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Ængstelsen for de hastigt stigende energipriser må ikke få os til at gå i panik og lede efter løsninger, der ikke er realistiske, for den faktuelle sandhed er, at snakken om dansk atomkraft er varm luft, og bliver ved med at være det

The STRATEGO WP2 main report quantifies the impact of implementing various energy efficiency measures in the heating and cooling sectors of five EU Member States: Czech Republic, Croatia, Italy, Romania, and the United Kingdom. These countries vary considerably in terms of population, climate, resources, and energy supply, so the key results, conclusions, and recommendations presented in this report can inform national energy policy across all of Europe. The results from this study indicate that a total investment of approximately €1.1 trillion in energy efficiency measures across all five of these countries, between 2010 and 2050, will save enough fuel to reduce the costs of their energy systems. After considering both the initial investment and the resulting savings, the total annual cost of the heating, cooling, and electricity sectors is reduced by an average of ~15% in each country (see Figure 1). These initial investments are primarily required in heat savings for the buildings, district heating in urban areas, and electric heat pumps in rural areas. In essence, energy efficiency measures in the heating sector will enable EU Member States to simultaneously reduce energy demand, imported fossil fuels, carbon dioxide emissions, and the cost of the heating, cooling, and electricity sectors (see Figure 1).

District heating system could contribute to more efficient heat generation through cogeneration power plants or waste heat utilization facilities and to increase of renewable energy sources share in total energy consumption. In the most developed EU countries, renewable energy sources have been more extensively used in district heating systems either separately or as a supplement to traditional fossil fuels in order to achieve national energy policy objectives. However, they are still facing problems such as high intermittences, high energy production costs and low load factors as well as problems related to transportation, storage and environmental impacts of biomass and waste utilisation. Implementation of heat storages in district heating systems could contribute to integration of intermittent energy sources. Hybridisation of heat production facility combines two or more different energy sources that can complement each other on daily and yearly basis and reduce negative aspects of particular energy source utilisation. In district heating systems, hybridisation could be performed through utilisation of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Potential of fuel and emission reduction could reach up to 20% with utilisation of solar energy as supplement energy source in traditional fossil fuel based district heating systems. In this work, the performance of hybrid district energy system for a particular location will be analysed. For performance analysis, mathematical model that combines different energy sources for heat production will be used. The work has been carried out in scope of 4th Generation District Heating Technologies and Systems project.

Sustainability and sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems are the ultimate goals of the societies that care about their own future. To reach these goals it will not be enough to apply new technologies and process but it will seek for a wider approach to the integrated system planning and to large scale cooperation between different stakeholders. The knowledge transfer is one of the important pillars of transforming the current system to the more sustainable one. The paper describes results of networking achieved within recently started JoRIEW project that will have significant impact on Jordanian national policy in terms of water management, renewable energy sources and energy saving. The objective of the JoRIEW project is to reinforce the cooperation capacities of Jordanian research centres by promoting closer scientific collaboration with a number of European located research centres and universities. The project will help to structure and enhance S&T cooperation in areas of common interest, such us system integration, integrated energy and water planning, development of water supply systems that can be powered by intermittent renewable energies, in particular flexible pumping techniques and reverse osmosis desalination technology, where joint research efforts could bring common solutions and mutual benefits. Improving Jordanian capacities in research will be achieved through following activities that are in detailed presented in the paper: Networking of Jordanian and EU research centres in view of disseminating scientific information, identifying partners and setting up joint research Developing training modules to build competency and facilitate the Jordanian participation in FP7 projects regarding energy and water research Developing the Jordanian research strategy for sustainable and renewable energy and water desalination in order to increase its scope, in particular its regional coverage and to improve its responses to the socio-economic needs of Jordan and other countries in the region.

In a normal wind year, Danish wind turbines generate the equivalent of approx. 20 percent of the Danish electricity demand. This paper argues that only approx. 1 percent of the wind power production is exported. The rest is used to meet domestic Danish electricity demands. The cost of wind power is paid solely by the electricity consumers and the net influence on consumer prices was as low as 1-3 percent on average in the period 2004-2008. In 2008, the net influence even decreased the average consumer price, although only slightly. In Denmark, 20 percent wind power is integrated by using both local resources and international market mechanisms. This is done in a way which makes it possible for our neighbouring countries to follow a similar path. Moreover, Denmark has a strategy to raise this share to 50 percent and the necessary measures are in the process of being implemented. Recently, a study made by the Danish think tank CEPOS claimed the opposite, i.e. that most of the Danish wind power has been exported in recent years. However, this claim is based on an incorrect interpretation of statistics and a lack of understanding of how the international electricity markets operate. Consequently, the results of the CEPOS study are in general not correct. Moreover, the CEPOS study claims that using wind turbines in Denmark is a very expensive way of reducing CO2 emissions and that this is the reason for the high energy taxes for private consumers in Denmark. These claims are also misleading. The cost of CO2 reduction by use of wind power in the period 2004-2008 was only 20 EUR/ton. Furthermore, the Danish wind turbines are not paid for by energy taxes. Danish wind turbines are given a subsidy via the electricity price which is paid by the electricity consumers. In the recent years of 2004-2008, such subsidy has increased consumer prices by 0.54 €¢/kWh on average. On the other hand, however, the same electricity consumers also benefitted from the wind turbines since the wind power decreased the electricity market price on Nord Pool. On average during 2004-2008, such effect decreased the consumer prices by 0.27 €¢/kWh and consequently the net influence during this period increased consumer prices by only 0.27 €¢/kWh equal to only 1-3 percent of the final consumer prices. In 2008, the net influence of wind power actually decreased the consumer price slightly by approx. 0.05 €¢/kWh. Consequently, the influence of Danish wind turbines on the consumer electricity price is negligible.

The IndustryPLAN tool targets the lacking middle ground between highly site-specific analyses of individual production facilities and generalized nationally aggregated analyses. The purpose of the IndustryPLAN tool is to open the black box of industry and provide a framework for developing sub-sector specific analyses on both a country-specific and European level. This is done by establishing both disaggregated industry energy demands for all countries of the EU and an extensive catalogue of potential mitigation measures for the future. Applying the energy efficiency first principle, the IndustryPLAN tool provides a framework for investigating the industrial energy sector in the context of the renewable energy transition. The user is provided with a flexible platform for developing future industry energy scenarios based on a range of potential energy efficiency measure, electrification measures, and hydrogen fuel shift measures. This report presents the scenarios resulting from the detailed analysis of the European industrial sector in the sEEnergies project. The scenario results provide the inputs necessary for representing the industry sector in further holistic energy system modelling in tools such as EnergyPLAN.

This report illuminates potentials for energy saving within the transportation sector in the EU/EFTA area through energy efficiency measures for bringing about a modal shift from energy-demanding to more energy-efficient modes of transportation and reducing the movement of persons and goods.

As part of work package 2 of the sEEnergies project, transport data has been collected for 28 European countries. This includes transport activity demand data, transport specific energy consumptions, load factors and capacity for different modes of transport. The major source of data are the European National Travel Surveys. The data is categorized based on distance bands for each mode, both for passenger and freight. This is done for all EU-28 countries in a bottom up manner. The data is then combined together via weighted average to calculate the overall EU-28 transport activity and transport energy demand for the reference year (2017). A baseline is created following the same transport growth rates as used in the European PRIMES model. On top of the baseline, along with the results from Deliverable 2.1, calculations are performed to estimate the demand reductions and modal shifts based on energy efficient urban spatial and infrastructure development for the future.These energy efficiency practices are then combined with four energy efficiency transport technology scenarios for the future.

As part of work package 2 of the sEEnergies project, transport data has been collected for 28 European countries. This includes transport activity demand data, transport specific energy consumptions, load factors and capacity for different modes of transport. The major source of data are the European National Travel Surveys. The data is categorized based on distance bands for each mode, both for passenger and freight. This is done for all EU-28 countries in a bottom up manner. The data is then combined together via weighted average to calculate the overall EU-28 transport activity and transport energy demand for the reference year (2017). A baseline is created following the same transport growth rates as used in the European PRIMES model. On top of the baseline, along with the results from Deliverable 2.1, calculations are performed to estimate the demand reductions and modal shifts based on energy efficient urban spatial and infrastructure development for the future.These energy efficiency practices are then combined with four energy efficiency transport technology scenarios for the future.

Heating and cooling represents the most intensive energy sector in the European Union, accounting for around 50 % of its final energy consumption. Therefore, this sector has significant potentials to increase the energy efficiency, while reducing the primary energy consumption. Nevertheless, district heating systems are currently distributed in a rather uneven fashion in the European Union, covering a minor share of the overall heating demand. Furthermore, small renewable district heating systems are practically neglected, especially in the South- Eastern Europe. When managed properly, these systems have a number of potential benefits, including enhancement of the local employment and the security of the supply, increase of the local economy, use of various heat sources (e.g. biomass, solar collectors, excess heat, geothermal energy), etc. District heating will be also very important for future smart energy systems by enabling the integration of the power and heating/cooling sectors with the use of power- to-heat technologies and thermal storage. It is necessary to support and promote these concepts in order to achieve primary energy savings and reduction of environmental impact of the heating and cooling sectors. This is one of the main goals of the CoolHeating project (www.coolheating.eu), funded by Horizon2020 programme (grant agreement No 691679), which aims to support the implementation of "small modular renewable district heating and cooling grids" for communities in South-Eastern Europe. The final outcome of the project will be the initiation of new renewable district heating projects in 5 target communities up to the investment stage. This paper will provide a brief description of the CoolHeating project and an overview of the techno-economic analysis carried out for the heating sector in the city of Ozalj which is one of the target cities in Croatia. The first step in the analysis was to map the heat demand in Ozalj, in order to define areas of the city which are most suitable for a small district heating system. Input data for this have been gathered by a survey implemented as a part of the CoolHeating project. By analysing the results, two alternative district heating distributions have been proposed and evaluated. Furthermore, a techno-economic analysis has been conducted for two production facility alternatives and the environmental impact of the proposed system has been compared to the current situation. Heat demand mapping has been done by utilising Matlab and qGIS software, while Microsoft Excel and Matlab have been used to calculate the economic and environmental aspects of the analysed system.

U ovom radu obrađena je tema reaplikacije pametnih centraliziranih toplinskih sustava kao dijela pametnih energetskih sustava u pametnim gradovima. Rad je napravljen u skladu s zadacima postavljenima u radnom paketu 8, projekta SmartEnCity. Najprije je proveden sažeti pregled projekata pametnih gradova i pametnih centraliziranih toplinskih sustava kako bi se odredili važni podaci iz projekata u tijeku. Dobiveni podaci će služiti kao vrijedan doprinos u SmartEnCity projektu. Opisom pametnih centraliziranih toplinskih sustava su definirane njihove glavne karakteristike. Opis je dan uz pomoć sveobuhvatnog pregleda postojeće literature. Kako bi se pametni centralizirani toplinski sustav kopirao, tj. replicirao iz jednog grada u drugi, potrebno je odrediti važne aspekte za replikaciju. Glavni aspekti koji su definirani i objašnjeni su: geografski, financijski, tehnički i aspekt vlasništva. Nakon definiranja važnih aspekata za replikaciju, definirani su i opisani važni koraci metodologije za replikaciju pametnih centraliziranih toplinskih sustava, te je izrađen dijagram toka replikacije dajući grafički prikaz metodologije, korak po korak. Konačno, definirana su i opisana četiri alata za korištenje u svrhu replikacije aktivnosti u gradu Sønderborg. Također, predložen je i sadržaj plana djelovanja za individualnu replikaciju u gradu Sønderborg. This thesis deals with replicating smart district heating systems as a part of smart energy systems in smart cities. The thesis was done done with inspiration from the Workpackage 8 of SmartEnCity EU research project and the municipality of Sønderborg, Denmark. First, a brief review of smart cities and smart district heating projects was carried out in order to define important lessons learned from ongoing demonstration activities to serve as a valuable input in SmartEnCity project. Description of smart district heating systems, defining their main characteristics was given by means of comprehensive review of existing literature. In order to replicate a smart district heating system from one city to another, it is necessary to define important aspects for replication. Main aspects that were defined and explained are geographical, financial, technical and ownership aspects. After defining important aspects for replication, important steps of methodology for replication of smart district heating systems are defined and described and the replication flowchart is drafted giving a step-by-step graphical representation of the methodology. Finally, four tools to be used in replication activities in the city of Sønderborg were defined and described and also the content for individual replication in the city of Sønderborg was proposed.

Ovaj diplomski rad predstavlja procjenu uloge dizalica topline velikih instaliranih snaga u budućem energetskom sustavu. U uvodu je opisana analiza trenutnog danskog energetskog sustava s posebnim naglaskom na sektore električne te toplinske energije. Također je objašnjen tehnološki koncept dizalica topline velikih instaliranih snaga. Poslije uvoda slijedi analiza dvaju modela koji se koriste za modeliranje energetskih sustava, EnergyPLAN-a i TIMES-a (MARKAL-a), kako bi se ukazalo na prednosti i nedostatke oba modela. Glavni zaključak analize je da EnergyPLAN-u ima prednost prilikom modeliranja energetskih sustava sa visokim udjelom intermitentnih izvora energije. U sljedećem poglavlju je prikazana analiza investicije u električni kotao te dizalice topline velike instalirane snage koristeći metodu usrednjenih troškova toplinske energije (eng. levelized cost of heating energy). Također je analizirana i elastičnost potražnje za električnom energijom na Nordpool burzi električne energije. Analizom se pokušalo utvrditi hoće li povećana potražnja za električnom energijom uslijed pogona dizalica topline dovesti do porasta cijena električne energije. Naposljetku, nekoliko različitih scenarija razvijeno je u EnergyPLAN-u s različitim instaliranim snagama vjetroelektrana, optimalnim kapacitetima dizalica topline velikih instaliranih snaga te sezonskim spremnicima topline u obliku jame (eng. pit thermal energy storage). U radu je pokazano da za svaku instaliranu snagu vjetroelektrana u energetskom sustavu postoji određena optimalna snaga dizalica topline, koja će smanjiti ukupne troškove energetskog sustava, CO2 emisija i kritičnog viška u proizvodnji električne energije (CEEP). Dodatne uštede u troškovima energetskog sustava ostvarive su dodavanjem velikih sezonskih spremnika topline u sustav s već optimalno instaliranom snagom dizalica topline. In this thesis, several tasks were performed in order to evaluate the role of large scale heat pumps in the near term future energy systems. Firstly, the analysis of the Danish current energy system was carried out with the special emphasize on the electricity and district heating sector. Moreover, a technical concept of the large scale heat pumps was provided. Secondly, the analysis of EnergyPLAN and TIMES (MARKAL) modelling tools was performed in order to detect pros and cons of each of the models. EnergyPLAN was chosen as the favourable modelling tool for the assessment of the energy systems with high share of intermittent energy sources. Thirdly, for the purpose of economic evaluation of investments in electric boilers and large scale heat pumps, a levelized cost of heating energy (LCOH) was calculated. Furthermore, price elasticity of electricity demand on Nordpool’s El-spot market was calculated in order to assess possible shift in demand due to possible increased usage of electricity by heat pumps. Lastly, several different scenarios in EnergyPLAN were developed with different wind penetration levels, large scale heat pumps capacity and pit thermal energy storage (PTES). It was shown that for each wind penetration level, a certain amount of large scale heat pumps is optimal, which reduces the total system costs, CO2 emissions and critical excess in electricity production (CEEP). Moreover, adding large scale seasonal thermal energy storage to the system with implemented optimal level of heat pumps capacity will decrease total system costs even more.