Search

The sense of agency (SoA) refers to the sense of controlling our actions and by that, events in the outside world. One popular measure used in SoA studies is sensory attenuation, the phenomenon that self-produced action effects are perceived as less intense than physically identical, but externally-produced effects. However, some recent studies cast doubt on the validity of sensory attenuation as a cue to the SoA and raise the possibility that sensory attenuation is a product of enhanced stimulus predictability, rather than a correlate of the SoA per se. Therefore, the present study aims to further investigate the validity of sensory attenuation as a measure for the SoA. The present study will use the multi-step actions paradigm previously established by Garrido-Vásquez and Rock (2020) to address this issue. The paradigm allows to investigate how the number of action steps influences the SoA for an action outcome: Participants press one or more keys consecutively to generate a tone. Multi-step actions are particularly well-suited to study the validity of sensory attenuation as a measure for the SoA because the processing of tones that were self-generated through multi-step actions can be compared to physically identical but externally produced tones preceded by multi-step countdowns, which make these tones highly predictable. In the present experiment, we will compare sensory attenuation for self-generated and externally produced tones. In the self-generation conditions, the tones will either result from a one-step or a three-step keypress action. In the external production conditions, identical tones will be presented, preceded by a one-step cue or a three-step countdown. Thus, even though in the external three-step condition, no self-action is required to produce a tone, the ensuing auditory stimuli are highly predictable due to the preceding countdown. Sensory attenuation will be measured within a psychophysical paradigm using the method of constant stimuli. During self-generation, sensory attenuation of the tones should be stronger in the three-step action condition than in the one-step condition, which would replicate the results from Garrido-Vásquez and Rock (2020). When the tones are externally produced, they should also be more attenuated when preceded by a three-step countdown rather than by a one-step cue, due to improved predictability. The crucial comparison in the proposed experiment is the strength of sensory attenuation for tones in the three-step action condition (i.e., self-generated action effects) compared to the three-step countdown (i.e., externally produced action effects). If in the self-generation condition, sensory attenuation is not significantly stronger than in the external three-step condition, this would further question the validity of sensory attenuation as a cue to the SoA. If sensory attenuation is significantly stronger in the three-step self-production condition compared to the external three-step setting, this would support the alternative view that sensory attenuation captures more than mere stimulus predictability, and strengthen the role of sensory attenuation as a valid cue to the SoA.

The use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the field of forensic genetics is widely spread mainly due to its advantages when identifying highly degraded samples. In this sense, massive parallel sequencing has made the analysis of the whole mitogenome more accessible, noticeably increasing the informativeness of mtDNA haplotypes. The civil war (1980-1992) in El Salvador caused many deaths and disappearances (including children) all across the country and the economic and social instability after the war forced many people to emigration. For this reason, different organizations have collected DNA samples from relatives with the aim of identifying missing people. Thus, we present a dataset containing 334 complete mitogenomes from the Salvadoran general population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication of a nationwide forensic-quality complete mitogenome database of any Latin American country. We found 293 different haplotypes, with a random match probability of 0.0041 and 26.6 mean pairwise differences, which is similar to other Latin American populations, and which represent a marked improvement from the values obtained with just control region sequences. These haplotypes belong to 54 different haplogroups, being 91% of them of Native American origin. Over a third (35.9%) of the individuals carried at least a heteroplasmic site (excluding length heteroplasmies). Ultimately, the present database aims to represent mtDNA haplotype diversity in the general Salvadoran populations as a basis for the identification of people that disappeared during or after the civil war. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant numbers CGL2016-75389-P (MINEICO/FEDER, UE), PID2019-106485GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (MINEICO), and “Unidad María de Maeztu” (MDM-2014-0370) to FCal and DC; Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de la Recerca (Generalitat de Catalunya, grant 2017SGR00702); Agència Catalana de Cooperació al Desenvolupament (ACCD004/17/00019 and ACCD016/18/00031); Fundación Panamericana para el Desarrollo (PADF, No. PRDHD-RFA-R-2017-009). We thank also the Ministry of Health of El Salvador, which, in 2018, allowed us to take samples at their facilities.

In our daily lives, we frequently execute actions that require several steps to bring about the outcome. However, investigations on how the sense of agency—the sense of controlling our actions and their outcomes—evolves in multi-step actions are still lacking. The purpose of the present research is to fill this gap. In the present study, the participants executed one-step, two-step, and three-step actions in which one, two, or three keys had to be pressed consecutively to generate a tone. We used sensory attenuation as an implicit measure of the sense of agency. Sensory attenuation means that self-produced sensory effects are perceived as less intense than externally generated effects. In the present experiment, sensory attenuation was measured in a psychophysical paradigm and increased in multi-step actions compared to the one-step action. We also asked the participants to explicitly rate the amount to which they felt that they had generated the tone. Ratings were highest in the one-step condition and dropped for multi-step actions, thus showing the opposite pattern of the sensory attenuation data. We assume that enhanced sensory attenuation in multi-step actions could be due to increased effort or more accurate sensorimotor predictions of action effects. The decrease in explicit ratings for multi-step actions might be attributed to reduced perception of causality.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas al catéter venoso central son la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en los pacientes en hemodiálisis. El personal de enfermería es el que principalmente realiza la manipulación del acceso vascular en el momento de la inserción, mantenimiento o retirada del catéter. El papel del personal de enfermería es fundamental en la prevención de infecciones locales y sistémicas. Objetivo: Determinar las principales intervenciones implementadas por el personal de enfermería para reducir el número de infecciones asociadas a catéter en hemodiálisis. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en el periodo agosto 2021 a enero 2022. La búsqueda fue realizada en bases de datos como PubMed, Scopus, Access Medicine, Wed of Science, Medigraphic, EBSCO, Science Direct, y Google Scholar. Los términos de búsqueda fueron: (infections) AND (hemodialysis) AND (nursing). Resultados: Se seleccionaron 94 estudios de los cuales se identificaron las principales medidas para la prevención de infecciones durante la instalación, mantenimiento y remoción del catéter para hemodiálisis. Ademas, se identificaron las limitantes de la evidencia para algunos procedimientos y los puntos que requieren mayor investigación. Conclusiones: Las principales estrategias utilizadas para reducir la bacteriemia relacionada con los catéteres en hemodiálisis son: 1) el uso estricto de medidas higiénicas por parte del personal sanitario, 2) el uso de profilaxis antibiótica en el lugar de salida 3) la impregnación en la luz del catéter con solución antimicrobiana de bloqueo, 4) la formación continua y 5) la aplicación de un protocolo. ABSTRACT Introduction: Central venous catheter-associated infections are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. The nursing staff is the one who mainly performs the manipulation of the vascular access at the time of insertion, maintenance or removal of the catheter. The role of the nursing staff is fundamental in the prevention of local and systemic infections. Objective: To determine the main interventions implemented by nursing staff to reduce the number of catheter-associated infections in hemodialysis. Methodology: A literature review was conducted from August 2021 to January 2022. A search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Access Medicine, Wed of Science, Medigraphic, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The search terms were: (infections) AND (hemodialysis) AND (nursing). Results: Ninety-four studies were selected from which the main measures for infection prevention during hemodialysis catheter installation, maintenance, and removal were identified. In addition, we identified the limitations of the evidence for some procedures and the points requiring further research. Conclusions: The main strategies used to reduce catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis are 1) strict use of hygienic measures by healthcare personnel, 2) use of antibiotic prophylaxis at the exit site 3) impregnation of the catheter lumen with antimicrobial blocking solution, 4) continuous training, and 5) implementation of a protocol., {"references": ["Flores JC, Alvo M, Borja H, Morales J, Vega J, Z\u00fa\u00f1iga C, et al. Enfermedad renal cr\u00f3nica: Clasificaci\u00f3n, identificaci\u00f3n, manejo y complicaciones. Rev M\u00e9d Chile. 2009; 137(1): 137-77. DOI: 10.4067/S0034-98872009000100026", "Candelaria-Brito JC, Guti\u00e9rrez-Guti\u00e9rrez C, Bayarre-Vea HD, Acosta-Cruz C, Montes de Oca DM, Labrador-Maz\u00f3n O. Caracterizaci\u00f3n de la enfermedad renal cr\u00f3nica en adultos mayores. Rev Colomb Nefrol. 2018; 5(2): 166-78. DOI: 10.22265/acnef.0.0.308", "Barba \u00c1, Ocharan-Corcuera J. Accesos vasculares para hemodi\u00e1lisis. Gac M\u00e9d Bilbao. 2011; 108(3): 63-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.gmb.2011.06.002", "Carney EF. The impact of chronic kidney disease on global health. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020; 16(5): 251. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0268-7", "GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2020; 395(10225): 709-33. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3", "Foreman KJ, Marquez N, Dolgert A, Fukutaki K, Fullman N, McGaughey M, et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet. 2018; 392(10159): 2052-90. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5", "M\u00e9ndez-Dur\u00e1n A, M\u00e9ndez-Bueno JF, Tapia-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez T, Mu\u00f1oz A, Aguilar-S\u00e1nchez L. Epidemiolog\u00eda de la insuficiencia renal cr\u00f3nica en M\u00e9xico. Di\u00e1lisis Traspl. 2010; 31(1): 7-11. DOI: 10.1016/S1886-2845(10)70004-7", "Murea M, Geary RL, Davis RP, Moossavi S. Vascular access for hemodialysis: A perpetual challenge. Semin Dial. 2019; 32(6): 527-34. DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12828", "Saha M, Allon M. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hemodialysis Emergencies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017; 12(2): 357-69. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.05260516", "Morfin JA, Fluck RJ, Weinhandl ED, Kansal S, McCullough PA, Komenda P. Intensive Hemodialysis and Treatment Complications and Tolerability. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016; 68(5S1): S43-S50. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.021", "Lok CE, Huber TS, Lee T, Shenoy S, Yevzlin AS, Abreo K, et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access: 2019 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; 75(4): S1-S164. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.001", "Golestaneh L, Mokrzycki MH. Prevention of hemodialysis catheter infections: Ointments, dressings, locks, and catheter hub devices. Hemodial Int. 2018; 22(S2): S75-S82. DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12703", "Winnicki W, Herkner H, Lorenz M, Handisurya A, Kiki\u0107 \u017d, Bielesz B, et al. Taurolidine-based catheter lock regimen significantly reduces overall costs, infection, and dysfunction rates of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Kidney Int. 2018; 93(3): 753-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.026", "Ferrer C, Almirante B. Infecciones relacionadas con el uso de los cat\u00e9teres vasculares. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2014; 32(2): 115-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.12.002", "Nguyen DB, Arduino MJ, Patel PR. Hemodialysis-Associated Infections. In: Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA. Chronic Kidney Dis Dial Transplant. 4th Ed. U. S. A.: Elsevier; 2019. 389-410.e8. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-52978-5.00025-2", "Arhuidese IJ, Orandi BJ, Nejim B, Malas M. Utilization, patency, and complications associated with vascular access for hemodialysis in the United States. J Vasc Surg. 2018; 68(4): 1166-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.01.049", "Abdelsatir S. Evaluation of nurses awareness and practice of hemodialysis access care in Khartoum state, Sudan. Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2013; 6(2): 119-21. Available in: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236664631_Evaluation_of_nurses_awareness_and_practice_of_hemodialysis_access_care_in_Khartoum_state_Sudan", "Beathard GA. Catheter management protocol for catheter-related bacteremia prophylaxis. Semin Dial. 2003; 16(5): 403-5. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2003.16087.x", "Su\u00e1rez A, Mart\u00ednez PM, Guilarte CJ. Accesos vasculares en pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Cr\u00f3nica en hemodi\u00e1lisis. 16 de abril. 2020; 59(277): e864. Available in: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/abril/abr-2020/abr20277i.pdf", "Cano-Cervantes JH. El acceso vascular. Rev Mex Traspl. 2020; 9(S1): 41-3. DOI: 10.35366/93484", "Garc\u00eda A, Caro V, Quir\u00f3s G, Monge MJ, Arroyo A. Cat\u00e9ter venoso central y sus complicaciones. Med Leg Costa Rica. 2020; 37(1): 74-86. Available in: https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1409-00152020000100074", "Kline M, Katrancha ED. Central venous access devices: An overview for nursing students. Nursing (Lond). 2019; 49(7): 63-4. DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000559922.99814.f8", "Weijmer MC, Vervloet MG, ter Wee PM. Compared to tunnelled cuffed haemodialysis catheters, temporary untunnelled catheters are associated with more complications already within 2 weeks of use. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004; 19(3): 670-7. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg581", "Rodrigo Rivas T. Complicaciones mec\u00e1nicas de los accesos venosos centrales. Rev M\u00e9d Clin Las Condes. 2011; 22(3): 350-60. DOI: 10.1016/S0716-8640(11)70435-7", "Patel AR, Patel AR, Singh S, Singh S, Khawaja I. Central Line Catheters and Associated Complications: A Review. Cureus. 2019; 11(5): e4717. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4717", "Intagliata E, Basile F, Vecchio R. Totally implantable catheter migration and its percutaneous retrieval: case report and review of the literature. G Chir. 2017; 37(5): 211-215. DOI: 10.11138/gchir/2016.37.5.211", "Kumbar L, Yee J. Current Concepts in Hemodialysis Vascular Access Infections. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2019; 26(1): 16-22. DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2018.10.005", "Mermel LA. Drawing blood cultures through intravascular catheters: Controversy and update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019; 40(4): 457-9. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.37", "Gahlot R, Nigam C, Kumar V, Yadav G, Anupurba S. Catheter-related bloodstream infections. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014; 4(2): 162-7. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5151.134184", "Crehuet I, Ram\u00edrez M, Bern\u00e1rdez MA, Toribio B, G\u00f3mez B. Nueva alternativa para evitar la retirada del cat\u00e9ter de Hemodi\u00e1lisis. Caso cl\u00ednico. Enfermer\u00eda Nefrol\u00f3gica. 2019; 22(1): 80-3. DOI: 10.4321/s2254-28842019000100011", "Quittnat F, Joarder M, Poutanen SM, Lok CE. Evaluating Approaches for the Diagnosis of Hemodialysis Catheter\u2013Related Bloodstream Infections. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 11(5): 847-54. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.09110815", "Chaves F, Garnacho-Montero J, Del Pozo JL, (coord.), Bouza E, Capdevila JA, De Cueto M, et al. (aut.). Diagnosis and treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infection: Clinical guidelines of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology and (SEIMC) and the Spanish Society of Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. Med Intensiva. 2018; 42(1): 5-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2017.09.012", "Dharmayanti A, Astrawinata D. Catheter-related Blood Stream Infection in a Patient with Hemodialysis. Acta Med Indones. 2018; 50(3): 244-52. Available in: https://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/893/pdf", "Farina J, Cornistein W, Balasini C, Chuluyan J, Blanco M. Infecciones asociadas a cat\u00e9teres venosos centrales. Actualizaci\u00f3n y recomendaciones intersociedades. Medicina (B Aires). 2019; 79: 53-60. Available in: https://www.medicinabuenosaires.com/indices-de-2010-a-2019/infecciones-asociadas-a-cateteres-venosos-centrales-actualizacion-y-recomendaciones-intersociedades/", "Kovalik EC, Raymond JR, Albers FJ, Berkoben M, Butterly DW, Montella B, et al. A clustering of epidural abscesses in chronic hemodialysis patients: risks of salvaging access catheters in cases of infection. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996; 7(10): 2264-7. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.V7102264", "Bai AD, Steinberg M, Showler A, Burry L, Bhatia RS, Tomlinson GA, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiography for Infective Endocarditis Findings Using Transesophageal Echocardiography as the Reference Standard: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017; 30(7): 639-46.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.03.007", "Mondrag\u00f3n BJ, Mondrag\u00f3n BD, Medina CM, Medina CD. Endocarditis Infecciosa. Rev Clin Esc Med. 2019; 9(2): 105-11. Available in: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=87067", "Villafuerte-Mollinedo P, Torrez-Cruz KM, Viruez-Soto JL, Ilaya-Garavito P. Endocarditis bacteriana a prop\u00f3sito de un caso. Cuad Hosp Cl\u00edn. 2020; 61(1): 85-94. Available in: http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1652-67762020000100007", "Ruiz-Calero RM, Cancho B, Mart\u00edn MV, Cid MC, Gal\u00e1n J, Fern\u00e1ndez MA, et al. \u00bfCu\u00e1ndo puede ser \u00fatil buscar VHB oculto en pacientes en hemodi\u00e1lisis? Nefrolog\u00eda. 2020; 40(2): 115-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2019.07.001", "Winston A, Wurcel AG, Gordon C, Goyal N. Viral hepatitis in patients on hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2020; 33(3): 254-62. DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12882", "Trevizoli JE, De Paula R, Ribeiro LF, Amorim R, Birche M, Sampaio L, et al. Hepatitis C is less aggressive in hemodialysis patients than in nonuremic patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 3(5): 1385-90. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01330308", "Calle L, Tajada P, Villalta VM, Avell\u00f3n A, Rodr\u00edguez A, Heras M, et al. Reactivaci\u00f3n silenciosa del virus de la hepatitis B en paciente que reinicia di\u00e1lisis tras trasplante renal. \u00bfC\u00f3mo podemos prevenirlo o anticiparlo en el diagn\u00f3stico? Nefrolog\u00eda. 2020; 40(4): 477-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2019.06.006", "Garthwaite E, Reddy V, Douthwaite S, Lines S, Tyerman K, Eccles J. Clinical practice guideline management of blood borne viruses within the haemodialysis unit. BMC Nephrol. 2019; 20(1): 388. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1529-1", "Chac\u00f3n-Quesada T, Rohde V, von der Brelie C. Less surgical site infections in neurosurgery during COVID-19 times-one potential benefit of the pandemic? Neurosurg Rev. 2021; 44: 3421-5. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01513-5", "Heidempergher M, Sabiu G, Orani MA, Tripepi G, Gallieni M. Targeting COVID-19 prevention in hemodialysis facilities is associated with a drastic reduction in central venous catheter-related infections. J Nephrol. 2021; 34(2): 345-53. DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00900-3", "Craswell A, Massey D, Wallis M, Sriram D, Gray NA, Kotwal S. Current practice in dialysis central venous catheter management: Multi-disciplinary renal team perspectives. Nephrology (Carlton). 2020; 25(5): 406-12. DOI: 10.1111/nep.13626", "Bayoumi M, Mahmoud N. Effect of education program on nurses' knowledge and practice regarding care of central venous line in pediatric hemodialysis: evidence-based practice guidelines. Egypt Nurs J. 2017; 14(2): 87-99.", "Conwell P, Aniskiewicz M, Ghidini J, DeVaux L, Perazella M, Giullian J. A Hospital-Based Program to Reduce Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections among Hospitalized Patients Receiving Hemodialysis Using a Central Venous Catheter for Vascular Access. Nephrol Nurs J. 2019; 46(6): 587-90. Available in: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338163802_A_Hospital-Based_Program_to_Reduce_Central_Line-Associated_Bloodstream_Infections_among_Hospitalized_Patients_Receiving_Hemodialysis_Using_a_Central_Venous_Catheter_for_Vascular_Access", "Yang Z, Ma X, Chen Y, Cao Y, Li Q, Pan X, et al. Effects of a Quality Improvement Program to Reduce Central Venous Catheter-Related Infections in Hemodialysis Patients. Am J Med Sci. 2021; 361(4): 461-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.10.018", "Crehuet I, Bern\u00e1rdez MA. Aplicaci\u00f3n de protocolos en enfermer\u00eda: la mejor barrera contra las infecciones de los cat\u00e9teres de hemodi\u00e1lisis. Enferm Nefrol. 2018; 21(3): 263-8. DOI: 10.4321/s2254-28842018000300008", "Sahni N, Biswal M, Gandhi K, Kaur K, Saini V, Yaddanapudi LN. Effect of Intensive Education and Training of Nurses on Ventilator-associated Pneumonia and Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection Incidence in Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center in North India. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2017; 21(11): 779-82. DOI: 10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_259_17", "Perin DC, Erdmann AL, Higashi GDC, Dal Sasso GTM. Evidence-based measures to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections: a systematic review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2016; 24: e2787. DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.1233.2787", "Fox C, Wavra T, Drake DA, Mulligan D, Pacheco Y, Nelson C, et al. Use of a patient hand hygiene protocol to reduce hospital-acquired infections and improve nurses' hand washing. Am J Crit Care. 2015; 24(3): 216-24. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2015898", "\u00c1lvarez-Lerma F, Oliva G, Ferrer JM, Riera A, Palomar M. Resultados de la aplicaci\u00f3n del proyecto Bacteriemia Zero en Catalunya. Med Clin (Barc). 2014; 143 (Suppl. 1): 11-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.07.006", "Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, et al. An Intervention to Decrease Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(26): 2725-32. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa061115", "Zhao T, Liu H, Han J. Ethanol lock is effective on reducing the incidence of tunneled catheter-related bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018; 50(9): 1643-52. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1855-4", "Echevarria-Uraga JJ, Garc\u00eda-Garai N, Mu\u00f1oz-Gonz\u00e1lez RI. Accesos venosos para hemodi\u00e1lisis: abordaje yugular. Di\u00e1lisis y Traspl. 2014; 35(4): 163-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.dialis.2014.11.003", "Kahn JM, Gunn SR, Lorenz HL, Alvarez J, Angus DC. Impact of nurse-led remote screening and prompting for evidence-based practices in the ICU*. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42(4): 896-904. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000052", "Pedrolo E, Danski MTR, Vayego SA. Chlorhexidine and gauze and tape dressings for central venous catheters: a randomized clinical trial. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2014; 22(5): 764-71. DOI: 10.1590/0104-1169.3443.2478", "Munoz-Price LS, Dezfulian C, Wyckoff M, Lenchus J, Rosalsky M, Brinbach DJ, Arheart K. Effectiveness of stepwise interventions targeted to decrease central catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40(5): 1464-9. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31823e9f5b", "Zhang J, Wang B, Li R, Ge L, Chen K-H, Tian J. Does antimicrobial lock solution reduce catheter-related infections in hemodialysis patients with central venous catheters? A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017; 49(4): 701-16. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1490-x", "Shah HN, Schwartz JL, Luna G, Cullen DL. Bathing With 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate: Evidence and Costs Associated With Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2016; 39(1): 42-50. DOI: 10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000096", "McCarthy CJ, Behravesh S, Naidu SG, Oklu R. Air Embolism: Practical Tips for Prevention and Treatment. J Clin Med. 2016; 5(11): 93. DOI: 10.3390/jcm5110093", "Ingram P, Sinclair L, Edwards T. The safe removal of central venous catheters. Nurs Stand. 2006; 20(49): 42-6. DOI: 10.7748/ns2006.08.20.49.42.c4483", "Wysoki MG, Covey A, Pollak J, Rosenblatt M, Aruny J, Denbow N. Evaluation of various maneuvers for prevention of air embolism during central venous catheter placement. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001; 12(6): 764-6. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61451-1", "Enriquez VA, Hern\u00e1ndez CC, Carrillo SC, Esponda JG. Instalaci\u00f3n de cat\u00e9ter venoso central por ultrasonido. Experiencia de la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Hospital \u00c1ngeles Pedregal. Acta Med. 2017; 15(2): 118-22. DOI: 10.35366/72343", "Guimaraes G, Mendoza IY, Werli-Alvarenga A, Ameida J, Dos Reis A, Oliveira J, et al. Diagn\u00f3stico, resultado e interven\u00e7\u00e3o de enfermagem no paciente com cateter para hemodi\u00e1lise. Rev Enferm UFPE line. 2017; 11(11): 4334-42. Available in: https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revistaenfermagem/article/view/23544/24934", "C\u00e1rcoba N, Ce\u00f1a S. Cateterizaci\u00f3n venosa central de acceso perif\u00e9rico mediante t\u00e9cnica seldinger modificada en la urgencia hospitalaria. Enferm Glob. 2010; 20: 1-4. Available in: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1695-61412010000300015", "Saad TF. Central Venous Dialysis Catheters: Catheter-Associated Infection. Semin Dial. 2001; 14(6): 446-51. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2001.00110.x", "Aguinaga A, Del Pozo JL. Infecci\u00f3n asociada a cat\u00e9ter en hemodi\u00e1lisis: diagn\u00f3stico, tratamiento y prevenci\u00f3n. Nefrolog\u00eda. 2011; 4(2): 1-10. DOI: 10.3265/NefroPlus.pre2011.Jun.11016", "Andreu D, Hidalgo MA, Moreno C. Eventos infecciosos en pacientes en hemodi\u00e1lisis. Enferm Nefrol. 2015; 18(1): 54-6. Available in: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2254-28842015000100008", "Andreu D, Hidalgo MA, Moreno C. Eventos infecciosos en pacientes en hemodi\u00e1lisis. Enferm Nefrol. 2015; 18(1): 54-6. Available in: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2254-28842015000100008", "Bra\u00f1as P, Morales E, R\u00edos F, Sanz F, Guti\u00e9rrez E, Quintanilla N, et al. Usefulness of endoluminal catheter colonization surveillance cultures to reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections in hemodialysis. Am J Infect Control. 2014; 42(11): 1182-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.07.022", "Jaffer Y, Selby NM, Taal MW, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW. A meta-analysis of hemodialysis catheter locking solutions in the prevention of catheter-related infection. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51(2): 233-41. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.10.038", "Labriola L, Crott R, Jadoul M. Preventing haemodialysis catheter-related bacteraemia with an antimicrobial lock solution: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23(5): 1666-72. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm847", "Yahav D, Rozen-Zvi B, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Gafter U, Paul M. Antimicrobial lock solutions for the prevention of infections associated with intravascular catheters in patients undergoing hemodialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47(1): 83-93. DOI: 10.1086/588667", "Wang R, Song S, Harada K, Ghazanfari F, Badgwell B, Pool M, et al. Multiplex profiling of peritoneal metastases from gastric adenocarcinoma identified novel targets and molecular subtypes that predict treatment response. Gut. 2020; 69(1): 18-31. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318070", "Nori US, Manoharan A, Yee J, Besarab A. Comparison of low-dose gentamicin with minocycline as catheter lock solutions in the prevention of catheter-related bacteremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006; 48(4): 596-605. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.06.012", "Saxena AK, Panhotra BR, Sundaram DS, Al-Hafiz A, Naguib M, Venkateshappa CK, et al. Tunneled catheters' outcome optimization among diabetics on dialysis through antibiotic-lock placement. Kidney Int. 2006; 70(9): 1629-35. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001776", "Kim SH, Song KI, Chang JW, Kim SB, Sung SA, Jo SK, et al. Prevention of uncuffed hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia using an antibiotic lock technique: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Kidney Int. 2006; 69(1): 161-4. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000012", "Betjes MGH, van Agteren M. Prevention of dialysis catheter-related sepsis with a citrate-taurolidine-containing lock solution. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004; 19(6): 1546-51. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh014", "McIntyre CW, Hulme LJ, Taal M, Fluck RJ. Locking of tunneled hemodialysis catheters with gentamicin and heparin. Kidney Int. 2004;66(2):801-805. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00806.x", "Le Corre I, Delorme M, Cournoyer S. A prospective, randomized trial comparing a transparent dressing and a dry gauze on the exit site of long term central venous catheters of hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Access. 2003; 4(2): 56-61. DOI: 10.1177/112972980300400205", "Lee Y-M, Moon C, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Lee MS, Park K-H. Clinical i

Diseñar una propuesta de retroalimentación basado en mejora del clima del aula y aplicación de TIC para la consolidación del aprendizaje del idioma inglés en estudiantes de los Octavos años de Educación General Básica. Realizar la investigación sobre retroalimentación como recurso pedagógico en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura inglés se enfocó inicialmente en develar la pertinencia y efectividad de la retroalimentación mediante la investigación de un fundamento teórico e identificar factores que influyen positiva y negativamente en la misma dentro del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura inglés en los estudiantes de los Octavos Años de Educación General Básica, Unidad Educativa “Isaac Jesús Barrera” para lo que se planteó como objetivo principal el diseño de una propuesta de retroalimentación basado en mejora del clima del aula y aplicación de Tic para la consolidación del aprendizaje del idioma inglés en estudiantes de los Octavos años. Este trabajo manejó dos enfoques: cualitativo y cuantitativo, debido a la necesidad de llegar a conclusiones mediante un análisis estadístico, el enfoque mixto fue útil para el acercamiento de investigaciones pedagógicas ya que la intención era otorgar voz a los participantes dando una visión más personal de los partícipes quienes sumaron 243 estudiantes de los 6 paralelos de 8vo año de EGB, 2 maestros de la asignatura a los que se realizó encuestas y observación de clase, donde los principales resultados señalan que si se realiza retroalimentación normalmente al final de un ciclo de estudio, que si se establecen buenas relaciones y clima del aula pero que no se utilizan TIC como parte del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Se debe considerar la pandemia como factor preponderante para un trabajo limitado los últimos períodos. Se seleccionó el modelo de retroalimentación de Hattie & Timperley con el cual se puede mejorar el desempeño académico de los estudiantes mediante la contestación de interrogantes como ¿Hacia dónde estoy yendo? (objetivos) Feed up; ¿Cómo lo estoy haciendo? ¿Cómo me está yendo? Feed back y ¿Qué sigue después de esto? Feed Fordward, las que se manejan en cuatro niveles como: nivel de tareas, de procesos, de autorregulación, Self (yo). Se concluye considerando que la retroalimentación es un proceso permanente que provee una información y formación integral del estudiante a quien se espera apoyar para lograr sus objetivos académicos y mejorar la calidad de la educación. Maestría

Sense of agency (SoA) is the control that people feel about their actions and their respective effects. Literature has found that the fluency of action selection manipulated through subliminal priming influences the SoA. Also, the number of action steps affects the explicit sense of agency and sensory attenuation. To our knowledge, no study to date has tested the effects of both variables on the SoA within the same experiment. We aim to examine how the number of action steps and the fluency of action selection influence the SoA in an adaptation of the Tetris gamewith 42 participants, in which actions will be subliminally primed with arrows and participants may choose between different numbers of action steps. The dependent variables are explicit SoA and sensory attenuation.

Semantic priming has been studied for nearly 50 years across various experimental manipulations and theoretical frameworks. These studies provide insight into the cognitive underpinnings of semantic representations in both healthy and clinical populations; however, they have suffered from several issues including generally low sample sizes and a lack of diversity in linguistic implementations. Here, we will test the size and the variability of the semantic priming effect across ten languages by creating a large database of semantic priming values, based on an adaptive sampling procedure. Differences in response latencies between related word-pair conditions and unrelated word-pair conditions (i.e., difference score confidence interval is greater than zero) will allow quantifying evidence for semantic priming, whereas improvements in model fit with the addition of a random intercept for language will provide support for variability in semantic priming across languages.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre la gestión administrativa y calidad del servicio hospitalario en el Hospital César Garayar García de Iquitos, Loreto 2020; siendo esta una investigación de tipo descriptiva y correlacional, de diseño no experimental, para la cual se ha tomado una muestra de 199 pacientes, quienes fueron encuestados a través de un cuestionario como instrumento de recolección de datos, dado ello, se analizaron los resultados dando como conclusiones que, la gestión administrativa es deficiente, esto se debe principalmente por la falta de planificación de las actividades hospitalarias, la misma que se demuestra en la falta de coordinación de las funciones del personal de salud, siendo el paciente quien tiene que soportar la mala atención. Asimismo, el nivel de calidad del servicio hospitalario es bajo, pues básicamente los pacientes no perciben una atención pertinente en los servicios hospitalarias, es decir, el personal demuestra dificultades para responder a las inquietudes y necesidades del paciente. Por último, se determina que la gestión administrativa se relaciona directamente con la calidad del servicio hospitalario, instancia que es corroborada por el coeficiente de correlación (Rho de Spearman) de 0,880 y una significancia de 0,000. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between administrative management and quality of hospital service at the Hospital César Garayar García de Iquitos, Loreto 2020; This being a descriptive and correlated research, of non-experimental design, for which a sample of 199 patients has been taken, who were surveyed through a questionnaire as a data collection instrument, given this, the results were analyzed giving As conclusions that, administrative management is deficient, this is mainly due to the lack of planning of hospital activities, the same that is demonstrated in the lack of coordination of the functions of health personnel, being the patient who has to bear the bad attention. Likewise, the level of quality of the hospital service is low, since basically the patients do not perceive relevant care in the hospital services, that is, the staff shows difficulties in responding to the concerns and needs of the patient. Finally, it is determined that administrative management is directly related to the quality of the hospital service, an instance that is corroborated by the correlation coefficient (Spearman's Rho) of 0.880 and a significance of 0.000.

La presente investigación de tipo cuantitativo tiene como objetivo principal evaluar la aplicación del programa educativo de enfoque constructivista APRECIARTE, a base de las piezas de la pinacoteca del Museo Central, en el desarrollo de la apreciación artística de los alumnos de cuarto de secundaria de la Institución Educativa Integrada N° 20 009 César Vallejo Santos, distrito de Cajatambo (Ugel N°11), Provincia de Lima. Para la medición de la variable dependiente, se elaboró un instrumento tipo cuestionario en base al modelo de apreciación de Feldman el cual fue validado por tres expertos. Se consideraron cuatro dimensiones para la apreciación: descripción, análisis, interpretación y juicio. Se procesaron los resultados a través del programa estadístico SPSS y se obtuvo como resultado que después de la aplicación del programa educativo mencionado, la apreciación artística de los estudiantes había mejorado de manera significativa. Tesis

El presente estudio de investigación surge por la necesidad de mejorar los niveles de comprensión lectora de los estudiantes del segundo grado de la Institución educativa N° 43026 Carlos Alberto Conde Vásquez de la provincia de Ilo y tiene como propósito demostrar la eficacia de nuevas estrategias apoyadas en el software Jclic en el proceso de la comprensión lectora. El problema de investigación está formulado en los siguientes términos: Se observa que los estudiantes del segundo grado “A” de la Institución Educativa Carlos Alberto Conde Vásquez de la provincia de Ilo muestran un bajo nivel en comprensión lectora en sus tres niveles: Literal, inferencial y crítico, debido a que no se utilizan estrategias didácticas adecuadas ni materiales y recursos tecnológicos. El objeto de estudio es el proceso docente educativo en relación a la comprensión lectora en el nivel primaria. El objetivo general es: Diseñar y aplicar estrategias didácticas apoyadas en el software educativo Jclic, sustentado en la teoría del aprendizaje significativo para elevar los niveles de comprensión lectora de los estudiantes del segundo grado “A” de la Institución Educativa Carlos Alberto Conde Vásquez de la provincia de Ilo. El campo de acción lo conforman las estrategias didácticas en el proceso docente educativo en relación a la comprensión lectora en el área de comunicación en el nivel primaria. Y la hipótesis de investigación está formulado en los siguientes términos: Si se diseña y aplica estrategias didácticas apoyadas en el software Jclic, entonces será posible elevar los niveles de comprensión lectora de los estudiantes del segundo grado “A” de la Institución Educativa Carlos A. Conde Vásquez de la provincia de Ilo, lo cual ha sido demostrado a través de la contrastación de las hipótesis de estudio. Tesis

Resumen La detección de virus en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en pacientes infectados por VIH con carga viral (CV) indetectable en el plasma se ha denominado escape viral. Estas fugas pueden ser asintomáticas o asociadas con enfermedad neurológica. La discordancia de la carga viral de VIH entre plasma y LCR evidenciaría la presencia de distintos compartimentos del virus, con la posibilidad de identificar quasiespecies con mutaciones específicas que confieran resistencia a la TARV. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente con infección por VIH en etapa SIDA y una tuberculosis diseminada que presentó un cuadro neurológico manifestado por cefalea y un síndrome convulsivo, en que se encontró una discordancia entre la CV para VIH en plasma y LCR. El estudio genotípico del virus obtenido del LCR identificó nuevas mutaciones que determinaron un cambio de la TARV, con evolución posterior satisfactoria. Detection of virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in HIV-infected patients with HIV viral load (VL) undetectable in plasma has been termed viral escape. These leaks may be asymptomatic from a neurological point of view, similar to plasma blips, or associated with neurological disease, with discordant VL between plasma and CSF, and may be evidence of a compartmentalization of the virus and the possibility of identifying quasispecies with mutations that confer resistance to ART. We present the case of a man with AIDS and disseminated tuberculosis who presented neurological symptomatology evidenced by headache and convulsive syndrome, who presented a discordance between plasma and CSF HIV VL; the genotypic test of the virus, obtained by lumbar puncture, identified new mutations that determined a change in ART with subsequent satisfactory evolution.