporotic induced rats. 36 female Wistar albino rats were included (6 rats/group). Treated groups were ovariectomized bilaterally to induce osteoporosis. Rats were treated orally with alendronate (3mg/kg/day) and venlafaxine (20mg/kg/day) and combined alendronate and venlafaxine for 28 days. Body weight, serum alkaline phosphates, serum calcium, three point bending test, bone mineral mass and inflammatory cytokines The induction of osteoporosis showed significant elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, decreased serum calcium, body weight, bone mineral mass and inflammatory cytokines. Venlafaxine treatment did not ameliorate the changes in tested parameters, where at end of the experiment alendronate has significant improved with serum alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium, bone mineral mass, bone mineral density. The improvement was not affected by combining venlafaxine with alendronate whereas the venlafaxine treatment alone caused a significant deterioration of tested parameters. Venlafaxine is an anti-depressive agent that inhibits brain serotonin which leads to decrease in bone formation. Hence, from the above findings the combination of alendronate and venlafaxine showed worsen the condition of osteoporosis rats.

Isoflavones are bioactive compounds and structurally related to 17-β-estradiol having mild estrogenic character also known phytoestrogen. These are available in more quantities in vegetables like green beans, soybeans, mung beans. In grains, they are available for the most part as glycosides, which are absorbed very poorly. It can behave as estrogen agonists or antagonist, by depending on the estrogenic level of endocrine, yet the action of isoflavones are complex because of numerous factors, for example, compound structures and mode of action. Though foods rich in isoflavones have become a centre of interest because of their beneficial effect on many health issues. In view of the appraisal of these illnesses by the action of isoflavones, it was fulfilled that the ability of isoflavones in the anticipation and management of different ailments generally results from their phytoestrogen antioxidant action. Isoflavones were called to as mysterious biological compounds that characteristic to forestall many major health issues. Intake of soy product has been connected to a decrease in rate or seriousness of long term illness, for example, heart disorder, breast and prostate malignancies, menopausal symptoms, bone disorder, so forth. This review discussed an overview of its health benefit on different human diseases.

Recent Indian study protocol designed for the supervision of cardiovascular disease instructed as well as better therapeutic achievement underneath the accustomed cardiovascular disease inhabitants. After all, a few people (25%) of heart-related problems inhabitants being conscious, 80% of the people were treated; besides just 20% were composed. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study laminated arbitrary examine and inspected during the period of 4th Mar 2017 to 3rd July 2017 in the form of order. The model framework was put up pedestal scheduled, the portal system of the area inhabitants record as of inhabitants in the sequence of Nellore. Analytical clue, hypertension situation, and way of life behavior of the contributors were revealed. Hereby observed hypertension occurrence, consciousness, therapy, management, and drugs. The study appearance 57.2% of observed inhabitants to exist confidential the same as blood pressure living being conscious of their earlier analysis of blood pressure. This deliberation has been observed as a laminated casual inspect characterizing the Indian developed inhabitants in city areas of Nellore, India. As well as-discussed training procedure was attended with employing a definitive covenant and tool and makes certain the superiority of the fact compilation agenda. This hypertension wellbeing control can be taught the communal base and it prevents the public from cardiovascular disease avoidance plan may be effectual and humanizing to manage the blood pressure.

Background: Diabetes foot ulcers (DFU) are among the most common complications in diabetic patients, leading to amputation and psychological distress. This mini-review covers the general physiology of ulcer healing as well as the pathophysiology of DFU and its therapies. Only a few treatments have been sanctioned and numerous compounds from various pharmacological groups are now being tested at various stages for the prevention and treatment of DFUs. Objective: The main objective of this mini-review is to give concise information on how diabetes mellitus impairs the healing of chronic ulcers by disrupting numerous biological systems of the normal healing process, resulting in diabetic foot ulceration, and the current therapeutic approaches. Method: A review of accessible material from systemic searches in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, published review articles, and Clinical Trials databases (US National Library of Medicine) with no period of limitation was conducted. Result: The treatment of DFUs comprises wound dressings, use of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in wound dressing, antibiotics, skin substitutes, pressure off-loading growth factors and stem cells, gene therapy, topical oxygen therapy, etc. Conclusion: The majority of these treatments are aimed at treating diabetic foot ulcers and preventing diabetic wounds from becoming infected. Yet, there is no single therapy that can be advised for diabetic foot ulcer patients. Future treatment strategies should be considered an appropriate treatment option for persistent wounds.

Background: Biochanin-A (5,7 dihydroxy 4 methoxy isoflavone), a phytochemical phytoestrogen that serves as a protector/saviour of humans against various diseases. Biochanin-A is a nutritional and dietary isoflavonoid naturally present in red clover, chickpea, soybeans, etc, and various other herbs. The biochanin A possesses numerous biological activities. Objective: The study focused on collective data of therapeutic activities of Biochanin-A. Method: According to the literature, Biochanin-A revealed range of activities starting from chemoprevention, by hindering cell growth, activation of tumor cell death, hampering metastasis, angiogenic action, cell cycle regulation, neuroprotection, by controlling microglial activation, balancing antioxidants, elevating the neurochemicals, suppressing BACE-1, NADPH oxidase hindrance to inflammation, by mitigating the MAPK and NF- ĸB, discharge of inflammatory markers, up-regulating the PPAR-γ, improving the function of heme oxygenase-1, erythroid 2 nuclear factors, detoxifying the oxygen radicals and stimulating the superoxide dismutase action, and controlling its production of transcription factors. Against pathogens, biochanin-A acts by dephosphorylating tyrosine kinase proteins, obstructing gram-negative bacteria, suppressing the cytokines development from viruses, improving the action of a neuraminidase inhibitor, cleavage of caspase-3, and acts as an efflux pump inhibitor. In metabolic disorders, biochanin-A acts by encouraging transcriptional initiation and inhibition, activating estrogen receptors, increasing the activity of differentiation, autophagy, inflammation, and metabolism of blood glucose. Conclusion: Therefore, biochanin-A could be used as a therapeutic drug for various pathological conditions and treatments in humans.

Migraine is a common neurological condition marked by frequent mild to extreme headaches that last 4 to 72 hours. A migraine headache may cause a pulsing or concentrated throbbing pain in one part of the brain. Nausea, vomiting, excessive sensitivity to light and sound, smell, feeling sick, vomiting, painful headache, and blurred vision are all symptoms of migraine disorder. Females are more affected by migraines in comparison to males.The present review article summarizes preventive and therapeutic measures including allopathic and herbal remedies for the treatment of migraine.Review has highlighted the current aspects of migraine pathophysiology, covered an understanding of the complex workings of the migraine state. Therapeutic agents which could give an effective treatment have also been discussed.It can be concluded that different migraines could be treated based on their type and severity.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria Chamomilla Linn. (CHAE) on lipids, lipoproteins, and antioxidants activity in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarcted rats. Methods: ISO (85 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced myocardial infarction for 2 consecutive days at an interval of 24 h. Rats were pretreated with CHAE (100 and 200 mg/kg, oral) for a period of 20 days and ISO was injected on 21 and 22 days at 24 h intervals and after 24 h, blood was collected through retro-orbital plexus for the estimation of lipids, lipoproteins, and antioxidants assay. Results: In the present study, ISO caused a significant increase in the concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very LDL-C, and lipid peroxidation whereas a significant decrease in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein-C. ISO administration also significantly decreased the activities of paraoxonase (PON) enzyme. Oral pre-treatment of CHAE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) for 20 days challenged with a concurrent injection of ISO (85 mg/kg bw) on 21 and 22 days significantly attenuated these alterations and restored the levels of lipids and lipoproteins. In addition, CHAE significantly elevated the serum antioxidants enzyme PON and catalase (CAT). Conclusion: The report revealed that pre-treatment with CHAE ameliorated lipid and lipoprotein and increased the antioxidant PON and CAT activity and decreased LPO level in ISO-treated male albino Wistar rats.

Recent investigations suggest that gut microbiota affects the brain activity through the microbiota-gut-brain axis under both physiological and pathological disease conditions like Parkinson’s disease. Further dopamine synthesis in the brain is induced by dopamine producing enzymes that are controlled by gut microbiota via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Also alpha synuclein deposition and the associated neurodegeneration in the enteric nervous system that increase intestinal permeability, oxidative stress, and local inflammation, accounts for constipation in Parkinson’s disease patients. The trigger that causes blood brain barrier leakage, immune cell activation and inflammation, and ultimately neuroinflammation in the central nervous system is believed to be due to the chronic low-grade inflammation in the gut. The non-motor symptoms that appear years before motor symptoms could be reliable early biomarkers, if they could be correlated with the established and reliable neuroimaging techniques or behavioral indices. The future directions should therefore, focus on the exploration of newer investigational techniques to identify these reliable early biomarkers and define the specific gut microbes that contribute to the development of Parkinson’s disease. This ultimately should pave the way to safer and novel therapeutic approaches that avoid the complications of the drugs delivered today to the brain of Parkinson’s disease patients. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;24:30-42)

Diabetic encephalopathy, characterized by impaired cognitive functions and neurochemical and structural abnormalities, involves direct neuronal damage caused by intracellular glucose. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of berberine an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule, on cognitive functions, oxidative-nitrosative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats were treated with berberine for 6 weeks at 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. During fifth week of treatment, learning and memory was investigated in single Y-maze and passive avoidance test. At the end of the study biochemical parameters like acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, nitrite levels, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and oxidative stress was measured from cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions of brain. AchE activity was found increased by 56 % in the cerebral cortex of diabetic rat brain. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were increased by 100 % and 95 % in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of diabetic rats, respectively. Nonprotein thiol levels, enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were found decreased in cerebral cortex and hippocampal regions of diabetic rat brain. Nitrite levels in both regions of diabetic brain were increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to control group. TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, was found significantly increased in diabetic rats. Conversely, animal groups treated with significantly attenuated these behavioral and biochemical abnormalities. The results suggest a protective role of berberine against diabetic encephalopathy, which may be sum of its anti-oxidant, anti-cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and glucose lowering action.

Aims: The present study is to evaluate the in vitro Anti-diabetic activity of the various extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees on glucose uptake by isolated rat hemi-diaphragm. Methods: The Adhatoda vasica Nees was extracted by using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous. The different extracts were then used to study on in vitro glucose uptake by isolated rat hemi-diaphragm. Results: The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the plant extracts showed significant glucose uptake when compared with control. The result strongly suggest that Adhatoda vasica nees will be alternative choice for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: In the in vitro uptake assay in rat hemi diaphragm, Ethyl acetate and Methanol extract and the isolated compound showed significant of glucose uptake (41.3653±0.657188, and 27.26±0.88) respectively. The results suggested that the extracts and compound enhanced the uptake of glucose by isolated rat hemi diaphragm which was more effective than insulin.

Aim: The present study is to evaluate the invitro antidiabetic activity of Mukia maderaspatana ethanolic extract and fractions by and #945;-glucosidase and and #945; -amylase inhibitory activity. Methods: Inorder to evaluate if the extraction procedure could influence the activity, we decided to extract with ethanol and fractions with chloroform and n-butanol of Mukia maderaspatana and test each of them with enzyme and #945;-glucosidase and and #945; -amylase inhibitory activity . Results: Mukia maderaspatana ethanolic extract and fractions showed dose dependent inhibition of and #945;-glucosidase and and #945; -amylase enzyme and exhibited lower inhibitory activity than acarbose. Conclusion: The study revealed the antidiabetic potential and could be helpful to develop medicinal preparations and nutraceuticals and function foods for diabetes. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2012; 1(2.000): 97-100]