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During the American Civil War, many Union volunteers occupied Southern towns after conquering them through active military campaigns, but the 90th and 91st New York, 47th Pennsylvania, and 7th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry occupied Key West and Fort Jefferson (Dry Tortugas), Florida as their first assignment prior to experiencing combat. Though they were stationed in the most remote locations that the U.S. held in the South, these volunteers felt connected to the Union war effort and to the issues that it inspired. The New York, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire soldiers revered commanding officers of the Regular Army and believed that their assignment to garrison these strategic military and economic points was compatible with the American conceptualization of the citizen-soldier and integral to the Union cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French who took part in the American War for Independence have been the subject of many historical studies. However, the correspondence of Benjamin Franklin offers new elements about these numerous volunteers coming from multiple geographical and social backgrounds. In their letters to the American commissioner, military men, nobles, ecclesiastics, surgeons, lawyers, engineers, peasants, and even convicts—most of whom never left the France—explained their motives for crossing the Atlantic Ocean to fight the British army on the side of the Patriots. From that epistolary source emerges also the perception those subjects of Louis XVI had of the Americans and the United States. All this information reveals a French society imbued with many contradictions, such as the public attraction for enemies fought during the Seven Years' War and the glorification of ancestral nobiliary values through a war for the benefit of a young republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians of transnational and global relations have increasingly reminded us that fighting in "someone else's war" is not a new phenomenon. Despite the past two centuries being ones of state building and bordering, transnational volunteers have participated in many conflicts. These include soldiers who left British North America (bna) to enlist in the American Civil War. This research note describes a method for distinguishing cross-border enlistments from the many bna-born immigrants already living in the United States. By cross-referencing online data archives, it was possible to create an original database of bna-born individuals who lived in the Eastern Townships of Canada East in 1861 and crossed the border to enlist in Vermont. Next, a comparison of patterns of enlistment behaviour shows the transnational volunteers' actions closely tracking those of native-born and naturalized Vermonters. Both groups followed the same trajectory, with high rates of volunteering in early months, a decline, and then a spike in late 1863, when federal authorities deployed more generous bounty payments as a policy instrument to alter the incentive structure for enlistment. Nonetheless, seventy percent of these bna residents had already enlisted before September 1863. This note suggests that transnational volunteering from bna to the Civil War merits further attention from both comparative and transnational historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article follows the trajectory of a young Frenchman who volunteered to join the army in 1792 and who fought to defend the French Revolution from foreign invasion. Using his extraordinary correspondence with his family, I trace the process whereby Gabriel Noël became a citizen-soldier and a revolutionary protagonist. By analyzing his experience as one akin to racial passing, or to what the French call being a transfuge , I show the difficulties he had fitting into a new civic community in the making and the half-hearted, contingent radicalization that ensued. I suggest that this case, though unique in many ways, provides a new way to understand the mechanics of social transformation and ordinary radicalism in a time of war and revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effect of a compulsory military service reform conducted in 2007–2008 on the demand for higher education in Russia. The reform shortened the conscription term (from two years to one year), abolished several deferments, and significantly reduced the number of military departments in Russian universities, which provided an opportunity to avoid being conscripted as a private. The difference between the Russian reform and the armed forces reforms carried out in several European countries in the 1990s–2000s lies in the fact that compulsory military service was not abolished completely. Based on data compiled from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, we find that the men affected by the reform are, in general, approximately 12% less likely to graduate from higher education. The effect is more pronounced for men from cities and more advantaged family backgrounds. Army veterans exhibit steadily lower demand for higher education irrespective the reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Hungary transformed to an all-volunteer force in 2004, most attention was given to the regular component and very little mention was made of reservists. The main goal of this study is to draw attention to the importance of, and the potential, in the reserve component using historical research to produce an overview of how the reserve component of the Hungarian Defence Forces has evolved since the end of the Cold War. Information was collected and analysed from the discussed time period and interpretations were made of the collected evidence through systematic methods appraising all available studies to synthesise the findings. Similarly to other countries in the region, more than a century of conscription and the Warsaw Pact legacy still haunts the Hungarian Defence Forces. Fortunately, Hungary's NATO membership spearheaded the drive for qualitative change within the armed forces and more attention was paid to a volunteer reserve system. Hungary's NATO membership has ushered in a new era of security guarantees and obligations which, among other things, brought with it the realisation that the time for qualitative change in the armed forces had come. Among other changes, an initial shift of emphasis towards a reserve system -- followed by the adoption of the all-volunteer force model -- made it clear that a new basis had to be provided upon which to address the reserve issue in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A literary criticism of the novel "Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty" by author and U.S. Civil War veteran John William De Forest is presented. It discusses the contrast in the narrative between the characters of U.S. Army colonel John Carter and U.S. Army volunteer captain Edward Colburne, the concept of the citizen-soldier volunteer, and peacetime life and demobilization following the U.S. Civil War. It also examines the novel's use of the trope of the wounded warrior.

The literature on foreign, or "transnational," war volunteering has focused overwhelmingly on the motivations and experiences of the volunteers. This approach has largely overlooked other aspects of the phenomenon such as the military and political use that host states can derive from foreign fighters. This article focuses on the enlistment of international volunteers by the Israeli armed forces in the war of 1948-49. Drawing on a combination of archival material, interviews with veterans, and secondary literature, the article assesses the relative importance of "Machal" (Israel's overseas volunteers) by comparing the role played by these foreigners with that of transnational volunteers who fought in other twentieth-century conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses debate among African Americans in the northern U.S. during the U.S. Civil War concerning African American enlistment in the U.S. armed services and African American citizenship. The article discusses the demands of African Americans for full citizenship following then-U.S. president Abraham Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The author analyzes how debate among African Americans was manifested in several major African American newspapers of the day including the "Pine and Palm" of Boston, Massachusetts, New York City's "Anglo-African Weekly," and the "Christian Recorder" of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This article presents a rethinking of the nature and functions of voluntary military organizations in early modern England. Where previous scholarship has concentrated on their potential military significance and links with political puritanism, this article uses fresh and rich evidence to place them in the broader context of the development of forms of associational life in early modern England. While historians have emphasized the clubs and societies of the post-Restoration period as a new development, it is argued here that pre-war voluntary military organizations were potential precursors of these later forms of association. Using the uniquely rich surviving materials of the Military Company in Westminster, the article explores the social and cultural impact of the organization through its material culture and corporate activities. It is argued that these multi-faceted organizations provide a vivid but hitherto neglected dimension to our picture of the social and cultural life of early modern England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research, based on a sample of 500 veterans currently studying at Israeli colleges and universities, suggests that certain aspects of military service are associated with greater entrepreneurial intentions. Specifically, the desire to engage in entrepreneurship is higher among veterans with command experience than veterans without. Similarly, veterans of technological units generally express greater entrepreneurial interest than veterans of combat units. A comparison of commissioned and noncommissioned officers yields curious results and offers a possible direction for further investigation. Although Israel is among the few countries that maintains a mandatory draft, the general applicability of these findings to countries with volunteer forces is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We assess the impacts of one of the most intensive youth support and training programs in France: the Voluntary Military Service (VMS), piloted by the army since 2015. Our evaluation allows us to compare the cohort of young people entering the VMS with a cohort of unincorporated young volunteers. Our results indicates that a passage through the VMS increases chances of getting a job, especially for youth under 21 years of age. It also highlights other positive impacts of this pilot scheme and explores the means by which this effect is expressed: improved mobility and the obtention of a qualification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the stature of volunteers to the Polish Army in France examined in Recruitment Center no. 2 in Chicago in 1917 and 1918. The authors divided the sample according to place and time of birth and compared the statures of volunteers with heights of Polish draftees measured by conscription authorities in Poland. The investigation arrives at two main conclusions. Firstly, Poles born in the US were considerably taller than both volunteers born in Poland and draftees living in the native country. Secondly, the comparison of immigrants and those who remained in Poland shows that people who migrated were taller than those who remained, although the difference diminished over time. Since human stature is positively correlated with length of life and work capacity, we can conclude quoting the opinion of the Dillingham Commission: Although drawn from classes low in the economic scale, the new immigrants as a rule are the strongest, the most enterprising, and the best of their class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questionnaire data from 182 Air Force officers who had voluntarily separated from the service were used to test Lee and Mitchell's (1994) unfolding model of voluntary turnover. Specifically, Lee and Mitchell predict five distinct paths to voluntary turnover, explaining the sequence of deliberate and impulsive decisions individuals make as they choose to leave organizations, where individuals interpret an organizational event, assess their relation to the workplace, evaluate options, and enact a response. Results indicate that 47% of the participants followed those five paths. Model modifications were made that reflect the unique nature of military service where members have preexisting plans to leave the service after a defined period or event.These modifications capture an additional 36% to explain 83% of the turnover decisions.The implications of these findings are addressed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute a sequential equilibrium for the U.S.Army's Targeted Selective Reenlistment Bonus Program in which the Army offers a bonus, soldiers with a low cost of serving in an undesirable location accept the bonus and are sent to an undesirable location, and soldiers with a high cost of serving in an undesirable location reenlist but decline the bonus. We find that this program benefits both the Army and soldiers, increases retention, increases the number of soldiers who serve in an undesirable location, and better matches soldiers to assignments.We discuss implications of our model on human resource management practices for the Army in its administration of the bonus program and its application to other large organizations that set wages through a rules-based mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on nationalism and voluntarism shown by U.S. citizens during the American Civil War. During the war, the citizens volunteered themselves either to fight for the nation or to help its defenders. Many voluntary organizations made efforts to ask people's support by making people aware of their activities through newspaper and journal articles, public meetings, annual reports and letters from the war field. Without getting influenced by foreign criticism on voluntarism, people focused on restoring the country's damaged image on the global map.

The article discusses the significance of the preparedness of Syrian refugees to Jordanian politics, to return from Jordan to Syria. In this context Syrian law of military service, sexual violence, LGBTIQ+ refugees of Syria, cultural disorientation and the politics of voluntary return projects are discussed.

Since the establishment of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) in 1890, the practice of honoring the revolutionary acts of its fedayis has been an important means through which to both recruit the next generation of members and to maintain its claim to be the defender of the Armenian nation. It is, therefore, surprising that the decision to form Armenian volunteer units to fight alongside the Russian army between the fall of 1914 and the spring of 1916, is barely mentioned in ARF publications, and given relatively little attention in the historiography of the period. Given the ARF's tendency to glorify the acts of its fedayis it is puzzling why the organization would not promote and honor its members who took up arms in a more conventional manner against the Ottoman Empire. Three possible reasons can be gleaned from the literature. The first two involve the problems the Legions pose to the historiography on World War I in eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus. The third reason involves the legacy of the ARF and the decision of the Armenian Volunteer Legions to retreat from Van and not relieve the Armenians trapped in Muş in the summer of 1915. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voluntary networks are actors in civil society and central to the emergency preparedness efficiency of developed countries'. This study focuses on the voluntary defense networks in Sweden, a unique set of networks that contribute to the efficiency of emergency preparedness. Through interviews with experts in Swedish civil and military fields and their associated voluntary defense networks, as well as secondary data, we examined the coordination of these voluntary defense networks in practice. Although voluntary network coordination is highly associated with efficiency, in practice, most voluntary networks are not well coordinated. This study confirms that civil and military practitioners in developed countries, struggling with the coordination of voluntary networks are not isolated in their struggle; inattentive practices are indeed the norm. This article also establishes a course that civil and military practitioners can follow to improve emergency response efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the years 1979-91, the authors investigate how school dropouts' acquisition of a General Educational Development certificate (GED) affected the probability that they would obtain training, post-secondary education, or military service. The authors use the longitudinal data to estimate prototypical training and education profiles. They find that the probability that a dropout participated in post-secondary education or non company training was greater after GED receipt than before for both men and women. Still, less than half of GED recipients obtained post-secondary education or training by age 26. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the formation of the Highland Hereford Rough Riders, a defensive volunteer cavalry unit formed in the town of Marfa, Texas during World War II. The unit's emphasis on using horses and pickup trucks is detailed by the author. The author describes the ceremony where these ranchers were sworn in and formally reviewed.

Between 1941 and 1944, the Spanish Division of Volunteers took part in the Russian campaign as a unit integrated in the German Wehrmacht. Post-1945 war memoirs and even some historians have suggested that the 'Blue' Division was exceptional for their benign treatment of civilians and prisoners, distanced from the German War of Extermination. This image has not been subjected to critical enquiry. To what degree were the Spanish troops different from other Wehrmacht troops? Was the collective behaviour of the Spanish soldiers determined by the circumstances they encountered at the front, or was it related to their prior political socialization? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the impact of the Spanish influenza pandemic on the state of Montana in 1918 and 1919. The pandemic claimed thousands of lives across the state. The spread of the disease is attributed to a number of factors, including the lack of doctors because many of them served in the U.S. military during World War I. The response by the U.S. federal government and the Red Cross to the pandemic is also discussed.

We show a statistically significant and quantitatively meaningful decline in the aptitude of commissioned officers in the marine corp from 1980 to 2014 as measured by their scores on the General Classification Test. This result contrasts with the widely studied increase in the quality of enlisted personnel since 1973 when conscription ended. As a possible cause for this decline, we focus on the fact that, during this period, marine officers had to have a 4-year college degree and there has been an expansion of the pool of young Americans in college. To corroborate this hypothesis, we show that there has been a similar decline in scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test for responders to the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth among college graduates but not for the overall set of respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]