29,729 results on '"VOLCANOES"'
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2. Conceptual Change and Relation to Knowledge: The Case of Volcanism at Primary School.
- Author
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Caillot, Michel and Chartrain, Jean-Louis
- Abstract
This paper tries to explain why all the students of a same class who have got the same teaching do not go so far in their conceptual change. Here we have studied the students' conceptual change about volcanoes in a French 5th grade. The different students' preconceptions before teaching have been categorized and related to the well-known historical and epistemological obstacles. After a specific teaching whose objectives were to overcome these obstacles, we have looked how the conceptual change has taken place for each student. In order to explain the diverse individual conceptual changes, we have introduced the concept of individual "relation to knowledge" and for each student this relation to knowledge had been determined. Those who undertake the largest conceptual change have the most positive relation to knowledge. (Author)
- Published
- 2001
3. How Do Volcanoes Affect Human Life? Integrated Unit.
- Author
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Dayton, Rebecca, Edwards, Carrie, and Sisler, Michelle
- Abstract
This packet contains a unit on teaching about volcanoes. The following question is addressed: How do volcanoes affect human life? The unit covers approximately three weeks of instruction and strives to present volcanoes in an holistic form. The five subject areas of art, language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies are integrated into the unit. Students are introduced to volcanoes as geographic features that are able to alter the functions of societies in close proximity to volcanoes. Focus questions include: (1) How may science fiction present volcanoes? (2) What are the layers of the Earth? (3) How do plate tectonics affect volcanic activity? (4) What is the historical significance of the eruption of Mount Saint Helens, Mount Pelee, and Mount Pinatubo? (5) What ate the types of volcanoes? (6) How are lava types different from one volcano to another? (7) How can we model volcanoes before and after eruptions? (8) How are people informed of volcanic eruptions? (9) What role does persuasive speech play in communicating safety issues surrounding volcanic eruptions? (10) Why are people concerned about volcanic eruptions? (11) What effects do volcanoes have on the environment? (12) How can you obtain information concerning professions in the study of volcanoes? and (13) How can volcano information be shared with the general public? (SAH)
- Published
- 2000
4. Island of the Sharks Activity Guide To Accompany the Large-Format Film.
- Author
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WGBH-TV, Boston, MA. and Gowell, Elizabeth Tayntor
- Abstract
This document targets upper elementary and middle school students and provides activities to understand what the ocean floor looks like, the interactions of ocean communities, and the true nature of sharks. The activities are developed at three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. The twelve activities include: (1) "Ocean Detectives"; (2) "Make a Mountain"; (3) "Ocean Motion"; (4) "Sea Around You"; (5) "Rock Reef Critters"; (6) "Ahoy! It's an Island"; (7) "Take a Dive"; (8) "Shark Parts"; (9) "A Dentist's Dream"; (10) "Smelly? Not!"; (11) "Fishing for Dinner"; and (12) "Shark Folklore." Career information and resources are also included. (YDS)
- Published
- 1999
5. Old as the Hills. Morrow Mountain State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7.
- Author
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North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation.
- Abstract
This curriculum packet was developed and designed to provide environmental education through a series of hands-on activities for the classroom and the outdoor setting of Morrow Mountain State Park, North Carolina to introduce students to the geology of the Uwharrie Mountains. Designed for grades 5 through 7, the packet meets the established curriculum objectives of the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Students are exposed to major concepts such as weathering, erosion, rock cycle, rock types, and geologic processes. The packet is divided into nine sections: (1) introduction to the North Carolina State Parks system, Morrow Mountain State Park, and the activity packet; (2) activity summary and correlation chart showing how each activity correlates with Department of Public Instruction objectives; (3) pre-visit activities on sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock formation; (4) on-site activities on rock types and characteristics of the Uwharrie Mountains; (5) post-visit activities to reinforce and review previous lessons; (6) vocabulary; (7) references; (8) an appendix summarizing the Uwharrie Mountains geology; and (9) a scheduling worksheet, permission form, and program evaluation form. All activities include curriculum objectives for each grade level, descriptions of location, group size, estimated time needed, materials needed, major concepts covered, and activity objectives, as well as background information for the educator, instructions, student information sheets, and worksheets. Most activities also include extensions and assessment tools. (PVD)
- Published
- 1998
6. Volcanoes! Teaching Guide.
- Author
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Geological Survey (Dept. of Interior), Reston, VA.
- Abstract
This document is an interdisciplinary set of materials for grades 4 through 8 that reflects the goals of the National Science Education Standards developed by the National Research Council (NRC). The activities in this packet incorporate a number of related subjects including other sciences, social studies, language arts, and mathematics. Contains a two-sided poster, teaching guide, six lesson plans with timed activities, and an evaluation sheet. Lesson topics include the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
7. I Invite You To Know the Earth I. Elementary School 2nd to 4th Grade Teacher's Guidebook [and] Text for Elementary School 2nd to 4th Grade.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
- Abstract
This student text is designed for grades 2-4 and explores various earth science topics. A cartoon character named Tommy Tsumi explains earth facts and concepts throughout the text. Activities, materials, and learning objectives for each unit in the textbook are provided in the teacher's guide. Units in both include: (1) "What Does Our Earth Look Like?"; (2) "I Invite You to Know the Inside of the Earth"; (3) "Earthquakes and Tsunamis"; (4) "What is a Natural Hazard?"; and (5) "Basic Prevention Rules in Case of Natural Hazards". (WRM)
- Published
- 1998
8. I Invite You To Know the Earth II. 5th to 8th Grade of Preparatory School Teacher's Guide [and] 5th to 8th Grade of Preparatory School Textbook.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
- Abstract
The student textbook is designed for grades 5-8 and explores various earth science topics. A cartoon character named Tommy Tsumi explores earth facts and concepts throughout the text. Activities, materials, and learning objectives for each unit in the textbook are presented in the teacher's guide. Units in both books include: (1) "The Outside of the Earth"; (2) "The Interior of the Earth"; (3) "Earthquakes and Volcanoes"; (4) "Tsunamis"; and (5) "Tsunami Protection Measures". (WRM)
- Published
- 1998
9. Forces of the Wild. Nature. Teacher's Guide.
- Author
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Thirteen WNET, New York, NY., Public Broadcasting Service, Washington, DC. PBS Elementary/Secondary Service., and Brown, Jordan
- Abstract
This curriculum guide was developed for use with public television's Nature series. The materials in the guide are designed to help students actively participate in the study and experience of nature. Students are encouraged to view the programs as a scientist would, observing natural phenomena and drawing conclusions. Each lesson in the Teacher's Resource Guide includes: (1) a "Program Overview" that presents background information and brief synopses of the program to be viewed; (2) "Objectives" that provide the teacher with measurement goals; (3) a "Before Viewing Activity" that familiarizes students with the subject and allows them to set purposes for viewing; (4) "Vocabulary" that features definitions of unfamiliar words used in each program; (5) "Discussion Questions" that help students assess the main points of the program; (6) "Suggested Reading" for students who may want to learn more about the topic; and (7) a "Naturalist's Guide" (student worksheet) to be duplicated and distributed to students. The programs highlighted in this guide focus on the powerful natural forces that change the earth and how these forces affect the vast variety of life forms covering the planet. Program titles include "In the Beginning,""Perpetual Motion,""Heavenly Partners,""Living Dangerously," and "Playing with Fire." (WRM)
- Published
- 1998
10. NOVA Fall 1998 Teacher's Guide.
- Author
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WGBH-TV, Boston, MA. and Colombo, Luann
- Abstract
This teacher's guide is designed to accompany the PBS television program "NOVA." Six science activities correspond to: (1) "Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude,, which researches and charts the shortest course to circumnavigate the globe; (2) "Chasing El Nino," which formulates a question and designs an experiment to evaluate the accuracy of weather folklore; (3) "Terror in Space," which explores the concept of center of mass and experiments with how altering the location of an object's center of mass can affect its motion; (4) "Special Effects: Titanic and Beyond," which investigates how geometry plays a role in perspective; (5) "Deadly Shadow of Vesuvius," which collects data and create maps to observe the relationship between volcanoes, earthquakes, and lithospheric plates; and (6) "Ice Mummies," which investigates the rate of microbial growth at different temperatures, and analyzes and interprets information in order to locate an archaeological site. All activities include a list of the National Science Education Standards addressed. (YDS)
- Published
- 1998
11. Earthquakes and Tsunamis. Pre-Elementary School Teacher's Guidebook [and] Pre-Elementary School Textbook.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
- Abstract
This teacher's guide and student text present basic information about the causes and effects of earthquakes and tsunamis. The teacher's guide contains suggested activities, materials, and educational objectives for the text. Chapters in both texts are: (1) "Shapes and Movements of the Water"; (2) "Permeability and Buoyancy"; (3) "Life Styles at Different Settings"; (4) "Earthquakes and Tsunamis"; and (5) "Hazards Prevention." (WRM)
- Published
- 1996
12. Simulating a Volcanic Crisis in the Classroom.
- Author
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Harpp, Karen S. and Sweeney, William J.
- Abstract
Reports on the design of a multi-week cooperative learning activity for an undergraduate introductory volcanology class which culminates in the simulation of a volcanic monitoring crisis. Suggests that this activity creates an effective and exciting learning environment in which students have the opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to a more realistic situation than is achieved in conventional classroom exercises. (Author/MM)
- Published
- 2002
13. Modeling Olympus Mons from the Earth.
- Author
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Lebofsky, Nancy R. and Lebofsky, Larry A.
- Abstract
Presents a science activity using cubes for constructing the "Olympus Mons" model, the largest known volcano in the solar system. Uses the Catalina Mountains as a real-life comparison and builds a scale-proportionate model. (YDS)
- Published
- 2002
14. Plate Tectonics: The Way the Earth Works. Teacher's Guide. LHS GEMS.
- Author
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California Univ., Berkeley. Lawrence Hall of Science. and Cuff, Kevin
- Abstract
This teacher guide presents a unit on plate tectonics and introduces hands-on activities for students in grades 6-8. In each unit, students act as real scientists and gather evidence by using science process skills such as observing, graphing, analyzing data, designing and making models, visualizing, communicating, theorizing, and drawing conclusions. The units presented in this guide meet the National Science Education Standards as well as state frameworks and district guidelines. There are seven sessions focusing on different concepts in the guide. Sessions include: (1) "Geologic Time and Processes That Form the Earth's Crust"; (2) "Field Work of California"; (3) "Investigating Viscosity and Volcanic Rocks"; (4) "Field Work in Hawaii"; (5) "Field Work in Japan"; (6) "Field Work in Nepal"; and (7) "Field Work in Iceland". (YDS)
- Published
- 2002
15. The Galapagos.
- Author
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Schiller, Nancy A. and Herreid, Clyde F.
- Abstract
Uses a problem-based teaching approach to teach about the geological origins of the Galapagos Islands, colonization, species formation, and threats to biodiversity. Discusses finches, tortoises, and sea cucumbers and provides instructions for student discussions. (YDS)
- Published
- 2000
16. Classroom Volcanology.
- Author
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Thomas, Gregory C.
- Abstract
Explains the use of a constructivist model for engaging students in the curriculum. The student end of the model is characterized by the knowledge, personal experience, degree of motivation, and level of interest that a student brings to a learning situation. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
17. Global Change: How Humans and Nature Impact Our Planet. Self-Directed Study Units for Grades K-8.
- Author
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Brown, Mary
- Abstract
This book consists of two complete units on global change. The first unit is created for lower elementary students and the second one is for upper elementary grade levels. The units are designed for gifted students and encourage students to be responsible for their own education. Each unit is based on an interdisciplinary approach. Suggestions for adaptation of the units are also included. (YDS)
- Published
- 1998
18. Volcano!: An Event-Based Science Module. Teacher's Guide. Geology Module.
- Author
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Wright, Russell G. and Wright, Russell G.
- Abstract
This book is designed for middle school earth science teachers to help their students learn scientific literacy through event-based science. Unlike traditional curricula, the event-based earth science module is a student-centered, interdisciplinary, inquiry-oriented program that emphasizes cooperative learning, teamwork, independent research, hands-on investigations, and exploration of authentic tasks. Students use this book to work in cooperative teams and play the roles of producer, special effects expert, camera operator, volcanologist, and geologist. The module in this book can be used to build a whole curriculum or fit into current lesson plans to add interest. (KHR)
- Published
- 1997
19. Volcano!: An Event-Based Science Module. Student Edition. Geology Module.
- Author
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Wright, Russell G. and Wright, Russell G.
- Abstract
This book is designed for middle school students to learn scientific literacy through event-based science. Unlike traditional curricula, the event-based earth science module is a student-centered, interdisciplinary, inquiry-oriented program that emphasizes cooperative learning, teamwork, independent research, hands-on investigations, and exploration of authentic tasks. Each unit is centered around a volcanic event that had a catastrophic impact on people and the environment. Students use this book to work in cooperative teams and play the roles of producer, special effects expert, camera operator, volcanologist, and geologist. (KHR)
- Published
- 1997
20. Exploring Geology on the World-Wide Web--Volcanoes and Volcanism.
- Author
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Schimmrich, Steven Henry and Gore, Pamela J. W.
- Abstract
Focuses on sites on the World Wide Web that offer information about volcanoes. Web sites are classified into areas of Global Volcano Information, Volcanoes in Hawaii, Volcanoes in Alaska, Volcanoes in the Cascades, European and Icelandic Volcanoes, Extraterrestrial Volcanism, Volcanic Ash and Weather, and Volcano Resource Directories. Suggestions for classroom activities using the Web sites are included. (PVD)
- Published
- 1996
21. Volcanoes in the Classroom--an Explosive Learning Experience.
- Author
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Thompson, Susan A. and Thompson, Keith S.
- Abstract
Presents a unit on volcanoes for third- and fourth-grade students. Includes demonstrations; video presentations; building a volcano model; and inviting a scientist, preferably a vulcanologist, to share his or her expertise with students. (JRH)
- Published
- 1996
22. Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and the Information Superhighway.
- Author
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Slattery, William
- Abstract
Provides examples of using real time data sources from the Internet and the World Wide Web to enable students to collect the data that leads scientists to scientific paradigms, expand the scope of instruction to regional and global perspectives, and integrate science with other curriculum areas. (DDR)
- Published
- 1996
23. Digging into Minnesota Minerals.
- Author
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Minnesota State Dept. of Natural Resources, St. Paul.
- Abstract
This publication presents students with facts about geology and several learning activities. Topics covered include rocks and minerals, volcanoes and earthquakes, fossils, exploration geology, mining in Minnesota, environmental issues related to mining, mineral uses, mining history, and the geology of Minnesota's state parks. A geologic timetable relates the earth's eras with rocks in Minnesota, events in Minnesota, and characteristic life of the periods. This timetable is accompanied by an activity demonstrating the formation of sedimentary rocks. An article about fossils is accompanied by an activity that allows students to make their own fossils from clay and plaster of Paris. Activities demonstrating drill core sampling and the difficulty of mining through a chocolate chip cookie are related to various articles on mining in Minnesota. A feature about the Hull Rust Mahoning mine in Hibbing, Minnesota, discusses taconite, a low-grade iron ore. This feature includes a sidebar explaining mines and the mining industry in Minnesota. Other activities in this publication consist of word games, quizzes, and mazes. (PVD)
- Published
- 1995
24. Incorporating Terrestrial Planet Volcanic Data in the Classroom.
- Author
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Howe, Robert C. and Patrick, Randy R.
- Published
- 1995
25. The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers: Volcanic Activity.
- Author
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Metzger, Ellen Pletcher
- Abstract
Describes resources for information and activities involving volcanoes. Includes an activity that helps students become familiar with the principal types of volcanoes and explores how the viscosity of magma affects the way a volcano erupts. (MKR)
- Published
- 1995
26. SSMILes: Investigating Various Volcanic Eruptions and Volcano Heights.
- Author
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Wagner-Pine, Linda and Keith, Donna Graham
- Abstract
Presents an integrated math/science activity that shows students the differences among the three types of volcanoes using observation, classification, graphing, sorting, problem solving, measurement, averages, pattern relationships, calculators, computers, and research skills. Includes reproducible student worksheet. Lists 13 teacher resources. (MKR)
- Published
- 1994
27. Geoflicks Reviewed--Films about Hawaiian Volcanoes.
- Author
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Bykerk-Kauffman, Ann
- Abstract
Reviews 11 films on volcanic eruptions in the United States. Films are given a one- to five-star rating and the film's year, length, source and price are listed. Top films include "Inside Hawaiian Volcanoes" and "Kilauea: Close up of an Active Volcano." (AIM)
- Published
- 1994
28. Rock Cycle Sagas: The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers.
- Author
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Metzger, Ellen Pletcher
- Abstract
Reviews The Best of BAESI: Earth Science Activities & Recommended Resources from the Bay Area Earth Science Institute. The Best of BAESI is divided into two parts. Part I contains 19 classroom activities on topographic maps, rocks and minerals, earthquakes, volcanoes, and plate tectonics. Part II describes resources and identifies government agencies and organizations for earth-science teachers. (AIM)
- Published
- 1994
29. Belief Systems as Barrier To Learning in Geological Education.
- Author
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Bezzi, Alfredo and Happs, John C.
- Abstract
Presents the results of a survey on volcanism completed by secondary students (N=1000) in Northern Italy. Findings indicate that these students, who live in a non-volcanic area, firmly believe that their area is volcanic. (DDR)
- Published
- 1994
30. Demonstrating Allotropic Modifications of Sulfur.
- Author
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McCarty, Jillian L. and Dragojlovic, Veljko
- Abstract
Shows how a common demonstration that consists of slowly heating sulfur powder in a test tube to illustrate sulfur's allotropic modifications can convince students of conclusions about the moon Io which they often find surprising. Describes the demonstration in full. (Author/MM)
- Published
- 2002
31. Unlocking Creativity.
- Author
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Antonietti, Alessandro
- Abstract
Debunks five misconceptions about improving creative thinking. To encourage students to think creatively, instructional techniques should reflect an integrated set of mental skills, use materials mimicking real-life situations, consider students' beliefs and tendencies toward creative thinking, show metacognitive sensibility, and foster a creative mind-set. One program helps students develop innovative thinking while unlocking a volcano's secret. (MLH)
- Published
- 1997
32. Living with Volcanoes: Year Eleven Teaching Resource Unit.
- Author
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Le Heron, Kiri, Andrews, Jill, Hooks, Stacey, Larnder, Michele, and Le Heron, Richard
- Abstract
Presents a unit on volcanoes and experiences with volcanoes that helps students develop geography skills. Focuses on four volcanoes: (1) Rangitoto Island; (2) Lake Pupuke; (3) Mount Smart; and (4) One Tree Hill. Includes an answer sheet and resources to use with the unit. (CMK)
- Published
- 2000
33. GETIT--Geoscience Education through Interactive Technology[TM]. [CD-ROM].
- Abstract
This CD-ROM uses catastrophic events to teach the fundamentals of the earth's dynamism. Topics discussed include earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, plate tectonics, and many subjects that have to do with energy transfer. It contains 63 interactive, inquiry-based activities that closely simulate real life scientific practice. Students work with actual data collected from 45,000 seismological events in order to recognize that science is not a seamless fabric of established facts but a complex network of ideas and processes. Using an electronic notebook, students are able to record their ideas and answer questions. Teachers are also able to track students' progress using the integrated class management module. The teacher guide provides class management hints, goals, assessment criteria, scientific content, references to hands-on activities, and Blackline Masters. A Web-based bulletin board allows teachers to share experiences and activities. (SAH)
- Published
- 2000
34. Geology: The Active Earth.
- Author
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National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC. and Braus, Judy
- Abstract
Ranger Rick's NatureScope is a creative education series dedicated to inspiring in children an understanding and appreciation of the natural world while developing the skills they will need to make responsible decisions about the environment. The topic of this issue is "Geology: The Active Earth." Contents are organized into the following sections: (1) "Earth on the Move," describing information and activities on the structure of the Earth, the theory of plate tectonics, and earthquakes and volcanoes; (2) "Rocks and Minerals," giving information and activities on rock and mineral composition, formation, and classification; (3) "Shaping the Landscape," providing information and activities on forces that wear down landforms and forces that build them up; (4) "Secrets of the Past," offering information and activities on how and where fossils form, what they tell about the past, and how scientists determine the ages of fossils; (5) "People and Geology," providing information and activities on the origins and uses of rocks, minerals, and fossil fuels, and some of the problems caused by their use; and (6) "Appendix," featuring bibliographic and other reference information. (WRM)
- Published
- 1987
35. Secrets of Science. Videos 1-13. [Videotape.]
- Author
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Walt Disney Publishing Group, Burbank, CA. Discover Magazine.
- Abstract
Discoveries in science and technology are being made at such a rapid pace that it is often difficult for many teachers to stay abreast of new and relevant information. To assist teachers in keeping their students well informed of new discoveries in science, Discover Magazine developed a 13-part video series entitled "Secrets of Science." In each of these videos, new discoveries have been gradually integrated with existing knowledge of a variety of scientific concepts: VIDEO 1: "From the Beginning" (Program 1: "How Life Began" and "The Evolution of Man"; Program 2: "The Origin of Species" and "A Human Being is Born"); VIDEO 2: "Life's Building Blocks" (Program 1: "Blood and Our Bodies" and "DNA and Diversity"; Program 2: "The Complex Cell" and "Understanding Viruses"); VIDEO 3:"Brain Power" (Program 1: "The Sense of Sight" and "The Human Brain"; Program 2: "Civilization's Progress" and "The Written Word"); VIDEO 4: "The Life Around Us": (Program 1: "The Animal Kingdom" and "The World of Insects"; Program 2: "The Busy Bees" and "A Planet of Plants"); VIDEO 5: "Planet Earth, Our Home" (Program 1: "There's No Place Like Home" and "Polluting Our Atmosphere"; Program 2: "Wasting Our Planet" and "When the Ground Quakes"); VIDEO 6: "Earth's Extremes" (Program 1: "When Lava Flows" and "Glaciers: The Cold Facts"; Program 2: "The Antarctic: A Frozen World" and "The Torrid Tropics"); VIDEO 7: "Our Sea and Sky" (Program 1: "An Ocean Overview" and "Life Beneath the Waves"; Program 2: "Creating our Climate" and "Comets: Spectacles in the Sky"); VIDEO 8: "Into Outer Space" (Program 1: "Space Travel" and "Landing on the Moon"; Program 2: "Exploratory Space Probes" and "Star Bright"); VIDEO 9: "Our Sun and Solar System" (Program 1: "The Four Fundamental Forces" and "Our Solar System"; Program 2: "The Sun: Source of Life" and "What is Light?"); VIDEO 10: "The Mysteries of Motion and Power" (Program 1: "Considering Kinematics" and "Newton's Laws"; Program 2: "Electricity: A Current Affair" and "The Physics of Force"); VIDEO 11: "Exploring Energy" (Program 1: "Elementary Energy" and "Nuclear Energy"; Program 2: "The Combustion Engine" and "Power From Petroleum"); VIDEO 12: "Of Wheels and Wings"; (Program 1: "Rolling on Land" and "Sailing on Water"; Program 2: "Flying Through the Air" and "The Magic of Flight"); VIDEO 13: "Through the Looking Glass" (Program 1:"About Telescopes" and "Focus on Photography" and "Looking Into Deep Space"; Program 2: "On Television" and "Surrounded by Satellites"). (ZWH/WTB)
- Published
- 1994
36. Teaching the Basics about Volcanoes to K-16 Students.
- Author
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Mattox, Stephen Ross
- Abstract
Presents a lesson on volcanoes that evaluates student knowledge and misconceptions and provides factual information. (YDS)
- Published
- 2000
37. Pure and Applied Physics and Chemistry.
- Author
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Winkel, Lois
- Abstract
Argues that K-12 students in the United States will continue to lack essential science knowledge until teachers are more knowledgeable about science, science curricula are restructured, and more varied science books are available. Highlights print and Web resources dealing with earthquakes and volcanoes, the heart, science experiments at home, and the Franklin Institute Science Museum (Philadelphia). (PEN)
- Published
- 1998
38. Project LAVA.
- Author
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Nelson, Cheryl
- Abstract
Describes a summer program for teachers in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in which teachers share in hands-on activities that demonstrate volcanic processes including volcanic hazards, plate tectonics, and earthquakes. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
39. Express Electrolysis.
- Author
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Smithenry, Dennis, Gassman, Christopher, Goodridge, Brandon, and Petersen, Tom
- Abstract
Explains the process of student and teacher collaboration on a project to develop a faster electrolysis mechanism. Provides a good example of the problem-based approach to science instruction and curriculum. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
40. Jiffy Pop Volcanoes.
- Author
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Cruz, Irene
- Abstract
Pans of popcorn are popped to varying degrees in order to compare them to the earth's surface with volcanic pressure building up in this demonstration. Volcanic activity is also related to bodily functions to help students make connections. For example, the release of gas through burping after drinking soda pop is related to the release of pressure in a volcano. (PVD)
- Published
- 1998
41. From 2e− to 4e− pathway in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction on Au(100): Kinetic circumvention of the volcano curve.
- Author
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Li, Yuke, Liu, Bing-Yu, Chen, Yanxia, and Liu, Zhi-Feng
- Subjects
- *
OXYGEN reduction , *ACTIVATION energy , *STANDARD hydrogen electrode , *VOLCANOES , *CHARGE exchange , *CURVES - Abstract
We report the free energy barriers for the elementary reactions in the 2e− and 4e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) steps on Au(100) in an alkaline solution. Due to the weak adsorption energy of O2 on Au(100), the barrier for the association channel is very low, and the 2e− pathway is clearly favored, while the barrier for the O–O dissociation channel is significantly higher at 0.5 eV. Above 0.7 V reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the association channel becomes thermodynamically unfavorable, which opens up the O–O dissociation channel, leading to the 4e− pathway. The low adsorption energy of oxygenated species on Au is now an advantage, and residue ORR current can be observed up to the 1.0–1.2 V region (RHE). In contrast, the O–O dissociation barrier on Au(111) is significantly higher, at close to 0.9 eV, due to coupling with surface reorganization, which explains the lower ORR activity on Au(111) than that on Au(100). In combination with the previously suggested outer sphere electron transfer to O2 for its initial adsorption, these results provide a consistent explanation for the features in the experimentally measured polarization curve for the alkaline ORR on Au(100) and demonstrate an ORR mechanism distinct from that on Pt(111). It also highlights the importance to consider the spin state of O2 in ORR and to understand the activation barriers, in addition to the adsorption energies, to account for the features observed in electrochemical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Do Psychiatric Diagnoses Cause Symptoms?
- Author
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Pies, Ronald W. and Ruffalo, Mark L.
- Subjects
Volcanoes ,Health ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
Imagine that you and your traveling companion are toming the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii. Your historically uninformed companion asks you, 'So, what caused the destruction of Pompeii?' [...]
- Published
- 2024
43. Restructuring the interfacial active sites to generalize the volcano curves for platinum-cobalt synergistic catalysis.
- Author
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Chen, Wenyao, Shi, Yao, Liu, Changwei, Ren, Zhouhong, Huang, Zikun, Chen, Zhou, Zhang, Xiangxue, Liang, Shanshan, Xie, Lei, Lian, Cheng, Qian, Gang, Zhang, Jing, Liu, Xi, Chen, De, Zhou, Xinggui, Yuan, Weikang, and Duan, Xuezhi
- Subjects
AMORPHOUS alloys ,BIMETALLIC catalysts ,HYDROGEN evolution reactions ,GOLD catalysts ,VOLCANOES ,ELECTROCATALYSIS - Abstract
Computationally derived volcano curve has become the gold standard in catalysis, whose practical application usually relies on empirical interpretations of composition or size effects by the identical active site assumption. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study on disclosing both the support- and adsorbate-induced restructuring of Pt-Co bimetallic catalysts, and the related interplays among different interfacial sites to propose the synergy-dependent volcano curves. Multiple characterizations, isotopic kinetic investigations, and multiscale simulations unravel that the progressive incorporation of Co into Pt catalysts, driven by strong Pt-C bonding (metal-support interfaces) and Co-O bonding (metal-adsorbate interfaces), initiates the formation of Pt-rich alloys accompanied by isolated Co species, then Co segregation to epitaxial CoO
x overlayers and adjacent Co3 O4 clusters, and ultimately structural collapse into amorphous alloys. Accordingly, three distinct synergies, involving lattice oxygen redox from Pt-Co alloy/Co3 O4 clusters, dual-active sites engineering via Pt-rich alloy/CoOx overlayer, and electron coupling within exposed alloy, are identified and quantified for CO oxidation (gas-phase), ammonia borane hydrolysis (liquid-phase), and hydrogen evolution reaction (electrocatalysis), respectively. The resultant synergy-dependent volcano curves represent an advancement over traditional composition-/size-dependent ones, serving as a bridge between theoretical models and experimental observations in bimetallic catalysis. Volcano curves have become the gold standard in catalyst design. Here, the authors propose synergy-dependent volcano curves by disclosing both support- and adsorbate-induced catalyst restructuring, ideally bridging the gap between theoretical models and experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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44. A Revised High‐Throughput Screening Model on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Over Dual Atom Catalysts Based on the Axial Pre‐Adsorption and O2 Adsorption.
- Author
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Li, Danyang, Sun, Panpan, Xu, Haoxiang, Yun, Jimmy, and Cao, Dapeng
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- *
OXYGEN reduction , *DENSITY functional theory , *ELECTROCATALYSTS , *VOLCANOES , *CATALYSTS - Abstract
Dual‐atom catalysts (DACs) often exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity, due to their versatile combinations and synergistic effects. However, the neglect of both dynamic axial adsorption of the active site upon working potential and the reactant adsorption as a rate‐determining step hinders the establishment of an accurate high‐throughput screening strategy. Here, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of 42 kinds of 3d–3d metal DACs by density functional theory (DFT) calculations are systematiclly investigated and demonstrated that the ORR kinetics can be limited by O2* adsorption besides the proton–electron transfer step and the active center of DACs may be reconstructed by axial pre‐adsorption of intermediates under working potential. Therefore, the ORR volcano plot is proposed by using both the O2* and OH* adsorption as activity descriptors. Then, a high‐throughput screening method is constructed and 38 promising ORR DACs are screened out from 267 DACs containing 3d, 4d, or 5d metals. Importantly, the previously unexplored MnCoN6 DAC is also experimentally synthesized, and exhibits ultrahigh ORR activity outperforming Pt/C, perfectly matching with theoretical prediction. In short, this work not only proposes a volcano plot‐based high‐throughput screening method but also provides a proof‐of‐concept of experimental verification of theoretical prediction to heuristically design electrocatalysts for other reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Volcanic Precursor Revealed by Machine Learning Offers New Eruption Forecasting Capability.
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Wang, Kaiwen, Waldhauser, Felix, Tolstoy, Maya, Schaff, David, Sawi, Theresa, Wilcock, William S. D., and Tan, Yen Joe
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- *
MACHINE learning , *VOLCANIC eruptions , *EARTHQUAKES , *VOLCANOES , *MAGMAS - Abstract
Seismicity at active volcanoes provides crucial constraints on the dynamics of magma systems and complex fault activation processes preceding and during an eruption. We characterize time‐dependent spectral features of volcanic earthquakes at Axial Seamount with unsupervised machine learning (ML) methods, revealing mixed frequency signals that rapidly increase in number about 15 hr before eruption onset. The events migrate along pre‐existing fissures, suggesting that they represent brittle crack opening driven by influx of magma or volatiles. These results demonstrate the power of unsupervised ML algorithms to characterize subtle changes in magmatic processes associated with eruption preparation, offering new possibilities for forecasting Axial's anticipated next eruption. This analysis is generalizable and can be employed to identify similar precursory signals at other active volcanoes. Plain Language Summary: Our research used observations of small earthquakes to understand the dynamic behaviors of magma and fault systems before and during a volcano eruption. Specifically, we used ML techniques to search for patterns in the waveforms that may inform us of their associated physical processes. At Axial Seamount, an active underwater volcano, we discovered distinct patterns in earthquake signals preceding and during the 2015 eruption. Based on event spectral patterns, we identified signals of mixed‐frequency earthquakes that rapidly increase in number about 15 hr before the eruption starts and migrate along pre‐existing eruptive fissures. The spectral pattern involves a mixture of low frequency energy following the first arrivals, which we interpret to represent opening of cracks and being filled with magma or gases. Our study demonstrates that we can use ML algorithms to detect subtle changes in volcanic signals and help us better understand the processes leading up to an eruption. This may help us in forecasting Axial's upcoming eruption and can be applied to other active volcanoes too. Key Points: Unsupervised learning separated regular earthquakes and precursory mixed frequency earthquakes (MFEs) based on different spectral patternsThe regular earthquakes have strong tidal modulation, corresponding to failures on the caldera ring faults triggered by tidal stress changesThe MFEs intensify 15 hr before eruption and migrate along pre‐existing fissures, likely associated with eruption preparation processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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46. Strain-induced ferroelectric phase transition and second-harmonic generation enhancement in NbOCl2 monolayer.
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Ding, Yi-min, Huang, Anqi, Wu, Yu, and Zhou, Liujiang
- Subjects
- *
PHASE transitions , *FERROELECTRIC transitions , *OPTICAL devices , *MONOMOLECULAR films , *VOLCANOES , *OPTOELECTRONIC devices - Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibiting both second-harmonic generation (SHG) and ferroelectric properties are promising candidates for high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, the relationship between SHG response and ferroelectric polarization and bandgap in such materials has not been revealed clearly. Therefore, by using first-principles calculations based on many-body theory, we comprehensively study the structural, electronic, linear and nonlinear (SHG) properties of ferroelectric NbOCl2 monolayer under strain regulation to clarify the influence of ferroelectric polarization (Ps) and bandgap on the SHG coefficient. Our results show a ferroelectric to nonpolar phase transition under compressive strain larger than 5% along the polar direction. Moreover, under strain, the electronic bandgap, optical gap E o , and SHG coefficient can be modified to a large extent and show different variation tendencies before and after phase transition. Importantly, a volcano relationship between SHG coefficient and a combined parameter (β1 = Ps* E o ) is established. Our findings unambiguously demonstrates the correlation between structural distortion, spontaneous polarization, and SHG property and have important implications for developing ferroelectric and nonlinear optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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47. A translithospheric magmatic system revealed beneath Changbaishan volcano.
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Zhou Zhang, Yangfan Deng, Yi-Gang Xu, and Xin Li
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VOLCANOES , *LITHOSPHERE , *OLIGOCENE Epoch , *MOHOROVICIC discontinuity , *MAGMAS - Abstract
Changbaishan volcano (CBV), located on the border between China and North Korea, has undergone violent eruptions since the Oligocene, making it one of the most captivating and explosive volcanoes on Earth. However, the lack of precise characterization regarding the magmatic system makes it difficult to decipher its eruption risk and mechanism, despite its significant size and past devastating effects. In this study, we employed newly developed teleseismic receiver function techniques, including Ps and Sp waves, to construct a lithospheric structure model beneath the CBV region. The results show a thick crust (~37 km) and a weak, thin lithosphere under the CBV, with a low-amplitude width of 80 km at the Moho depth and 200 km at the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. These features depict the seismological response of a translithospheric magmatic system beneath the CBV, where hot upwelling material rises through the lithospheric mantle, underplates at the base of the crust, and forms the magma chamber(s) at shallow depth. Such magmatic system features can be taken as a unifying paradigm for large volcanic regions worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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48. The Nature of Deformations of the Western Slope of Shiveluch Volcano after the Eruption on April 11, 2023, Identified by SAR Interferometry.
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Volkova, M. S., Mikhailov, V. O., and Gorbach, N. V.
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RADAR interferometry , *VOLCANIC eruptions , *BODY size , *REMOTE-sensing images , *VOLCANOES - Abstract
Using the images of the Sentinel-1A satellite, taken from May 1 to September 22, 2023, and the differential interferometry method (DInSAR) we calculated successive displacement fields in time, which clearly show a dome-shaped uplift on the western slope of Shiveluch volcano, 8‒8.5 km west of its active crater. The uplift grew especially intensely at the satellite acquisition intervals of May 1‒13, 2023; May 13‒25, 2023; and May 25‒June 6, 2023. To confirm the hypothesis on the formation of the displacement region due to magma intrusion beneath the western slope of the volcano, numerical modeling was carried out and the parameters of the sill-like magma body, which forms the displacements on the surface that best match the displacement observed from satellite radar interferometry data, were determined. It is assumed that, after the eruption on April 11, 2023, magma rose from a depth of 20‒25 km through a fissure formed under the western slope of the volcano and intruded horizontally beneath the slope at a depth of 1‒2 km in the north-northwesterly direction. Within the precision of data on slope displacements, the size of the magma body varies from 6.0 × 3.0 km at 1 km depth to 5.25 × 1.4 km at 2 km depth, while its height ranges from 0.5 to 1.75 m and its volume, from 0.009 to 0.0129 km3. Thus, based on radar interferometry data together with the data on the distribution of seismic activity accompanying the movement of magma, the model of the magma body that intruded beneath the western slope of Shiveluch volcano in the postparoxysmal phase of the eruption on April 11, 2023, was constructed. The formation of a new extrusive dome on the western slope of Shiveluch volcano at the end of April 2024 confirms the hypothesis about the intrusion of magmatic material beneath the western slope of the volcano and allows estimating the rate of magma rise to the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Complex Discontinuity Structure Beneath the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano Revealed by the P-Wave Coda Autocorrelation Method Based on Dense Seismic Array.
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Wen, Hao, Tian, You, Liu, Cai, and Li, Hongli
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- *
SEISMIC arrays , *MOHOROVICIC discontinuity , *REFLECTANCE , *IMAGING systems in seismology , *VOLCANOES - Abstract
The Changbai volcano, a globally recognized hotspot of volcanic activity, has garnered significant attention due to its persistent seismicity and ongoing magma activity. The volcano's discontinuities and magma dynamics have raised concerns about the likelihood of future eruptions, which would likely result in substantial ecological, climatic, and economic impacts. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the Changbai volcanic system is essential for mitigating the risks associated with volcanic activity. In recent years, the P-wave coda autocorrelation method has gained popularity in lithosphere exploration as a reliable technique for detecting reflection coefficients. Additionally, the Common Reflection Point stacking approach has been employed to superimpose reflection signals in a spatial grid, enabling continuous observation of reflection coefficients in the study area. However, the accuracy of this approach is heavily reliant on better spatial data coverage. To better understand the internal dynamics of the Changbai volcano, we applied this approach to a densely packed short-period seismic array with an average station spacing of less than 1 km. Our results were constrained using waveform data of reflection coefficients and Moho dip angles. Our findings revealed a discontinuity in the Moho, which may indicate a conduit for mantle magma entering the crust. Furthermore, we identified two low-velocity anomalies within the crust, likely representing a magma chamber comprising molten and crystallized magma. Notably, our results also provided a clear definition of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
50. The Western Branch of Icelandic Rifts: Morphology and Tectonics.
- Author
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Bogoliubskii, V. A., Dubinin, E. P., and Lukashov, A. A.
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MID-ocean ridges , *EARTHQUAKE zones , *RIFTS (Geology) , *VOLCANOES , *TOPOGRAPHY , *IGNEOUS provinces - Abstract
Iceland is a unique example where the rift zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge emerges at the surface, and whose morphology and tectonic structure differ considerably from typical rift zones of mid-oceanic ridges. The morphology and geodynamics of the western branch of Icelandic rifts are largely controlled by the thermal influence of the Iceland plume that has created the North Atlantic large igneous province. The western branch of Icelandic rifts is characterized by ceasing tectonic and magmatic activity. Overlapping the Eastern Rift Zone, it forms the rotating Hreppar microplate block, which results in a northward decrease of its tectono-magmatic activity. Based on a morphometric analysis of fault scarps, we identified the degree of present-day activity for individual areas of volcanic systems, and determined its variation during Late Quaternary for some areas. The inferences drawn here demonstrate distinct differences in the present-day tectonic structure and dynamics of rift zones and individual volcanic systems within them. The southernmost, transtensional Reykjanes Rift Zone shows tectono-magmatic activity decreasing to the east, which is due to a lower influence exerted by the Reykjanes Ridge that is adjacent to it to the southwest. We observed its gradual eastward diminution, which is probably due to an analogous southward movement of the most active Eastern Rift Zone and to the formation of a new transtensional zone that combines the present-day Reykjanes Rift Zone and South Iceland Seismic Zone. The Western Rift Zone is developing independently of the Reykjanes Rift Zone, having a major extension center in the area of Lake Thingvallavatn. The Holocene manifestations of tectono-magmatic activity in its northern part, as is the case in the Central Rift Zone, are very weak, being mostly due to glacio-isostatic reactivation of older structures. The identified structural inhomogeneities can also be traced in the morphological aspect of rift zones. As an example, the Western and Central Rift Zones typically contain well-developed shield volcanoes that are largely composed of hyaloclastites, while individual lava shield edifices are observed within fissure swarms. In contrast to this, the Reykjanes Rift Zone is characterized by an absence of central volcanoes expressed in topography, and chains of small volcanic vents are observed within fissure swarms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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