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An intriguing phenomenon in Korean vocative constructions has not received comprehensive attention in the generative literature: in the vocatives, the morpheme -i undergoes drop, and its absence hinges on its immediate adjacency to the vocative marker -(y)a. This article contributes to the literature by demonstrating that this drop is an instance of morphosyntactic haplological dissimilation. Specifically, I identify two ϕ-features, ϕ[−HON: intimate] and ϕ[animate], and propose the morphosyntactic *<ϕ,ϕ> constraint on the -i drop, targeting adjacent matching ϕ-features. This constraint rules out the illicit sequence of *-i-(y)a because both morphemes share matching ϕ-features and their exponents are immediately string-adjacent, resulting in the -i drop. This analysis offers theoretical insights into the mechanisms underlying the haplological dissimilation pertaining to ϕ-features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to explore the dynamics of the emergence in the written speech of various addressers – on the one hand, standard, stereotypical, commonly accepted forms of addressing the addressee, and individual, non-standard addresses that do not belong to the regularly repeated elements peculiar of the author’s epistolary art, on the other. Accordingly, the objectives include 1) a search for criteria to distinguish the stereotypical forms of address, 2) the establishment of epistolary address models formation, and 3) the comparison of new vocative models emergence dynamics in terms of the gradual rise of the total amount of letters in various addressers. To achieve the aforementioned aim, we have utilized the descriptive method, content analysis, and linguistic modelling approach. To distinguish between the vocative formations regularly used by this or that letter writer and nonstandard, unique writer’s individuality-embodying addresses, we have introduced a one-per cent statistical threshold. This made it possible to attribute to the stable components of the addresser’s behaviour those address models whose verbal implementations had reached over 1% of the total number of addresses in this author’s epistolary. The number of models that had crossed the one-per cent statistical threshold appeared to be much lower than the number of non-standard addresses, yet, in total, regular vocative formations implemented in the letters of any addresser quantitatively exceed the non-usual vocative constructions. Consequently, to provide an accurate picture of the correspondence party’s written speech stylistics, it is necessary to explore the relationship between the regular and irregular in their written speech. To compare the dynamics of the rise of the models that had crossed the statistical threshold, and all the address models recorded in the letters of various writers, we built a diagram that compares the number of letters (a horizontal axis) and the number of vocative formation models implemented in those letters (a vertical axis). The results of comparing the dynamics of vocative models formation in the array of letters by A.F. Koni and V.G. Korolenko arranged in chronological order suggest that, as a rule, the commencement of the correspondence is accompanied by standard and commonly used vocative figures, which we consider to be the stereotypical elements of addressers’ speech behaviour and meet linguistic and ethical standards of written communication. In the case of prolonged correspondence, the individual peculiarities of authors’ vocative art find their expression in a continuous flow of letters. The emergence of new vocative models that become productive in the middle or even at the terminal stage of correspondence by this or that addresser is possible, but it depends on extralinguistic factors (the change of communicants’ social status, the expansion of correspondents’ circle etc.). The dynamics of the rise of stereotypical vocation formations largely follow certain general rules of speech generation; the introduction of irregular address models in epistolary discourse depends on a wide range of communication conditions and characterizes the addresser’s individual style. Further research perspectives are connected with the need to clarify the extralinguistic factors affecting the distribution of the stereotypical and irregular address models in the dynamics of written speech generation, as well as with the consideration in this respect of other structural features of a letter.

Copyright of Itinerarios (1507-7241) is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to discuss yet once more the extensively commented opening of Plato’s Symposium. Some scholars have readily acknowledged that the second summon οὗτος Ἀπολλόδωρος was intended to be comically rude. Inspecting the examples of vocative οὗτος in Greek drama, I shall argue that there is syntactical and pragmatic evidence that outweighs interpreting the demonstrative pronoun οὗτος as the core point for the alleged joke encapsulated in the text, thus settling the matter in favouring the idea that the banter need be in the first summon ὦΦαληρεύς.

The present study aims to examine the socio-pragmatic scope of vocatives in present-day colloquial Spanish. As prototypical deictic markers, directly calling upon the addressee, vocatives are considered crucial mechanisms in the creation and maintaining of interpersonal relationships during interaction. This deictic potential makes them highly appropriate strategies at the service of face work and (im)politeness. However, the relation between (Spanish) vocatives and (im)politeness has scarcely been explored. In an attempt to fill this research gap, the present analysis empirically examines the socio-pragmatic functions related to the expression of (im)politeness that the Spanish vocative is able to fulfill in colloquial conversations. The results show that its socio-pragmatic multifunctionality needs to be evaluated in the broad context, not only by taking into account the hosting speech act and the vocative's semantic features, but also extra-linguistic parameters, such as the interpersonal relationship and the speaker's age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In Soviet Ukraine, academic discourse often acted as a means of implementing language planning, in particular as a tool for the transformation of the language corpus. All grammar textbooks published after 1933 broadcast the official knowledge: the vocative is not a full-fledged case, but rather a special form of address; morphological means of expressing address in Ukrainian are the “vocative form” and “nominative case.” In the conditions of total control over all areas of social life, Ukrainian linguists were faced with a choice of either 1) look for certain language devices, broadcasting the official theory, which would convince the addressee to believe in the talking points that did not fully comply with the language facts, and then anchor those points in their consciousness; 2) avoid aspects that disagree with the language practice or the logic of academic description; 3) word the findings of their research and observations of the language practice in a way that would not contradict the official theory. Contribution to the research field. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the communication practices used by Ukrainian linguists in the Soviet times to express their academic position, which did not agree with official knowledge. The object of comprehension was a unique for postcolonial societies situation in which the creators of both the official discourse and the alternative discourse opposed to it were the colonised themselves. Purpose. The aim of this research is to analyse ways and means of verbalisation of the alternative academic position held by linguists in the academic discourse of the totalitarian era, based on the materials representing the topics “The Case System” and “Address” in Ukrainian grammar books for higher education, published between 1933–1991. Methods. The research is based on the theoretical and methodological foundations of postcolonial studies, which involve a critical reading of texts that reflect the influence of various forms of authority on the life of subordinate communities. In particular, the theory of critical reading of J. Errimgton’s linguistic works and R. Vodaks’ methodology of discourse-historical approach, which has been adapted for academic discourse analysis, have been applied in this research. Results. Some linguists, who did not share the canonised theory of the vocative, implied their point of view in the official texts they had created (i.e. textbooks for higher education.) On the one hand, they used official terminology and theoretical concepts: they were consistent in naming the vocative case a “vocative form,” and presented two ways of expressing address. On the other hand, the lexical and grammatical structure of their statements levelled the postulates regarding the fact that “vocative is not a case”, and that “the nominative case is used to express address on par with the vocative.” Among the techniques used by the linguists, heavily euphemistic speech in combination with syntactic complication of the structure prevailed, as well as splitting nominations by verbalising the concept with variant naming and violation of logical connections between consecutive statements. Such individual practices of linguistic resistance replicated the practices of the official totalitarian discourse, but with the aim to broadcast the opposite meaning. Discussion. The peculiarity of the alternative academic discourse (in particular, the language education one) of the totalitarian era lies in the fact that it did not directly confront the official theory, but rather occurred within its boundaries. This gives a reason to consider some Ukrainian linguists of the Soviet period as creators of both colonial and anti-colonial discourses.

The present study aims to explore the diffusion, and its underlying factors, of the most emblematic vocatives of the Spanish countercultural cheli slang in the decades after the countercultural boom. By adopting an empirical approach, we examine how the leading vocatives from the cheli paradigm (i.e. tío/-a 'dude/girl') have spread in colloquial Spanish over the last fifty years, in contrast with a selection of vocatives marked by a more general meaning and usage (e.g. chico/-a 'boy/girl'). Special attention will be paid to changes in productivity of the analyzed forms. To this end, we analyze data from different corpora of spoken Spanish, namely CORLEC (90s), COLAm (2000s), and CORMA (2016–2019), which represent data from different decades. These corpus data are combined with documentary materials. Results suggest that the semantic features, as well as the expressive power of the vocatives under scrutiny, play a crucial role in their trajectory until recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ágora: Estudos Clássicos em Debate is the property of Agora: Estudos Classicos em Debate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The research aims to explore the dynamics of the emergence in the written speech of various addressers – on the one hand, standard, stereotypical, commonly accepted forms of addressing the addressee, and individual, non-standard addresses that do not belong to the regularly repeated elements peculiar of the author’s epistolary art, on the other. Accordingly, the objectives include 1) a search for criteria to distinguish the stereotypical forms of address, 2) the establishment of epistolary address models formation, and 3) the comparison of new vocative models emergence dynamics in terms of the gradual rise of the total amount of letters in various addressers. To achieve the aforementioned aim, we have utilized the descriptive method, content analysis, and linguistic modelling approach. To distinguish between the vocative formations regularly used by this or that letter writer and nonstandard, unique writer’s individuality-embodying addresses, we have introduced a one-per cent statistical threshold. This made it possible to attribute to the stable components of the addresser’s behaviour those address models whose verbal implementations had reached over 1% of the total number of addresses in this author’s epistolary. The number of models that had crossed the one-per cent statistical threshold appeared to be much lower than the number of non-standard addresses, yet, in total, regular vocative formations implemented in the letters of any addresser quantitatively exceed the non-usual vocative constructions. Consequently, to provide an accurate picture of the correspondence party’s written speech stylistics, it is necessary to explore the relationship between the regular and irregular in their written speech. To compare the dynamics of the rise of the models that had crossed the statistical threshold, and all the address models recorded in the letters of various writers, we built a diagram that compares the number of letters (a horizontal axis) and the number of vocative formation models implemented in those letters (a vertical axis). The results of comparing the dynamics of vocative models formation in the array of letters by A.F. Koni and V.G. Korolenko arranged in chronological order suggest that, as a rule, the commencement of the correspondence is accompanied by standard and commonly used vocative figures, which we consider to be the stereotypical elements of addressers’ speech behaviour and meet linguistic and ethical standards of written communication. In the case of prolonged correspondence, the individual peculiarities of authors’ vocative art find their expression in a continuous flow of letters. The emergence of new vocative models that become productive in the middle or even at the terminal stage of correspondence by this or that addresser is possible, but it depends on extralinguistic factors (the change of communicants’ social status, the expansion of correspondents’ circle etc.). The dynamics of the rise of stereotypical vocation formations largely follow certain general rules of speech generation; the introduction of irregular address models in epistolary discourse depends on a wide range of communication conditions and characterizes the addresser’s individual style. Further research perspectives are connected with the need to clarify the extralinguistic factors affecting the distribution of the stereotypical and irregular address models in the dynamics of written speech generation, as well as with the consideration in this respect of other structural features of a letter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the Chinese kinship and the Spanish one belong to the Sudanese type and Eskimo type respectively, there is a huge asymmetry and non-equivalence in the address terminologies. Although the Chinese kinship address terms, like the Spanish ones, have vocative function in the family context as well as in the non-family one, for the linguistic and cultural difference the Chinese kinship address terms have a wider and more complicated application. The comparison between 姐(姐)/jie(jie)/and its translation into Spanish in Sueño de las mansiones rojas has proved this peculiarity in the semantics and the pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic study of Stau kinship terms, offering a detailed analysis of their classifications and characteristics. Stau kinship terms are categorized into vocative and referential/possessive forms. Vocative kinship terms follow the intonation pattern of other vocative phrases, particularly barytonesis, which involves stress and intonation shifting from the second syllable to the first. The paper explores the distinctions within younger sibling relationships, dividing kinship terms into male Ego and female Ego categories based on the sex of the connecting relative. The kinship prefix æ -, commonly found in Qiangic languages, is exclusively used in vocative and referential/possessive kinship terms referring to older kin (both male and female). The study also identifies specific vocative and referential kinship terms that describe dyads of kinship relationships, similar to Tibetic languages like the Amdo dialects spoken in Stau-speaking areas. Stau maintains a sex-based distinction for kinship terms across all generations. Referential/possessive kinship terms in Gen−1 and Gen−2 differentiate between lineal and collateral relationships, while in vocative terms, only Gen−1 distinguishes between lineal and collateral relatives. Gen+1 consanguineal vocative kinship terms exhibit distinctions for lineal/collateral and matrilateral/patrilateral relationships. However, the matrilateral/patrilateral distinction is neutralized in Gen+1 affinal vocative kinship terms. Gen+1 affinal referential/possessive kinship terms differentiate matrilateral and patrilateral relationships when using a possessive phrase, but not when using the simple base term. Age relative to Ego plays a distinct role in Gen0 kinship terms, both vocative and referential/possessive. Sibling terms are differentiated from cousin terms in Gen0 referential/possessive terms using the tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə) 'is a relative' copula phrase. Regarding cousin kinship typology, Stau aligns with the Hawaiian type in the vocative and the Eskimo type in the referential. The Hawaiian type serves as the foundational basis due to shared roots in both vocative and referential contexts. For Gen+1 terms, Stau follows the Sudanese system, each consanguineal kin with their own term. Gen−1 terms follow the Eskimo system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Czech rule-based tools for automatic punctuation insertion rely on extensive grammar and achieve respectable precision, the pre-trained Transformers outperform rule-based systems in precision and recall (Machura et al. 2022). The Czech pre-trained RoBERTa model achieves excellent results, yet a certain level of phenomena is ignored, and the model partially makes errors. This paper aims to investigate whether it is possible to retrain the RoBERTa language model to increase the number of sentence commas the model correctly detects. We have chosen a very specific and narrow type of sentence comma, namely the sentence comma delimiting vocative phrases, which is clearly defined in the grammar and is very often omitted by writers. The chosen approaches were further tested and evaluated on different types of texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a syntax-pragmatics interface analysis of imperative clauses overtly marked by two grammatical categories of qing 'please' in Mandarin and refines the division of labor among directive force, clause typing and deontic modality jointly computing the interpretative properties of qing imperatives. We present a cluster of properties to differentiate between the two categories of qing and observe that qing1 denotes obligation imposed on the addressee by the speaker, while qing2 denotes permission with which the addressee is allowed to perform an action or make true a state of affairs according to a set of norms. It is argued that qing1 is an imperative mood head, while qing2 is an imperative adverb, but both are endowed with a similar internal composition and extent of the phrasal hierarchies of the CP periphery, and their disparate imperative properties can be ascribed to the addressee-oriented and subject-oriented deontic modality (Tsai & Portner 2008). Following Haegeman & Hill's (2013) version of the Speech Act Phrase, we claim that a speech act layer externally merges to the topmost position of ForceP to drive the syntax-pragmatics interface computation of the speaker-addressee relation and to mediate the imperative mood and clause typing represented in the CP layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. In Soviet Ukraine, academic discourse often acted as a means of implementing language planning, in particular as a tool for the transformation of the language corpus. All grammar textbooks published after 1933 broadcast the official knowledge: the vocative is not a full-fledged case, but rather a special form of address; morphological means of expressing address in Ukrainian are the "vocative form" and "nominative case." In the conditions of total control over all areas of social life, Ukrainian linguists were faced with a choice of either 1) look for certain language devices, broadcasting the official theory, which would convince the addressee to believe in the talking points that did not fully comply with the language facts, and then anchor those points in their consciousness; 2) avoid aspects that disagree with the language practice or the logic of academic description; 3) word the findings of their research and observations of the language practice in a way that would not contradict the official theory. Contribution to the research field. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the communication practices used by Ukrainian linguists in the Soviet times to express their academic position, which did not agree with official knowledge. The object of comprehension was a unique for postcolonial societies situation in which the creators of both the official discourse and the alternative discourse opposed to it were the colonised themselves. Purpose. The aim of this research is to analyse ways and means of verbalisation of the alternative academic position held by linguists in the academic discourse of the totalitarian era, based on the materials representing the topics "The Case System" and "Address" in Ukrainian grammar books for higher education, published between 1933-1991. Methods. The research is based on the theoretical and methodological foundations of postcolonial studies, which involve a critical reading of texts that reflect the influence of various forms of authority on the life of subordinate communities. In particular, the theory of critical reading of J. Errimgton's linguistic works and R. Vodaks' methodology of discourse-historical approach, which has been adapted for academic discourse analysis, have been applied in this research. Results. Some linguists, who did not share the canonised theory of the vocative, implied their point of view in the official texts they had created (i.e. textbooks for higher education.) On the one hand, they used official terminology and theoretical concepts: they were consistent in naming the vocative case a "vocative form," and presented two ways of expressing address. On the other hand, the lexical and grammatical structure of their statements levelled the postulates regarding the fact that "vocative is not a case", and that "the nominative case is used to express address on par with the vocative." Among the techniques used by the linguists, heavily euphemistic speech in combination with syntactic complication of the structure prevailed, as well as splitting nominations by verbalising the concept with variant naming and violation of logical connections between consecutive statements. Such individual practices of linguistic resistance replicated the practices of the official totalitarian discourse, but with the aim to broadcast the opposite meaning. Discussion. The peculiarity of the alternative academic discourse (in particular, the language education one) of the totalitarian era lies in the fact that it did not directly confront the official theory, but rather occurred within its boundaries. This gives a reason to consider some Ukrainian linguists of the Soviet period as creators of both colonial and anti-colonial discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent work has described allocutive marking in finite embedded contexts in Tamil and Magahi, where allocutivity interacts with indexical shift. It has been proposed that allocutive marking reflects agreement with a silent addressee‐related DP present in all finite clauses even when no indexical shift applies. A prediction of this approach is the possibility of varieties with embedded allocutive marking but no indexical shift. This article argues that some southern Basque dialects instantiate this possibility. In addition, novel evidence is presented suggesting that the syntax of allocutivity is related to the syntax of direct‐address expressions in these dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trong giao tiếp, lối xưng hô không chỉ thể hiện thái độ, tình cảm của các chủ thể trong giao tiếp mà còn thể hiện vị trí, nhận thức, mối quan hệ xã hội, văn hóa và khả năng ngôn ngữ của cá nhân, cộng đồng. Để góp phần làm rõ thêm đặc trưng văn hóa giao tiếp của người Êđê, bài viết phân tích đặc trưng giao tiếp của người Êđê qua các mối quan hệ, cách thức và các nghi thức xưng hô qua sử thi Y Khing Ju.

Proper names actively respond to all processes taking place in society. Anthroponyms, like any ot- her proper names, are peculiar social signs that reflect changes in society. The article discusses vocative formulas coined on the basis of anthroponyms, used in the youth environment to express the phatic function. While ana- lyzing utterances containing direct address, the author distinguishes three main vocative forms with different degrees of frequency and displaying certain dependences in the aspect of linguistic and extralinguistic causes. Thus, the hypocoristic name is most neutral in terms of expressing subjective evaluation, and its use does not show any change. Qualitative deminative addresses are coined using such word-forming means, which are unconventional for the system of personal names of the modern Russian language and are results of a language game. Qualitative meliorative forms of the name are represented by both word formation variants and a set of other forms derived to express subjective evaluation. The result of the analysis is the statement that modern vocative forms represent the outcome of speech generation from the position of the naming subject, where the purpose of the nominator, their sense of language, and creative abilities are explicated. In addition, the variety of vocative forms in oral communication makes it possible to distinguish three aspects in the nominator’s formation of direct address forms: derivational, slangy and mental, where mostly irregular, unconventional forms of address are analyzed. Each aspect presented reflects the functions of the onym and the intentions of the nominator while coining a direct address. And the derivational aspect supplements other aspects, since any new form of vocative relies, among other things, on the word-forming and semantic potential of the Russian affixes. The article concludes that unconventional forms of direct address indicate the formation of fashionable trends in this area, which are associated with such factors as the processes of internationalization and globa- lization, target settings and sense of language of the nominator, and the specific features of speech generation.

The Ukrainian Vocative: Changing Views on the Functions of the Morphological Form іn the Context of Social Transformations This article highlights changes in the linguistic interpretation and practice of using the vocative case in Ukrainian which took place during the centuries. The study demonstrates the relation between the linguistic evaluation of this morphological form and political situation, and the status of the Ukrainian language. During theSoviet Unionperiod, linguists pointed out that the address function is peculiar to two morphological forms of a noun, i.e. the vocative and the nominative. Stylists recommended using the nominative in the official and business spheres; they considered the vocative more suitable for everyday speech. Modern Ukrainian language experts consider the vocative to be the only nor­mative form of appeal. They suppose that using the nominative in the address form is a deviation from the norm caused by the influence of the Russian language, which prevailed in theSoviet Union. As a result of the traumatic experience of Soviet totalitarianism, issues of the literary standard of Ukrainian and its purity are acute. Thus, the linguistic evaluation, recommendations on the usage of the vocative in modern papers of Ukrainian linguists are often emotional and appeal to the speaker’s commitments. The nominative often performs the address function in the spoken language of the Ukrainians; the vocative may have a full and reduced form of both kinds. Print media orient themselves towards the literary standard and usage of the vocative. The belles lettres reflect the competition of morphological forms of the noun for the appeal expression, which is peculiar to uncontrolled speech. Ukraiński wołacz: zmiana funkcji formy morfologicznej na tle przemian społecznych Artykuł przedstawia analizę zmian w interpretacji lingwistycznej i prak­tyce używania wołacza, które nastąpiły w trakcie XX i XXI stulecia. Wykazano związek między oceną lingwistyczną tej formy morfologicznej a sytuacją polityczną, statusem języka ukraińskiego. W okresie radzieckim języko­znawcy zwracali uwagę, że funkcja odwołania występuje w dwóch formach morfologicznych rzeczownika – w wołaczu i w mianowniku. Styliści zalecali używanie mianownika w stylu urzędowym, wołacz uznano za formę właściwą przede wszystkim dla języka mówionego. Współcześni językoznawcy ukra­ińscy uważają wołacz za jedyną formę normatywną odwołania, a mianownik w tej roli interpretowany jest jako odchylenie od normy spowodowane wpły­wem dominującego w Związku Radzieckim języka rosyjskiego. W wyniku traumatycznych doświadczeń radzieckiego totalitaryzmu kwestie standardu literackiego i czystości języka ukraińskiego są postrzegane jako bardzo draż­liwe. Dlatego ocena lingwistyczna, zalecenia dotyczące użycia wołacza we współczesnych pracach ukraińskich językoznawców mają często charakter emocjonalny i odwołują się do przekonań mówiąсego. W mowie Ukraińców funkcję odwołania pełni często mianownik, a wołacz może mieć zarówno pełne, jak i skrócone formy dwojakiego rodzaju. W przypadku wydań drukowanych typowe jest koncentrowanie się na standardzie literackim, a zatem stosowanie wołacza. Konkurencja form morfologicznych rzeczownika w wyrażaniu apela­tywnym, charakterystyczna dla swobodnej mowy, znajduje odzwierciedlenie w literaturze pięknej.

This paper focuses on an analysis of the intonation patterns of different types of vocatives in Romanian language. We present the main characteristics of the tonal patterns observed in the vocative constructions instances of isolated vocatives and contexts in which vocatives occur in different positions: initial, middle, and final. Our analysis, in the framework of AM phonology with ToBI conventions, reveals that most of isolated vocatives are realized as LsH*(!)H% (vocative chant), and L+H* L% (insistent call). For non-isolated vocatives the most frequent contours are labeled as L+H* L% and H+L* L%. Cross-linguistically, our findings show that Romanian vocatives display the same pattern as other Romance languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moreira (2005, 2008) and Moreira and Alkmim (2013) observe that the form senhor and number and gender and number variants are frequently used as a vocative in constructions taken from plays written by authors from Minas Gerais in the 19th and 20th centuries. Considering the works cited above, our hypothesis is that the incidence of the use of the form senhor as a vocative in final position resulted in a process of grammaticalization that originated the reduced forms of this item: sinhô, seu, siô, sôr e sô. In this article, based on intuition and evaluation data from native speakers, we aim to describe and analyze the constructions in which the item sô is realized. We follow Hill (2007, 2014), who places the vocative in the syntactic structure, considering the pragmatic function that this item performs. As a result, we present tree configurations corresponding to the constructions in which the item sô is realized, as well as considerations about the vocative in the syntactic structure of the dialect of Minas Gerais. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Matthew uses ὀλιγόπιστος to critique inadequate faith from the disciples, adapting already linked Markan pericopes to create a set with a distinct rhetorical function. For the Gospel audience, these function together to call people to the sort of wholehearted trust exemplified in the first use of the term (6,25–34), while developing this ideal in a christological direction. Linguistic studies on the role of the vocative highlight how ὀλιγόπιστος is used to effect this goal, as it serves to recharacterize the disciples, drawing attention to the narrative frame, and emphasising the imperative force of Jesus' rhetorical questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Using a mixed-method approach, this study examines the pragmatic functions of the discourse marker walak and its variants in Spoken Jordanian Arabic. It also explores the differences in the use of this discourse marker according to the speakers' gender. The data was collected from a sample of 200 native speakers of Jordanian Arabic, using informal interviews and a validation questionnaire. The results showed that walak and its variants perform six language functions: warning, insulting, addressing/vocative, endearment, threatening, and denial. As far as gender differences are concerned, the findings indicated that there were statistically significant differences between males and females in the use of walak and its variants in favour of males. This indicates that males agreed more with the sentences expressing each pragmatic function in the validation questionnaire. The study concludes with some pedagogical implications for learners of Arabic as a second language, teachers and syllabus designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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From the point of view of accentology the Vedic vocative is remarkable for two reasons: In clause-initial position, its first syllable bears an udātta irrespective of word accent. In all other positions, the vocative has anudātta throughout. These striking tonal patterns, however, do not reflect word accent. Rather, they are a means to render intonational patterns like the vocative chant with an initial high boundary tone and a low tone in parentheticals respectively. Similarly, the seeming deaccentuation in finite main clause verbs is a way of marking the low tone associated with the right boundary of assertive utterances. Regarding word level accent, vocatives do not differ from nominatives. The calling contour proposed for Vedic clause-initial vocatives is also attested in Greek, which, however, underwent a change in historic times leading to the introduction of a vocative particle as a host for the chant-initial high tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper proposes that a vocative can be a potential source of coordination, thus it adds to the literature on the grammaticalization of coordinators. Evidence to this proposal is taken from Jordanian Arabic (JA) wherein the vocative particle ja: developed a disjunctive (coordination) function. The synchronic evidence to the evolution of the disjunctive ja: is that this function is conveyed by this particle in some but not all Arabic varieties, whereas the vocative function is the common cross-dialectal function of ja:. Further, this study suggests that the factors that licensed the development of this function (i.e., the disjunctive ja:) in JA are (i) the common semantic feature between the vocative and disjunctive ja:, namely proximity, (ii) the shared function of warning and (iii) the syntactic distribution of ja: in initial position of the two conjuncts of the bisyndetic disjunctive construction. With regard to the properties of this evolution, it is demonstrated in this paper that the development of the coordinating ja: is a case of secondary grammaticalization featured by expansion in functionality and increase in syntactic contingence of the hosting structure.

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The paper aims to identify, generate and regenerate the case system in Thali, an undescribed, undocumented and unexplored variety of Punjabi. Thali is spoken in the vast expanse of Thal located between Jhelum and Sindh rivers from north to south 190 miles, and a maximum breadth of 70 miles district Layyaof Punjab, Pakistan by 1,120,951people. This study compares and contrasts Thali case system with that of the English case system. The data were collected from four native speakers of the Thali language. The structure formulated by Andrew Carnegie was used to ascertain evidence to evaluate the prevailing case marking models. It was analyzed that the grammar of the Thali language is mainly concerned with the word order, verb as a head case marking, and other morphological and syntactic constructions. The established and flexible word order in Thali is SOV with postpositions where nouns get their position by postpositions. On the contrary, English has the preposition with SVO word order. Morphological marking is also very common in all types of cases in Thali. On the contrary, case system in English is not only morphologically marked. In academia, to conceptualize these different linguistic structures becomea challenging job for Thali learners. Finally, this paper finds out some pedagogical strategies in the domain of EFL forThali learners to teach and learn the English case system as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the evidence from Hittite on morphological and syntactic marking of direct addresses. It is shown that the standard description of Hoffner, and Melchert in 2008 needs a revision. Careful examination of a considerable body of texts shows a mismatch between morphological (vocative case) and syntactic (separate syntactic unit) marking of direct addresses to gods and men. The real taxonomy of direct addresses in Hittite is as follows: (a) morphologically marked vocatives within the main clause, (b) morphologically marked vocatives in a separate syntactic unit, (c) morphologically marked nominatives (or unmarked logograms) in a separate syntactic unit, (d) morphologically marked nominatives (or unmarked logograms) within the main clause. All these structures are demonstrably different from appositional constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashinahua kinship is renowned for its Kariera-like alternate generation system. What can then be the novel aspect of its study? A linguistic approach reveals several levels and nuances in verbal attitudes among the speakers (modes of address, greetings, speech registers), which are mainly focused on the contextual use of kinship terms. The paper proposes an ethnolinguistic description of this aspect of Cashinahua verbal art, which has received little attention in the literature on the Pano languages of the South American lowlands.

This paper investigates the formal and functional variation of the vocative in contemporary Spanish teenage talk. For this purpose, all vocative occurrences found in conversations between teenagers in the Corpus Oral de Madrid-2016 are analyzed. The vocative is known to be highly productive in Spanish teenage talk, on both formal and functional levels. First, we provide the inventory of vocative forms used by Madrilenian teenagers, examine their origin and describe their semantic-pragmatic features, with special attention for the nominal vocative expressions used as symbols of in-group identity. The second part disentangles the pragmatic-discursive functions assumed by these forms, by taking into account the vocative's multifunctionality. Teenagers tend to use vocatives as a phatic mechanism which allows them to control the contact with their interlocutor(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study analyses the form and functions of two closely related non-arbitrary prosodic contours in Anal Naga (ISO 639-3:anm), a Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman) language of Northeast India. The two contours are (a) a Response-Seeking contour (RS), pronounced as a strongly accented rise-fall on the last syllable of the Intonation Unit and (b) Prosodic Intensification (PI), minimally pronounced as an identical deviant accent and maximally characterised by an abrupt shift into an extra-high pitch level (or a falsetto voice) and/or an extreme rhyme lengthening. RS has phatic, interaction-managing functions and PI triggers content-managing interpretations. Both markers index (in the Peircean sense) the investment of the speaker’s extra-effort, thus drawing the interlocutors’ attention and triggering an interpretive (PI) or responsive (RS) action. The study analyses RS and PI as conventional/symbolic indexicals (akin to a prosodic pointing) where on the one hand the form is naturally related to the triggered meaning but on the other hand the form of the marker, its distribution and the set of its functions are language-specific conventions. The study presents a brief cross-linguistic comparison of parallel indexical-iconic prosodic contours and demonstrates how despite their non-arbitrary nature, such markers have conventionalised forms, distribution and functions. The study adds to the growing evidence for the role of non-arbitrariness in language and interaction.

The colonial text El Güegüense is considered a testimony of the Central American indigenous culture, since it shows the colonial reality and the experience of marginalized groups who had no voice, but who used this type of demonstration to denounce all aspects of social life impregnated with injustice, corruption, abuses of power. It is not surprising, then, that such text has been the subject of multiple studies: from historical, social, literary and linguistic. The approach presented here is more of the linguistic in nature, because the analysis was concentrated on the reference, which allows the participants to follow up on the discourse through different grammatical resources that can be observed throughout the text. This count showed the majority presence of the vocative with a clear ironic intention of social denunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article deals with address terms that function in family discourse. The material was collected through means of interviewing. There is made a tentative attempt of comparative analysis of vocatives in English and still underreasearched Oirat languages.

In this paper, we focus on Spanish hearer-oriented particles like the highly frequent verb-based particle mira (lit. 'look'). We provide a detailed syntactic account of these particles by demonstrating (i) that they must be distinguished from both vocative/appellative and expressive/exclamative particles, and (ii) that they feature illocutionary restrictions familiar from the class of discourse particles in languages other than Spanish. Since our proposal locates mira in the information-structural layer of the clause and, at the same time, demonstrates its sensitivity to the illocutionary component of sentence interpretation, we thus raise more general questions about the interaction between the syntax of speech acts and the syntactic encoding of information structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]