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Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumen: Las vacunas son productos biológicos sintéticos diseñados para la prevención de enfermedades infecciosas. Después del agua potable, son la medida de salud pública más eficaz en reducir la mortalidad y las secuelas provocadas por las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. En Chile, nos acompañan a lo largo del ciclo vital a través del Programa Nacional de Inmunización (PNI), creado en 1979 y constantemente sometido a modificaciones y avances para asegurar el acceso seguro y gratuito de la población general a vacunas.Paralelamente, existen grupos de personas portadoras de ciertas condiciones clínicas que favorecen la adquisición y/o gravedad en la presentación de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Estas poblaciones especiales se encuentran en ascenso. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta revisión es entregar las directrices actuales que guían la inmunización de estos grupos particulares de pacientes. Abstract: Vaccines are synthetic biological products designed for the prevention of infectious diseases. After potable drinking water, they are the most effective public health measure in reducing mortality and other consequences caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. In Chile, they accompany us throughout our life cycle through the National Immunization Program (PNI), created in 1979 and constantly undergoing change and improvements in order to ensure safe and free access to vaccines to the general population. There are certain clinical conditions, however, that exacerbate the acquisition and/or severity of vaccine-preventable diseases. These special populations are on the rise. In this context, the objective of this review is to provide current guidelines for the immunization of these particular groups of patients.

This comprehensive document delves into acute otitis media (AOM) in children, exploring various aspects such as diagnosis, risk factors, definition, aetiology, clinical presentation, complications, treatment, prevention, and new approaches. It is updated based on recent consensus documents and considers the impact of pneumococcal vaccines. Emphasis is placed on the importance of rigorous clinical criteria, diagnostic tools are discussed, and treatment strategies are proposed, highlighting the relevance of individualised care. Specific considerations regarding pneumatic otoscopy and the appropriateness of imaging tests are addressed. The document concludes with key points to enhance diagnostic accuracy, antibiotic treatment strategies, and recommendations for managing recurrent AOM, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date guide for pediatric healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To compare vaccination coverage and associated factors in children under five years in Mexico, according to data from the 2021-2023 Continuous National Health and Nutrition Survey (2021-2023 Continuous Ensanut) and the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey (2012 Ensanut). Materials and methods. Prevalence analysis of the vaccination status of Mexican children was estimated from data recorded in the vaccination record or any other probatory document obtained from either survey. If the administration of the immunogen complied with the recommendations of time intervals between doses and minimum and maximum age of administration recommended by the National Center for Child and Adolescent Health, the doses were considered valid, and the participant was included in the analyses. Results. In children under five, 2021-2023, Continuous Ensanut vaccination coverage of BCG, hepatitis-B, polio/DPT, antipneumococcal, anti-rotavirus, and triple viral vaccines was 86.5, 63.7, 68.9, 86.6, 81.3, and 71.3%, respectively. At one and two years of age, 45.6 and 32.4% had received the complete scheme, respectively. From 2012 to 2021-2023, vaccination coverage with BCG, hepatitis B, and polio/DPT decreased, and those of pneumococcus and rotavirus increased. Conclusion. In 2021-2023, the vaccination coverage indicator (95%) was not reached for any vaccine investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of equitable distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine in Peru, with a focus on prioritizing the population living in extreme poverty. The author argues that vaccinating this vulnerable group would help reduce the risk of infection and mitigate the impact of the pandemic. The article addresses objections to this argument and asserts that prioritizing access to the vaccine for those in extreme poverty aligns with principles of justice and equity. It also discusses the factors contributing to extreme poverty in Peru, such as historical inflation, limited job opportunities, gender inequality, and large household sizes. The author emphasizes the ethical and practical reasons for prioritizing vaccination for this population, including the potential to improve their economic situation and reduce healthcare costs. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: La COVID-19 es una patología que puede ser mortal, la vacunación ha demostrado ser eficaz para reducir la mortalidad, pudiesen presentarse efectos secundarios, la gestión y administración de vacunas por personal de enfermería ha sido fundamental para disminuir la presencia de casos graves. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos secundarios presentados en la primera y segunda dosis de vacunas COVID-19 por características sociodemográficas en población zacatecana. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo, en 366 adultos zacatecanos seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico, mayores de edad, que contaban con dos dosis de vacuna anticovid-19, se excluyeron a quienes no contaran con cartilla nacional de salud o comprobante de vacunación, se aplicó Ficha técnica de Efectos adversos post-vacunación COVID-19; los efectos adversos se consideraron como una respuesta no deseada posterior vacunación. Los sujetos de estudio participaron de manera voluntaria, anónima y se obtuvo firma previa de consentimiento informado. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados: La mayoría fueron mujeres, con 2 dosis de vacuna, 45.9 % se aplicó vacuna Pfizer, 68.6 % presentó COVID-19 antes de ser vacunado, hubo mayores efectos secundarios en el grupo de 18 a 30 años, no hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas por escolaridad, estado civil, nivel socioeconómico y lugar de residencia, en primera y segunda dosis las vacunas AstraZeneca, Cansino y Moderna presentaron mayor efecto secundario que Pfizer. Conclusiones: El presente estudio coincide con investigaciones realizadas donde los efectos secundarios fueron menores en la segunda dosis.

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To compare Covid-19 risk factors, self-reported Covid-19 testing and infection, and Covid-19 vaccination among H-2A workers and agricultural workers without H-2A visas. Materials and methods. Farmworkers completed surveys at randomly selected sites in five U.S. states from March - August 2022. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were conducted for key characteristics and outcomes. Results. A total of 532 H-2A workers and 748 non-H-2A workers participated in the surveys. H-2A workers had significantly higher Covid-19 primary vaccine series uptake than non-H-2A workers (94.7 vs. 65.9%). More than one in four H-2A workers (29.6%) continued working while ill or positive with Covid-19. Fewer H-2A than non-H-2A workers reported receiving a Covid-19 test (51.5 vs. 59.2%, respectively) and a positive test result for Covid-19 (24.5 vs. 44.9% among those tested). Conclusions. Although H-2A workers had a lower self-reported prevalence of Covid-19 and higher Covid-19 primary vaccine series uptake than non-H-2A workers, findings such as reporting to work while ill or positive for Covid-19 indicate areas for improvement by binational public health leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes is the property of Editorial Sanchez y Barcelo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el Centro de Inmunología Molecular se producen el ingrediente farmacéutico activo y la materia prima biológica empleados para la formulación de las vacunas SOBERANAS®. El antígeno de estas vacunas es la proteína del dominio de unión al receptor del coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo. La producción de esta proteína recombinante se basa en el cultivo de células de ovario de hámster chino en biorreactores tipo tanque agitado. El proceso tecnológico a escala industrial consta de varias etapas: preparación de medios de cultivo y soluciones, fermentación, clarificación de sobrenadante y purificación. En los procesos biotecnológicos derivados de líneas celulares de origen animal, la contaminación viral endógena o adventicia constituye un riesgo potencial. Por tal motivo, en el proceso de purificación se emplea un paso específico para la remoción viral mediante la nanofiltración. Los nanofiltros empleados son materiales desechables que influyen significativamente en el costo del proceso. Actualmente se desconoce la capacidad de procesamiento de los nanofiltros en el proceso de purificación en cuestión, siendo el objetivo de la presente investigación con vistas a reducir los costos de producción. Se determinó la capacidad de procesamiento de los filtros Virosart CPV, siendo de 239,74 g/m2 (71,67% de saturación) y 1.259 g/m2 (67,82% de saturación) para la especie dímero y la mezcla, respectivamente. Se determinó la disminución del costo de producción de la etapa de nanofiltración, que representa una disminución del 54,85% del costo de filtración de la especie dímero y un 25% de la mezcla.

In this communication we discuss the epidemiological panorama of dengue, which is being changed by influences of the ecological triad, from climatic changes and geographic hot spots that favor the interrelationship between arboviruses, vectors, and hosts, adjustments of the virus itself, with more serotypes predominating virulent and pathogenic than others, as well as the presence of other vector species with vec- tor capacity that ensure the distribution of the virus in regions not previously seen. The current status of treatments and vaccines with important advances regarding this arboviral disease is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El virus chikungunya (CHIKV) es un alfavirus cuya infección provoca una enfermedad caracterizada principalmente por fiebre y dolores articulares/musculares. Entre 25-50% de las infecciones se presentan con enfermedad crónica que puede durar de meses a años. El primer brote de CHIKV en Paraguay corresponde al año 2015, siendo el último en el año 2022/2023. Diversos candidatos vacunales contra CHIKV se encuentran en diferentes etapas de desarrollo, e incluso recientemente (noviembre/2023) fue aprobada la primera vacuna contra CHIKV llamada VLA1553 (Ixchiq). Adicionalmente, al menos 30 candidatos vacunales se encuentran en ensayos preclínicos/clínicos. Con la aprobación de la primera vacuna contra CHIKV y la posibilidad de otras que lleguen al mercado prontamente, debido al estado avanzado de otros candidatos vacunales, se abrirá un nuevo escenario en esta enfermedad. Se espera que la introducción de vacunas efectivas genere un avance importante para la prevención de esta enfermedad, disminuyendo los casos agudos y los efectos crónicos de la infección por el virus. En este trabajo de revisión se analiza el avance de las vacunas contra CHIKV, además de examinar los desafíos de vigilancia epidemiológica que plantean la introducción de estas vacunas.

Research conducted by UC3M MediaLab during the PredCov project on communication during the pandemic is reviewed. A national survey was conducted with 1,800 people to examine the information consumption behavior about the pandemic in Spain. The results indicated that ideology and age are determining factors influencing the choice of different sources of information, as well as the perception towards vaccines. Additionally, the survey revealed that the main sources of information consulted during the pandemic were the traditional media and health authorities. With regard to media coverage, there was a strong focus on the COVID-19 vaccines, characterized by a mostly positive tone. More in-depth reports on vaccines were published compared to the pre-pandemic period. Also, public discourse on Twitter regarding vaccines was examined, identifying a greater number of contents associated with a positive attitude towards vaccination. The analysis was extended to public discourse on Twitter in Spanish, French, English and Portuguese, during crises related to the AstraZeneca vaccine and the Omicron variant. The project closed the gap in vaccine communication research in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study is a review of the current state in relation to information on the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines and treatments to fight this coronavirus. The period of analysis is focused on 2020, 2021 and 2022. Relevant international institutional sources made up of several countries have been selected, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and its Regions of Europe and the Americas, as well as the European Union. The research analyzes reports, projects, resources and surveys of public and private organizations of the main health agencies and centers in the United States, México, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: A qualitative-documentary methodology, of a critical-interpretative nature, has been used to analyze the texts produced by the Institutions and Organisms, chosen in turn through a systematic selective sampling based on deliberate and intentional selection criterion due to their perceived importance in the field of health. Objectives: To obtain a panoramic vision of the main publications around the proposed object and advance in the knowledge of communication patterns to contribute with the necessary information in the field of public opinion during the vaccination campaign against COVID-19. Discussion and Conclusions: We consider that the joint work of journalists, researchers, health personnel and health Organizations and Institutions is more necessary than ever so that information on COVID-19 adequately reaches the population as a public health strategy achievement. Likewise, it is necessary to know the strengths and weaknesses of the health system to rethink actions and strategies with regard to other pandemics or health crises that will arrive in the coming decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After declaring the global pandemic due to the coronavirus COVID-19, measures were established to combat it, highlighting the existence of COVID-19 vaccines: two messenger RNA [mRNA] and two non-replicating viral vector [VVNR]. Our objective was to contribute to expanding the safety profile of these vaccines through the detection and notification of adverse reactions (ARs) in a health area with 174,398 health cards during the year 2021. Method: Retrospective descriptive observational study carried out in a second level hospital. The sources of detection of the ADRs were: Coding System of the Center at the Discharge of the Admitted Patient [SIAC] and spontaneous notification. The data used were extracted from the electronic medical record and collected in a Microsoft Excell document. Results: Of the 654 ARs detected, 36 belonged to COVID-19 vaccines, 72 % being detected by spontaneous notification and 91.67 % being serious. They occurred in 29 patients (median age: 61 years; 51.72 % women), two of them with previous COVID-19 infection. 50 % of the ARs occurred after the second dose. They highlighted: deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and myopericarditis with mRNA vaccines; and vasculitis and myocarditis in VVNR. Conclusions: Although the available bibliography indicates that the frequency of serious ARs with these vaccines is usually rare, their follow-up is important. The high percentage of ADRs detected by spontaneous notification reflects the involvement of healthcare professionals to expanding the safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an gamma of herpes virus affecting exclusively humans, was the first oncogenic virus described and is associated with over seven different cancers. Curiously, the exchange of genes during viral infections has enabled the evolution of other cellular organisms, favoring new functions and the survival of the host. EBV has been co-evolving with mammals for hundreds of millions of years, and more than 95% of adults have been infected in one moment of their life. The infection is acquired primarily during childhood, in most cases as an asymptomatic infection. However, during adolescence or young adulthood, around 10 to 30% develop infectious mononucleosis. The NK and CD8+ T cells are the cytotoxic cells of the immune system that focus on antiviral responses. Importantly, an essential role of NK and CD8+ T cells has been demonstrated during the control and elimination of EBV-infected cells. Nonetheless, when the cytotoxic function of these cells is compromised, the infection increases the risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases and cancer, often fatal. In this review, we delineate EBV infection and the importance of cytotoxic responses by NK and CD8+ T cells during the control and elimination of EBV-infected cells. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the main inborn errors of immunity that compromise cytotoxic responses by NK and CD8+ T cells, and how this scenario affects the antiviral response during EBV infection. Finally, we conclude the review by underlying the need for an effective EBV vaccine capable of preventing infection and the consequent development of malignancies and autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has generated a high rate of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Since now it persists, the availability of vaccines has increased and there are few approved by the World Health Organization because of their quality, safety, and efficacy. These were created in order to prevent serious illness and hospitalization, essential to control the pandemic. Although erythema multiforme has been associated with different types of immunizations, there are very few reported cases as an adverse reaction to mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. CLINICAL CASE: A 31-year-old female patient with erythema multiforme and myocarditis secondary to the application of the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine against COVID-19, who presented a clinical picture of dyspnea, precordial pain and subsequent attack on general condition, unquantified fever, and rash. The diagnosis of these diseases was made with symptoms presented, as well as electrocardiogram and laboratory studies. The patient was treated with metoprolol and prednisone, achieving remission of the clinical picture. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported case of erythema multiforme and myocarditis as an adverse reaction to the vaccine, without history of these diseases. It is important to communicate the different adverse reactions to provide suitable information to patients and thus avoid rejection of vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infection produced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, known as COVID-19, has caused high morbidity and mortality across the world. After having deciphered the virus's genome and carried out investigative endeavors that led to the creation of a variety of vaccines with different mechanisms of action, it has been possible to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with the virus. It was necessary to accelerate the vaccine production process, which was facilitated by advanced scientific knowledge within the disciplines of genetics and virology, in order to provide the human species with a safe and effective form of protection against the aggressive and progressive infection. Vaccines are classified differently depending on their action mechanisms: there are some based on non-replicating viral vectors, recombinant vaccines, ones that are based on attenuated or inactivated viruses, and (the greatest novelty of current scientific developments) vaccines based on DNA and messenger RNA. The latter has demonstrated significant efficacy and safety in the prevention of the SARS-CoV-2 infection as observed in preliminary studies, and they have meaningfully impacted the population by reducing the rates of infection and mortality. As a result, decreased levels of spread of and mortality from COVID-19 have been evidenced across the globe following the beginning of the vaccine distribution period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria is the property of LUA Ediciones 3.0 S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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La vacunación es una forma de contribuir a la protección de la población al reducir el riesgo de efectos graves de la enfermedad COVID-19. Para marzo de 2021, en tiempo récord, la industria biotecnológica cubana contaba con cinco candidatos vacunales. Se realizó una intervención sanitaria con un esquema heterólogo: dos dosis de SOBERANA®02 más una dosis de SOBERANA®Plus, en trabajadores durante el período de marzo a junio de 2021, en el Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, en La Habana, Cuba. Se evaluaron los efectos directos e indirectos de la vacunación con SOBERANA®02 y SOBERANA®Plus en una cohorte de riesgo de infección, enfermedad y diseminación de la COVID-19. La cohorte se estableció en marzo de 2021 en trabajadores con alta exposición al coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo, en el área de consulta médica de Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, establecida como sitio clínico. Entre el 22 de marzo de 2021 y el 11 de junio de 2021, se inscribieron un total de 1.776 participantes; de ellos, 1.719 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión con un porcentaje de 96,79 % para la primera dosis, 1.675 recibieron la segunda dosis y 1.653 se vacunaron SOBERANA®Plus como tercera dosis para un 97,87. Mil cuatrocientos cincuenta y siete tenían entre 19 y 59 años, con predominio del sexo femenino. De los participantes, 175 tuvieron acontecimientos adversos y se observaron, predominantemente, una hora después de la administración de cada dosis. La reacción local más referida fue el dolor en el lugar de la inyección. Se registraron pocos acontecimientos adversos no solicitados. No se notificó ningún evento adverso grave o severo asociado a la vacuna. La distribución de casos de COVID-19 fue de 30, 16 y 6 posterior a cada dosis recibida. No se notificaron muertes asociadas a COVID-19. Las vacunas SOBERANA®02 y SOBERANA®Plus tuvieron un buen perfil de seguridad y fueron capaces de reducir la enfermedad grave por COVID-19 y la muerte, ayudando a revertir la situación epidemiológica causada por el coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo en Cuba.

El virus Epstein-Barr es un virus gamma herpes que afecta exclusivamente a humanos; fue el primer virus oncogénico descrito y se ha relacionado con más de siete diferentes tipos de cáncer. Curiosamente, el intercambio de genes debido a infecciones virales ha permitido la evolución de los organismos celulares, favoreciendo el desarrollo de nuevas funciones y supervivencia del hospedero. El virus Epstein-Barr comparte cientos de millones de años de coevolución con la especie humana y más del 95% de la población adulta mundial se ha infectado en algún momento de su vida. La infección se adquiere principalmente durante la infancia, y en la mayoría de los casos aparece sin ninguna manifestación grave aparente. Sin embargo, en los adolescentes y la población joven-adulta, alrededor de un 10 a 30% evolucionan a mononucleosis infecciosa. Las células NK y T CD8+ son células citotóxicas cruciales durante las respuestas antivirales y se ha demostrado que controlan y eliminan la infección por el virus Epstein-Barr. No obstante, cuando se afecta su función efectora, el desenlace puede ser fatal. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la infección por el virus Epstein-Barr y el papel decisivo de las células NK y T CD8+ durante el control y eliminación de la infección. Además, se discuten brevemente los principales defectos genéticos que afectan a estas células y conllevan a la incapacidad para eliminar el virus. Finalmente, se resalta la necesidad de elaborar una vacuna efectiva contra el virus Epstein-Barr y cómo podrían evitarse los procesos neoplásicos y enfermedades autoinmunes.

Nirsevimab therapy has the potential to revolutionize infant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis. But other populations suffering RSV, such the elderly or those over 60, may also be protected by using this novel antibody in the infant group. It is true that some studies link the use of nirsevimab to a reduction in the virus's ability to spread by lowering the viral load in infants as a result of the drug's long half-life. However, this protective effect may not be very significant because RSV transmission in the elderly typically comes from other elderly people or from school-aged children. Furthermore, RSV may be transmitted at any time of the year and not just during the period of nirsevimab protection due to its existence in human reservoirs. The reasons made here show that, even though nirsevimab treatment in infants may protect the elderly, this benefit would be limited and testimonial. Therefore, immunizing the elderly with currently licensed and developing vaccines should be a priority. Resumen: El uso de nirsevimab puede suponer una revolución en la prevención del virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) en lactantes. Sin embargo, el uso de este nuevo anticuerpo en dicho grupo de edad podría proteger también a otros grupos que conviven con ellos, como por ejemplo las personas de edad avanzada o grupo de personas mayores de 60 años. Si bien es cierto que algunos estudios sugieren una disminución en la propagación del virus con el uso de nirsevimab, al reducir la carga viral en lactantes como consecuencia de la prolongada vida media del fármaco, este efecto protector podría ser de escasa relevancia, ya que la transmisión del VRS en personas de edad avanzada sucede en la mayor parte de los casos desde personas de la misma edad o desde niños en edad escolar. Adicionalmente, la presencia de VRS en reservorios humanos puede permitir que el VRS se transmita en cualquier época del año, no limitándose únicamente al periodo de protección de nirsevimab. Los argumentos aquí expuestos demuestran que, si bien el uso de nirsevimab en lactantes podría tener un efecto protector en las personas de edad avanzada, este solo sería testimonial y limitado. En consecuencia, debe priorizarse la inmunización de los pacientes de edad avanzada con las vacunas actualmente autorizadas y en desarrollo.

Objetivos: estudiar los efectos secundarios y el riesgo de exacerbación de la enfermedad después de la vacunación COVID-19 en una muestra de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). Materiales y métodos: este estudio retrospectivo que investigó 101 pacientes con LES. Se determinó la actividad de la enfermedad mediante el Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) antes y después de dos dosis de vacuna contra SAR-COv-2. Se registraron los efectos secundarios después de la vacunación. Resultados: los pacientes que recibieron dos dosis de la misma vacuna fueron el 10,3% para CoronaVAc, el 42,2% para Pfizer y el 47,3% para AstraZeneca. Se detectaron efectos secundarios en el 76,2% y la mayoría fue leve/moderado. Los más frecuentes fueron: dolor local (62,3%), cefalea (36,6%) y fatiga (34,6%). El cambio en la mediana del SLEDAI antes de la primera dosis y después de la segunda no fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,68). Solo el 4,1% de los individuos aumentó el SLEDAI ≥ de 3 puntos. Conclusiones: la vacunación contra la COVID-19 fue bien tolerada y segura en pacientes con LES.

La urgente necesidad de desarrollar y producir vacunas seguras y efectivas para garantizar la reducción de la propagación del coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo, hizo que el Centro de Inmunología Molecular y el Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, desarrollaran dos vacunas y un candidato vacunal contra la COVID-19, que tienen como componente la molécula del dominio de unión al receptor (aa 319-541) del virus. Para establecer el proceso productivo, se realizaron experimentos en los posibles pasos del proceso de purificación de la molécula del dominio de unión al receptor (aa 319-541), con vistas a su posterior transferencia tecnológica a escala industrial. Dicha molécula está fusionada con una etiqueta de hexahistidina en su extremo C-terminal y presenta nueve residuos de cisteína en su secuencia que forman cuatro enlaces disulfuros intramoleculares, quedando una cisteína libre que permite obtener dos moléculas: dimérica y monomérica, antígenos que forman parte de las vacunas SOBERANA®02 y SOBERANA®Plus y el candidato vacunal SOBERANA 01. Se determinaron las mejores condiciones de adsorción de las matrices cromatográficas de afinidad por quelatos metálicos, intercambio catiónico y exclusión molecular. Se evaluó el desempeño del proceso a escala piloto y se caracterizó la molécula de acuerdo a sus propiedades físico-químicas y biológicas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un 60,02 ± 5,15% de recuperación total de la proteína de interés, con más del 98% de pureza en ambas moléculas, una eficiente remoción de contaminantes y una antigenicidad mayor del 90% referido al monómero control del dominio de unión al receptor con 99% de pureza, lo que demuestra que el proceso establecido es eficiente en la obtención de un producto con la calidad requerida.

We present the consensus document on the immunization schedule for adolescents developed by 3 scientific societies: the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP), through its Advisory Committee on Vaccines (CAV-AEP), the Spanish Society of Adolescent Medicine (SEMA) and the Spanish Association of Vaccinology (AEV). There are particularities in infectious disease during adolescence, such as an increased susceptibility to pertussis, poorer outcomes of chickenpox, mumps and hepatitis A, a high incidence of sexually transmitted infections or increased prevalence of meningococcal carriage. The document analyses the schedule for adolescents in the context of vaccination policy overall. It contemplates the vaccines to be included in the immunization schedule for healthy adolescents: against invasive meningococcal disease (tetravalent ACWY and B), against human papillomavirus (which should be gender-neutral), against pertussis, against influenza and against SARS-CoV-2 (in unvaccinated individuals and at-risk groups). It is worth noting that the 4CMenB vaccine appears to confer some protection against gonococcal infection, which would be a considerable added value for adolescents. The vaccination of adolescents belonging to risk groups or travelling abroad also needs to be contemplated, as is the case in any other age group. Vaccination against hepatitis A, which is included in the routine immunization schedule of Catalonia, Ceuta and Melilla from the second year of life, should also be considered a priority in adolescents traveling to endemic areas. Resumen: El documento de consenso Calendario de vacunaciones del adolescente que se presenta tiene la autoría de tres sociedades científicas: la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP) con su Comité Asesor de Vacunas (CAV), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de la Adolescencia (SEMA) y la Asociación Española de Vacunología (AEV). Las infecciones tienen sus peculiaridades en la adolescencia, como la mayor susceptibilidad a la tosferina, la peor evolución de la varicela, la parotiditis y la hepatitis A, la incidencia frecuente de infecciones de transmisión sexual, o el aumento de la tasa de portadores de meningococo. Se analiza el calendario correspondiente a esta franja de edad sin perder la visión global de las inmunizaciones. Se contemplan las vacunaciones del calendario del adolescente sano: frente a la enfermedad meningocócica invasora (tetravalente MenACWY y MenB), frente al virus del papiloma humano (que debe hacerse con independencia de género), frente a la tosferina, frente a la gripe y frente a la covid (en no vacunados y en grupos de riesgo). Se destaca que la vacuna 4CMenB tiene una cierta efectividad frente a la infección por gonococo, que sería una gran ventaja añadida para el adolescente. Los calendarios del adolescente perteneciente a grupos de riesgo y del viajero deben ser considerados, al igual que en todas las edades de la vida. La vacuna de la hepatitis A que está incluida en el calendario de vacunaciones sistemáticas de Cataluña, Ceuta y Melilla, desde el segundo año de vida, debe considerarse con prioridad en el calendario del adolescente viajero.

Bordetella pertussis es un patógeno exclusivo de humanos que causa la tos ferina, enfermedad respiratoria aguda que afecta principalmente a la población pediátrica. Existen dos tipos de vacunas comercializadas contra este patógeno: celulares y acelulares. Las vacunas celulares han sido extensamente utilizadas y siguen teniendo gran relevancia. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo la estandarización de un ELISA para la cuantificación de anticuerpos IgG contra células enteras de Bordetella pertussis. Para ello se determinó la concentración de recubrimiento, el rango lineal de la curva, los parámetros de precisión intra e interensayo, la especificidad, el valor de corte y el límite de detección. Se determinó como concentración de recubrimiento 0,5 UO/mL de células enteras. La curva estándar utilizando un suero de referencia internacional presentó un buen ajuste a una función polinómica en un intervalo entre las diluciones 1/100 y 1/24.300 con un coeficiente de correlación R2≥0,98. Los coeficientes de variación en los ensayos de precisión intra e interensayo estuvieron en los intervalos establecidos para cada uno (≤10%, ≤20% respectivamente). Los resultados obtenidos avalan el empleo de este ELISA cuantitativo para la evaluación de la respuesta a células enteras de Bordetella pertussis en ensayos clínicos.

En el Instituto Finlay de Vacunas se desarrolló el candidato vacunal SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01) contra el coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la inmunogenicidad y posibles efectos toxicológicos del candidato vacunal SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01 en Cercopithecus aethiops. Se utilizaron cinco primates no humanos (hembras), de 1-3 años de edad y 1-4 kg de peso corporal, distribuidos en dos grupos experimentales: Control (Solución Salina Fisiológica) y Tratado SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01). El estudio se extendió por 84 días, en un esquema a dosis repetida de cuatro inmunizaciones los días 0, 28, 56 y 70. Se realizaron observaciones clínicas diarias, peso corporal, signos vitales (temperatura rectal, frecuencia respiratoria, y frecuencia cardíaca), exámenes electrocardiográficos, toma de la temperatura del sitio de inyección, musculometría e irritabilidad dérmica. Fueron realizados exámenes de hematología, bioquímica sanguínea, así como estudios inmunológicos. El ensayo concluyó con una supervivencia del 100%, no se manifestaron signos de toxicidad, no hubo variaciones hematológicas, ni de la bioquímica sanguínea asociadas a la sustancia de ensayo. Además, no se observaron efectos locales en el sitio de administración. Por último, el candidato vacunal resultó inmunogénico, ya que se indujeron títulos altos de IgG anti-RBD, así como de la inhibición de la unión de RBD a ACE2.

Staphylococcus hyicus es el agente responsable de provocar la Epidermitis exudativa, una afección de la piel que afecta a los lechones lactantes y destetados menores de 6 semanas de edad. Esta patología se caracteriza por generar lesiones con exudación grasa, descamación y la formación de vesículas. A nivel global presenta una alta incidencia, con una variabilidad en la morbilidad del 20% al 100%, mientras que la mortalidad oscila entre el 50% y el 75%. En Argentina no se dispone actualmente de una vacuna que prevenga esta enfermedad, a pesar de que la inmunización se ha mostrado como una estrategia efectiva en la prevención de los procesos infecciosos en animales. Por lo tanto, el objetivo central de este estudio fue desarrollar dos bacterinas autógenas dirigidas contra Staphylococcus hyicus. Una de estas bacterinas se formuló utilizando un adyuvante convencional (hidróxido de aluminio), mientras que la otra utilizó el adyuvante inmunoestimulante (ISPA). La vacuna se empleó para inmunizar a cerdas preñadas, que fueron agrupadas según el adyuvante utilizado en la inmunización. La evaluación clínica se centró en determinar la tolerancia de las cerdas a las bacterinas. El resultado de esta evaluación fue exitoso, lo que marca un paso importante en la investigación y el desarrollo de medidas preventivas ante la Epidermitis exudativa.

Los programas nacionales de vacunación contra SARS-CoV2 en Sudamérica jugaron un rol importante en la respuesta oportuna frente a la pandemia por COVID-19, sin embargo, ¿se aplicó un enfoque ético capaz de garantizar un mayor beneficio para población a través de la vacunación? Para responder a esta pregunta, mi objetivo fue analizar los programas nacionales de vacunación de Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Perú para identificar en qué medida se alinearon con los enfoques éticos utilitarista y prioritarista al momento de asignar la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Parto de la hipótesis de que todos los países seleccionados plantean políticas de vacunación con posibles enfoques éticos prioritaristas y/o utilitaristas, sin embargo, aquellos que se alinean con el prioritarismo logran adherirse mejor a los deberes morales de justicia social. Para demostrar mi hipótesis he integrado la información socio-económica, analizado las estrategias de cobertura de cada país e intentado encuadrarlas con los enfoques éticos propuestos, para finalmente plantear argumentos a favor y en contra de estos enfoques. Concluyo que, a diferencia del utilitarismo, la aplicación del prioritarismo a los esquemas de asignación de vacunas de los cuatro países analizados, permitió priorizar la vacuna en aquellos que están peor en términos de justicia social, y que, inequívocamente, incluye a los severamente enfermos.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: at the end of November 2019, coinciding with the emergence of the Omicron variant appearance in Spain, an increase in COVID-19 infections was observed in military personnel immunised with different types of primary vaccines regimens at the Rota Health Headquarters. Objectives: to determine if there are any differences in the time elapsed between the primary vaccination pattern and the disease development between the vaccination modalities. As a secondary objective, to know if the type of primary vaccination was associated with the development of symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 disease. Methods and results: descriptive survival study (from November 2021 to February 2022). Data collection was carried out through the "COVID-19 Infection Case Notification Sheet". The study focused on homologous patterns. Of the 120 people who became infected, 67,2 % received the primary regimen from Pfizer, 16,4 % from AstraZeneca, 12,1 % from Moderna, and 4,3 % from Janssen. According to the Kaplan-Meier curve, after 186 days post-vaccination, it was observed that there was an increase in the risk of infection greater than 50 %. There was a greater than 50 % increase in the risk of infection at 186 days after vaccination. The log rank test showed that there were differences in the time since the last dose and the time of COVID-19 infection between the different vaccine types (p <0.03). Cox regression was performed to determine the behaviour of the survival curves for each vaccine type, which confirmed these differences (p <0.036). Hazard Ratios showed that subjects vaccinated with Moderna had 2,76 times greater chance of COVID-19 infection in the period starting 186 days after vaccination, compared to those vaccubated wutg AstraZeneca (CI 95 % 1,37-5,55), (p <0.004). 53 % of subjects had symptoms versus 47 % who were asymptomatic. No significant differences were obtained between the type of homologous vaccine regimen and the -clinical course of the disease (p <0.22). Conclusions: There was a decrease in vaccine efficacy with homologous regimens at 6 months. Subjects vaccinated with AstraZeneca had lower probability of infection at 186 days than those vaccinated with Moderna. No association was found between the clinical form of the infection and the homologous regimen administered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the factors that shape the public's early engagement with preventative health policies in the United States and in France. Our analysis explores the role that ideology and cultural worldviews play in shaping individuals' engagement with COVID‐19 early preventative measures such as mask wearing, stay‐at‐home orders, and vaccine intentions. We find that conservative ideology has an indirect effect on engagement in preventative behaviors through conspiracy theory beliefs in both countries. In addition, building on literature that links cultural worldviews and a wide array of public policies (vaccination campaigns, environmental measures), we find that individuals who have more individualistic and hierarchic worldviews are also less likely to engage in preventative behaviors or plan to get vaccinated. Understanding the public response to early preventative measures is essential to preparing for future health crises, as long‐term health responses such as vaccinations may take months or years to be deployed. Related Articles: Richey, Sean. 2017. "A Birther and a Truther: The Influence of the Authoritarian Personality on Conspiracy Beliefs." Politics & Policy 45(3): 465–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12206. Tyner, Katie, and Farida Jalalzai. 2022. "Women Prime Ministers and COVID‐19: Within‐Case Examinations of New Zealand and Iceland." Politics & Policy 50(6): 1076–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12511. Vince, Joanna. 2022. "A Creeping Crisis When an Urgent Crisis Arises: The Reprioritization of Plastic Pollution Issues during COVID‐19." Politics & Policy 51(1): 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12512. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article intends to provide a critical analysis of Bill 12, of 2021, which aims to facilitate the process of compulsory licensing of patents for vaccines against COVID-19. For this purpose, the article presents the concept of patents, the requirements for compulsory licensing per the current legislation, as well as an analysis of the scenario of the pandemic in Brazil and the importance of compulsory licensing of vaccine patents in this context. It concluded that, although the Project has as overall strengths the suppression of the need for Federal Government’s initiative and the provisional establishment of remuneration to the patent holder, it also has some technical inadequacies. Furthermore, and contrary to its objectives, Bill 12 has some points that increase the bureaucracy in granting the compulsory licensing. Deductive methodology is used with bibliographic and legislative research techniques and, as the main theoretical framework, Robert Alexy’s theory of fundamental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivos de Historia del Movimiento Obrero y la Izquierda is the property of Archivos de historia del movimiento obrero y la izquierda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)