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Calcium stress can negatively impact plant growth, prompting plants to respond by mitigating this effect. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this response remain unclear. In this study, we used non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to investigate the response mechanisms of Zelkova schneideriana leaves under varying degrees of calcium stress. Results revealed that calcium stress led to wilt in young leaves. When calcium stress exceeds the tolerance threshold of the leaf, it results in wilting of mature leaves, rupture of chloroplasts in palisade tissue, and extensive wrinkling and breakage of leaf cells. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that calcium stress inhibited photosynthesis by suppressing the expression of genes related to photosynthetic system II and electron transport. Leaf cells activate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and Vitamin B6 metabolism to resist calcium stress. When calcium accumulation gradually surpassed the tolerance threshold of the cells, this results in failure of conventional anti-calcium stress mechanisms, leading to cell death. Furthermore, excessive calcium stress inhibits the expression of CNGC and anti-pathogen genes. The results of the metabolomics study showed that five key metabolites increased in response to calcium stress, which may play an important role in countering calcium stress. This study provides insights into the response of Z. schneideriana leaves to different levels of calcium stress, which could provide a theoretical basis for cultivating Z. schneideriana in karst areas and enhance our understanding of plant responses to calcium stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research implements a computer-aided formulation development algorithm based on a novel SeDeM-ODT expert system in establishing the design space for paediatric pyridoxine hydrochloride orodispersible tablets (ODTs) using Prosolv® ODTG2, Prosolv® EasyTab SP, and Ludiflash® systems. For each formulation ingredient, expert system-defined preformulation parameter values were experimentally determined according to standardized methods and then normalized to the theoretical radius range [0,10]. Expert diagrams were constructed and the quantitative performance of each ingredient was evaluated using parametric profile index (IPP), flowability (ff'), and compressibility (ffc) functions. The net direct compression capability was quantitatively expressed as the product of expert system reliability and IPP. Direct compression was conducted in an eccentric tablet press and properties were evaluated using weight, dimension, disintegration test, contact angle, tensile strength, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The ODTs dissolution profiles were fitted and compared using zero-order, first-order, Hixson-Crowell, and Hopfenberg models. Results of the expert diagram of pyridoxine hydrochloride indicated suboptimal normalized radii values in 8 out of 12 parameters, implying a compromised mechanical zone (ff'=3.61, ffc=2.11). By setting a target ffc for the optimized formulation mix at 5.0, the predicted proportions of the fillers to remedy the direct compression deficits of the drug were computed as 89.00%, 83.23%, and 76.62% for Prosolv® ODTG2 (ffc=5.36), Prosolv® EasyTab SP (ffc=5.58), and Ludiflash® (ffc=5.88), respectively. The produced ODTs were of acceptable target quality, hence the SeDeM-ODT system was considered a reliable formulation tool for establishing the design space of this particular drug-filler systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcephaly, epilepsy and diabetes syndrome 1 (MEDS1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in the immediate early response 3 interacting protein 1 (IER3IP1) gene. Only nine cases have been described in the literature. MEDS1 manifests as microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern in combination with severe infantile epileptic encephalopathy and early-onset permanent diabetes. A simplified gyral pattern has been described in all cases reported to date. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of specific mutations in the IER3IP1 gene. In this study, we present an additional case of a patient with MEDS1 who was homozygous for the c.53C>T p.(Ala18Val) variant. This case, the first to be reported from Turkey, differs from other cases due to the absence of a typical simplified gyral pattern on early brain magnetic resonance imaging, the late onset of diabetes, and the presence of a new genetic variant. The triad of microcephaly, generalized seizures and permanent neonatal diabetes should prompt screening for mutations in IER3IP1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Our study showed that B vitamins did not have significant effect on fracture incidence, bone mineral density, and bone turnover markers. However, the research data of B vitamins on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers are limited, and more clinical trials are needed to draw sufficient conclusions. Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the efficacy of B vitamin (VB) (folate, B6, and B12) supplements on fracture incidence, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover markers (BTMs). Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to September 4, 2023. The risk of bias was assessed according to Cochrane Handbook and the quality of evidence was assessed according to the GRADE system. We used trial sequential analysis (TSA) to assess risk of random errors and Stata 14 to conduct sensitivity and publication bias analyses. Results: Data from 14 RCTs with 34,700 patients were extracted and analyzed. The results showed that VBs did not significantly reduce the fracture incidence (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.95 − 1.18; p = 0.33; I2 = 40%) and did not affect BMD in lumbar spine and femur neck. VBs had no significant effect on bone specific alkaline phase (a biomarker for bone formation), but could increase the serum carboxy-terminal peptide (a biomarker for bone resorption) (p = 0.009; I2 = 0%). The TSA showed the results of VBs on BMD and BTMs may not be enough to draw sufficient conclusions due to the small number of sample data included and needed to be demonstrated in more clinical trials. The inability of VBs to reduce fracture incidence has been verified by TSA as sufficient. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias assessment proved that our meta-analysis results were stable and reliable, with no significant publication bias. Conclusions: Available evidence from RCTs does not support VBs can effectively influence osteoporotic fracture risk, BMD, and BTMs. Trial registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023427508. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As reported by the FAO, in 2022, approximately 735 million people experienced undernourishment, underscoring the critical need for effective strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies. Among these strategies, the mass fortification of staple foods, particularly rice—a dietary staple for half of the global population—has emerged as one of the most effective approaches. Conventional milling processes diminish the nutritional content of rice, necessitating the development of fortification methods to enhance its nutrient profile. This study investigates advanced fortification techniques to improve the nutritional value of rice, focusing on vitamins B1, B2, and B6, with guidelines from the US Institute of Medicine's Dietary Reference Intakes. The results indicate that implementing ultrasonic treatments and optimal soaking conditions (60 °C for 60 min) significantly enhances the absorption of these vitamins. Effective parameters included a concentration of 1500 ppm for vitamin B1 and higher levels for vitamins B2 and B6, with a rice-to-vitamin solution ratio of 1:4. These conditions yielded an absorbed vitamin B1 content of 1050 mg/kg, bringing the fortified rice closer to meeting recommended intake levels. Given the global average daily consumption of 100 g of rice per person, this research demonstrates the feasibility of fortifying rice to address nutrient deficiencies effectively and contribute to improved dietary health worldwide. Further enhancement of vitamin B2 and B6 levels remains essential for optimal fortification, highlighting the potential of fortified rice as a sustainable solution for improving global nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, systems biology approach was applied to get a deep insight regarding the regulatory mechanisms of Chromochloris zofingiensis under overall stress conditions. Meta-analysis was performed using p-values combination of differentially expressed genes. To identify the informative models related to stress conditions, two distinct weighted gene co-expression networks were constructed and preservation analyses were performed using medianRankand Zsummary algorithms. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis of non-preserved modules was performed to shed light on the biological performance of underlying genes in the non-preserved modules. In the next step, the gene regulatory networks between top hub genes of non-preserved modules and transcription factors were inferred using ensemble of trees algorithm. Results showed that the power of beta = 7 was the best soft-thresholding value to ensure a scale-free network, leading to the determination of 12 co-expression modules with an average size of 128 genes. Preservation analysis showed that the connectivity pattern of the six modules including the blue, black, yellow, pink, greenyellow, and turquoise changed during stress condition which defined as non-preserved modules. Examples of enriched pathways in non-preserved modules were Oxidative phosphorylation", "Vitamin B6 metabolism", and "Arachidonic acid metabolism". Constructed regulatory network between identified TFs and top hub genes of non-preserved module such as Cz06g10250, Cz03g12130 showed that some specific TFs such as C3H and SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein (SBP) specifically regulates the specific hubs. The current findings add substantially to our understanding of the stress responsive underlying mechanism of C. zofingiensis for future studies and metabolite production programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen the fibers used in Curtain-liking Anchoring Culture Bioreactor, a “Fiber Horizontal Infiltration Mass Transfer Simulation Device” was created by simulating the process of the reactor to infiltrate and transfer the culture solution to the callus cells through the fiber silk.In combination with the improved simultaneous detection methods for nicotinic acid, vitamin B6,and vitamin B1 HPLC, the mobile phase elution system used sodium heptanesulfonate solution: acetonitrile=90∶ 10（V∶ V） equal degree elution, etc. The effects of mass transfered by horizontal infiltration in 16 plant fiber bundles on nicotinic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B1 of MS medium were studied. The results showed that the horizontal infiltration mass transfer in 16 plant fiber bundles had the effect of increasing or decreasing the concentration of nicotinic acid and vitamin B6 of MS culture medium, but the effect duration was not more than 84 min, and there was a significant difference between species. The effect of herb stalk and wood fiber was weaker than that of stem bark and bamboo wood fiber. The concentration of niacin in bamboo fiber bundles of Bambusa emeiensis and Bambusa textilis showed significant changes, ranging from 0.02 to 2.58 μg/mL.The highest increase for niacin concentration was observed in Boehmeria nivea stem bark fiber bundles, reaching 3.17 μg/mL, which was more than five times the original concentration and lasted for 72 minutes. The vitamin B6 concentration in the mass transfer fluid of Bambusa textilis and Phyllostachys heterocycla fiber bundle decreased to zero, and the concentration of vitamins B6 in the mass transfer fluid through Boehmeria nivea stem bark fiber bundle increased to two times as much as the original concentration, while the concentration of three vitamins in other fiber bundles increased or decreased slightly.Although plant fiber bundle can lead to an increase or decrease of the three vitamins concentration of the mass transfer fluid, the duration of the effect is only within 84 minutes after the fiber bundle were infiltrated and fulled adequately by the medium fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractVitamin B1 (thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)) and B6 (pyridoxal 5'- phosphate (PLP)) deficiencies pose significant health risks. The current measurement method employs High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), though, Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is considered a more sensitive and selective analytical method. However, there is a lack of LC-MS/MS-based reference intervals. Moreover, none of the existing reference intervals are established in Danish populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a reference interval for whole blood concentrations of TPP and PLP in Danish blood donors using LC-MS/MS. Blood samples were collected from healthy Danish blood donors and analysed using the reagent kit, MassChrom® Vitamins B1 and B6 in whole blood (Chromsystems Instruments & Chemicals GmbH, Munich, Germany) for quantitative determination of both TPP and PLP concentration in whole blood, using LC-MS/MS. Reference intervals were determined with non-parametric methods as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile and presented with 90% confidence intervals (CI). In total 120 blood donors were included. The concentrations of TTP or PLP were not statistically different between sexes just as age did not affect the concentrations, hence, combined reference intervals were employed. The resulting reference intervals are: TPP, nmol/L: 101.0 (90% CI: 96.4–108.5) − 189.0 (90% CI: 184.7–192.0) and PLP, nmol/L: 64.0 (90% CI: 60.9–66.7) − 211.8 (90% CI: 168.3–231.0). In conclusion, reference intervals for whole blood TTP and PLP in a healthy Danish population were established based on a LC-MS/MS method. Furthermore, the reference intervals were not affected by age or sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous studies have indicated a controversy regarding the association between dietary micronutrient concentrations and the risk of allergic diseases. In this study, we employed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using data from two samples to investigate the causal relationship between circulating micronutrient concentrations and three allergic diseases. Methods: In this study, we considered 16 circulating micronutrients as exposure variables (beta carotene, calcium, copper, folate, iron, lycopene, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamin A1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and zinc); and three common allergic diseases (allergic asthma [AA], atopic dermatitis [AD], and allergic rhinitis [AR]) as outcomes. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was primarily applied for MR analysis, supplemented by MR-Egger and weighted-median methods to corroborate the IVW results; and sensitivity analysis was conducted to ensure the robustness of the MR assumptions. Results: Our results revealed that an increase in serum phosphorus and zinc concentrations may diminish the risk of AA, while for AD an increase in serum zinc concentration may reduce the risk, but an increase in serum vitamin C concentration may elevate the risk. As for AR, an increase in serum phosphorus and selenium concentrations appeared to be associated with a reduced risk. We did not find evidence for an association between other micronutrients and the risk of allergic diseases. Conclusion: Our study indicates that an increase in serum phosphorus and zinc concentrations may reduce the risk of AA, while an increase in serum zinc concentration may reduce the risk of AD, but an increase in serum vitamin C concentration may elevate the risk of AD. An increase in serum phosphorus and selenium concentrations is associated with a reduced risk of AR. This provides additional support for research on the effects of micronutrients on allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Tangbi capsule (TBC) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, which has the potential to improve the vascular insufficiency of lower extremities and limb numbness in diabetes. However, the potential mechanism remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanism of TBC on rats with diabetic lower extremities arterial disease (LEAD). Methods: The mechanism of TBC on diabetic LEAD was investigated through metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis, and the main components of TBC were determined by mass spectrometry. The efficacy and mechanism of TBC on diabetic LEAD rats were investigated through in vitro experiments, histopathology, blood flow monitoring, western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Mass spectrometry analysis identified 31 active chemical components in TBC including (2R)-2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, catechin, citric acid, miquelianin, carminic acid, salicylic acid, formononetin, etc. In vitro analysis showed that TBC could reduce endothelial cell apoptosis and promote angiogenesis. Histopathological analysis showed that TBC led to an obvious improvement in diabetic LEAD as it improved fibrous tissue proliferation and reduced arterial wall thickening. In addition, TBC could significantly increase the expression levels of HIF-1α, eNOS, and VEGFA proteins and genes while reducing that of calpain-1 and TGF-β, suggesting that TBC can repair vascular injury. Compared with the model group, there were 47 differentially expressed genes in the whole blood of TBC groups, with 25 genes upregulated and 22 downregulated. Eighty-seven altered metabolites were identified from the serum samples. Combining the changes in differentially expressed genes and metabolites, we found that TBC could regulate arginine biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism and other metabolic pathways related to angiogenesis, immune-inflammatory response, and cell growth to improve diabetic LEAD. Conclusion: TBC improved vascular endothelial injury, apoptosis, lipid accumulation, liver and kidney function, and restored blood flow in the lower extremities of diabetic LEAD rats. The mechanism of TBC in the treatment of diabetic LEAD may be related to the modulation of inflammatory immunity, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. This study presented preliminary evidence to guide the use of TBC as a therapy option for diabetic LEAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This updated umbrella review aimed to evaluate the evidence regarding the associations between dietary factors and the risks of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant studies. The quality of the included meta-analyses was evaluated using A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2). For each association, the number of cases, random effects pooled effect size, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), heterogeneity, 95% prediction interval (PrI), small-study effect, and excess significance bias were recalculated to determine the evidence level. Results: We identified 33 meta-analyses describing 58 dietary factors associated with ESCC and 29 meta-analyses describing 38 dietary factors associated with EAC. There was convincing evidence regarding the association of 2 dietary factors (areca nut and high alcohol) with the risk of ESCC. There was highly suggestive evidence regarding the association of only 1 dietary factor (healthy pattern) with the risk of ESCC. There was suggestive evidence regarding the association of 11 dietary factors with the risk of ESCC, including fruit, citrus fruit, vegetables, pickled vegetables, maté tea, moderate alcohol, hot beverages and foods, hot tea, salt, folate, and vitamin B6. There was convincing evidence regarding the association of one dietary factor (vitamin B6) with the risk of EAC. There was suggestive evidence regarding the association of 4 dietary factors with the risk of EAC, including processed meat, dietary fibre, carbohydrate, and vitamin B12. The convincing evidence regarding the associations between dietary factors and the risks of ESCC and EAC remained robust in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: This umbrella review highlighted convincing evidence regarding the associations of areca nut and high alcohol with a higher risk of ESCC. Additionally, an association between vitamin B6 and a decreased risk of EAC was observed. Further research is needed to examine the dietary factors with weak evidence regarding their associations with ESCC and EAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household food insecurity is generally associated with poorer quality diets in Canada, but whether household food insecurity heightens the probability of inadequate micronutrient intakes is unknown. The objective of this research was to investigate how prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy differed by severity of household food insecurity among adults in Canada. Using the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey Nutrition, this study included participants aged 19–64 years who completed up to two 24 h dietary recalls and provided details about household food insecurity (n = 9486). Children and older adults were not included due to sample size limitations. Usual micronutrient intake distributions were estimated by a four-level measure of food insecurity status using the National Cancer Institute method. Welch's t tests assessed differences in prevalence of inadequacy for selected micronutrients. Prevalence differed for some micronutrients among those living in marginally and moderately food insecure compared to food-secure households. The greatest differences in prevalence of inadequacy were observed between severely food-insecure and food-secure households: vitamin A (60.0%, SE = 11.9 vs. 40.6%, SE = 2.7, p < 0.0001), vitamin B6 (42.7%, SE = 9.1 vs. 12.8%, SE = 2.5, p < 0.0001), folate (39.4%, SE = 10.0 vs. 15.9%, SE = 2.2, p < 0.0001), vitamin C (63.3%, SE = 5.2 vs. 29.1%, SE = 2.8, p < 0.0001), calcium (78.6%, SE = 6.4 vs. 58.7%, SE = 1.3, p < 0.0001), magnesium (75.6%, SE = 9.5 vs. 48.7%, SE = 1.2, p < 0.0001), and zinc (34.9%, SE = 10.0 vs. 23.2%, SE = 2.4, p = 0.0009). Apparent underreporting also differed by severity of food insecurity, with increased underreporting observed with worsening food insecurity. The probability of inadequate micronutrient intakes among adults rises sharply with more severe household food insecurity in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Epidemiological studies examining the association between circulating micronutrients and the risk of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP) have produced inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the potential causal relationship between micronutrients and HDP. Methods: Nine micronutrients (beta-carotene, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, zinc, selenium, copper, folate, and phosphorus) were selected as the exposure factors. Summary data for gestational hypertension (14,727 cases and 196,143 controls) and preeclampsia/eclampsia (7212 cases and 174,266 controls) were extracted from the FinnGen consortium. The MR analysis employed the inverse variance weighted method and conducted a range of sensitivity analyses. Results: The inverse variance weighted method indicated no significant causal relationship between nine genetically predicted micronutrient concentrations and gestational hypertension, as well as preeclampsia/eclampsia. Sensitivity analyses suggested the absence of pleiotropy. Conclusion: There is no strong evidence to support the causation between circulating micronutrients and hypertensive disorder during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the final products of the Maillard reaction, formed through the interaction of carbohydrates and proteins. Reactive dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal (MGO) serve as precursors for AGEs formation. Elevated levels of MGO/AGEs are observed in conditions like obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and diabetes, negatively impacting oocyte development. Previous studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide, a gasotransmitter with anti-AGEs effects, is produced in a process influenced by vitamin B6. R-α-lipoic acid (ALA) inhibits protein glycation and AGEs formation while stimulating glutathione (GSH) production. Taurine mitigates oxidative stress and acts as an anti-glycation compound, preventing in vitro glycation and AGEs accumulation. This study aimed to explore the ameliorative effects of a micronutrient support (Taurine, ALA and B6: TAB) on mouse oocytes challenged with MGO. Our results indicate that MGO reduces oocyte developmental competence, while TAB supplementation improves maturation, fertilization, and blastocyst formation rates. TAB also restores cell lineage allocation, redox balance and mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction in MGO-challenged oocytes. Furthermore, cumulus cells express key enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway, and TAB enhances their mRNA expression. However, TAB does not rescue MGO-induced damage in denuded oocytes, emphasizing the supportive role of cumulus cells. Overall, these findings suggest that TAB interventions may have significant implications for addressing reproductive dysfunctions associated with elevated MGO/AGEs levels. This study highlights the potential of TAB supplementation in preserving the developmental competence of COCs exposed to MGO stress, providing insights into mitigating the impact of dicarbonyl stress on oocyte quality and reproductive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on comparing cabergoline and pyridoxine for lactation inhibition in postpartum patients who do not desire to breastfeed. It highlights that cabergoline was more effective than pyridoxine in reducing breast engorgement and pain within the first week postpartum, with higher success rates observed on days 2 and 7.

This study aimed to identify whether gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GACR) heterozygous individuals have possible clinical manifestations and to explore the potential pathogenic mechanism. In this retrospective study, we surveyed a two-generation pedigree of an individual diagnosed with GACR. Two family members underwent ophthalmological, hematologic, and genetic tests. An arginine-restricted diet with vitamin B6 supplementation was implemented; clinical assessments were repeated every 3 months during follow-up. The relative OAT mRNA expression was determined using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The 19-year-old compound heterozygous daughter (OAT: c.1186C>T; c.748C>T) had bilateral pathologic myopia, posterior staphyloma, chorioretinal atrophy, macular abnormalities, and elevated hematologic ornithine. The 54-year-old heterozygous mother (OAT: c.1186C>T) presented with bilateral pathologic myopia, asymmetric posterior staphyloma, retina and choroidal capillary layer atrophy, retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities, and mildly elevated hematologic ornithine. Compared to normal individuals, the daughter and mother had 29% and 46% relative OAT mRNA expression, respectively (p < 0.001). We believe that this is the first report of a carrier of one OAT variant allele exhibiting a mild phenotype, suggesting that family members should be aware of the possibility of clinical involvement in carriers with some autosomal recessive conditions. Additional data suggest that nonsense-mediated, decay-initiated mRNA degradation may cause GACR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present study was to determine whether an acute dose of a zinc-containing nutritional supplement (ZMA) has any effects on sleep and morning performance in recreationally trained males. Nineteen males participated in a repeated-measures within-subjects study to assess objective and subjective measures of sleep, completed counter-movement jumps (CMJ) and repeated sprint morning performance (RSP). Three days of baseline food intake showed no major deficiencies of zinc, magnesium or vitamin B6 for all participants (11.9 ± 3.4, 395 ± 103 and 2.7 ± 0.9 mg.day−1, respectively). Sleep (22:30–06:30 h) was assessed via actimetry, and either a control (no tablets, NoPill), dextrose placebo (PLAC) or ZMA was ingested 30–60 min before retiring to bed for two nights. The participants undertook the three conditions (NoPill, PLAC or ZMA) administered in a counterbalanced order. The data were analyzed using general linear models with repeated measures. In healthy active males who consume diets of adequate micronutrients, sleep normally and maintain good sleep hygiene (time to bed and wake times), ZMA supplementation had no beneficial effect on RSP or performance in the Stroop test (p > 0.05) but did improve CMJ height (p < 0.001) compared to that of PLAC but not NoPill (p > 0.05). Supplementation of ZMA for two nights had no effect on sleep, RSP or cognitive function. The NoPill condition elucidated the effects of the intervention under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSVitamin B6 (VB6) is a member of the water-soluble B vitamins which have a vital performance in nervous system operating activities. VB6 is highly demanded to maintain excellent skin and immune systems in the human body. furthermore, VB6 is tremendously substantial in the functions of some enzymes that participate in the metabolism of proteins, amino acids, etc. The deficiency of VB6 will eventuate in anemic situations and may lead to permanent injuries in the brain. moreover, recent studies disclosed that adequate Vitamin B6 in the human body can decrease the intensity of illnesses such as diabetes, stress, etc., in patients with COVID-19 infections. Thus, the detection of VB6 from real samples is crucial to control the amount of this vitamin in biological fluids and to monitor the pharmaceutical dosage quality. Various analytical approaches have been employed for the VB6 detection in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Although biosensing and sensing approaches hold several obvious advantages such as simplicity, capability for miniaturization, quick response time, etc. from other analytical methods. Hence, through the last decades, designing and fabricating biosensors with sufficient sensitivity and selectivity have been investigated by many researchers in order to detect VB6. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the importance of diverse electrochemical and optical approaches for VB6 detection. Additionally, novel VB6 detection techniques based on electrochemical, optical, and conventional methods have been considerably discussed, and compared with each other. Furthermore, a comprehensive summary of the current limitations and future challenges in VB6 analysis are explained and also create a pathway for subsequent expansions and applications.Vitamin B6 is an essential compound for proper function of human body.Various nanomaterial-based methods such as conational approach, electrochemical biosensing and apta-sensing analyses for Vitamin B6 detection has been developed.Different techniques for detecting of Vitamin B6 have been comprehensively discussed.Various electrochemical sensors fabrication and its application in Vitamin B6 detection with nanomaterials have been assessed.The article points out the recent progress limitations, and also the upcoming tasks in the successful sensor fabrication with the functionalized nanomaterials.Vitamin B6 is an essential compound for proper function of human body.Various nanomaterial-based methods such as conational approach, electrochemical biosensing and apta-sensing analyses for Vitamin B6 detection has been developed.Different techniques for detecting of Vitamin B6 have been comprehensively discussed.Various electrochemical sensors fabrication and its application in Vitamin B6 detection with nanomaterials have been assessed.The article points out the recent progress limitations, and also the upcoming tasks in the successful sensor fabrication with the functionalized nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Micronutrient levels play a critical role in epilepsy. This study investigates the impact of micronutrient levels on epilepsy via Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: A two-sample MR framework evaluated the genetic association between 15 serum micronutrients and epilepsy phenotypes. The analysis included calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, copper, magnesium, potassium, folate, vitamins B6, B12, C, D, E, retinol, and carotene against all epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone and with spike-wave electroencephalography (GTCS), and various focal epilepsy phenotypes [with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), lesions other than HS, lesionnegative]. The random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) model was the primary method used, supported by heterogeneity and pleiotropy assessments. Multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses (MVMR) were used to identify micronutrients that are significantly causally associated with different epilepsy subtypes and to confirm the most potential causal risk factors for these subtypes. Results: Zinc conferred an increased risk of focal epilepsy with HS (OR = 1.01; p = 0.045). Carotene was similarly linked to higher risks of lesion-negative cases (OR = 1.129; p = 0.037). Conversely, vitamin B6 was associated with reduced risks of focal epilepsy with HS (OR = 0.949; p = 0.020), and vitamin D was linked to decreased risks of both CAE (OR = 0.976, 95% CI: 0.959-0.993, p = 0.006) and JAE (OR = 0.986, 95% CI: 0.973-0.999, p = 0.032). These associations were robust, showing minimal heterogeneity and no evidence of pleiotropy across various sensitivity analyses. After adjustment using MVMR, significant causal relationships between vitamin D and both CAE and JAE remained. Furthermore, the causal relationship between zinc and vitamin B6 on focal epilepsy with HS became non-significant, while carotene shifted from a risk factor to a protective factor for focal epilepsy lesion-negative after adjusting for vitamin D. Conclusion: MR estimates provide robust evidence for the causal effects of vitamin D on reducing the risk of CAE, and JAE, which might provide alternative treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of pyridoxine administration on the activities of cardiac antioxidant stress enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and enzyme indicators of cardiometabolic status, lactate and malate dehydrogenase (LDH, MDH), as well as LDH and MDH isoforms' distribution in the cardiac tissue of healthy and diabetic Wistar male rats. Experimental animals were divided into five groups: C1—control (0.9% sodium chloride—NaCl—1 mL/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), 1 day); C2—second control (0.9% NaCl 1 mL/kg, i.p., 28 days); DM—diabetes mellitus (streptozotocin 100 mg/kg in 0.9% NaCl, i.p., 1 day); P—pyridoxine (7 mg/kg, i.p., 28 days); and DM + P—diabetes mellitus and pyridoxine (streptozotocin 100 mg/kg, i.p., 1 day and pyridoxine 7 mg/kg, i.p., 28 days). Pyridoxine treatment reduced CAT and MDH activity in diabetic rats. In diabetic rats, the administration of pyridoxine increased LDH1 and decreased LDH4 isoform activities, as well as decreased peroxisomal MDH and increased mitochondrial MDH activities. Our findings highlight the positive effects of pyridoxine administration on the complex interplay between oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, and metabolic changes in diabetic cardiomyopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the impact of various label information (extrinsic attributes) and sociodemographic and attitudinal factors (intrinsic attributes) on Brazilian consumer choices, using simulated traditional and plant-based muçarela cheese as the model product. The research was conducted in two phases: the first involved a structured questionnaire assessing attitudinal dimensions such as Health Consciousness, Climate Change, Plant-based Diets, and Food Neophobia, along with sociodemographic data collection. The second phase comprised a discrete choice experiment with (n = 52) and without (n = 509) eye tracking. The term "Cheese" on labels increased choice probability by 7.6% in a general survey and 15.1% in an eye tracking study. A prolonged gaze at "Cheese" did not affect choice, while more views of "Plant-based product" slightly raised choice likelihood by 2.5%. Repeatedly revisiting these terms reduced the choice probability by 3.7% for "Cheese" and 1% for "Plant-based product". Nutritional claims like "Source of Vitamins B6 and B12" and "Source of Proteins and Calcium" boosted choice probabilities by 4.97% and 5.69% in the general and 8.4% and 6.9% in the eye-tracking experiment, respectively. Conversely, front-of-package labeling indicating high undesirable nutrient content decreased choice by 13% for magnifying presentations and 15.6% for text. In a plant-based subsample, higher environmental concerns and openness to plant-based diets increased choice probabilities by 5.31% and 5.1%, respectively. These results highlight the complex dynamics between label information, consumer understanding, and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of vitamin and mineral supplements in healthy individuals remains scarce. In a randomized, double-blind study, 30 healthy individuals were assigned to receive a single daily dose of multivitamin and multimineral supplementation or a double daily dose for 30 days. Before and after the intake, an untargeted metabolomics assay for serum metabolites was conducted by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and clinical assessments of peripheral blood samples were performed. A paired t-test for metabolic analysis, adjusted using the false discovery rate (FDR) and p-value correction method (rate of change > 2 and FDR < 0.05), the Shapiro–Wilk test, Student's t-test, and the Mann–Whitney U test were applied depending on the variable, with a 5% significance level. An impact on oxidative stress was observed, with a significant reduction in homocysteine levels and an increment of pyridoxic acid (vitamin B6). The effect on energy metabolism was shown by a significant increase in diverse metabolites, such as linoleoylcarnitine. Serum iron and calcium levels were also impacted. Overall, we observed a nutritional balance compatible with a good state of health. In conclusion, beneficial effects on adult health were demonstrated in relation to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and nutritional balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium barbarum has been widely planted in arid and semi-arid areas due to its drought-resistant ability, which is of great economic value as a medicinal and edible homology plant. In this study, the metabolome of the L. barbarum variety "Ningqi 7" under different drought stress conditions was compared and analyzed by the non-targeted UPLC-MS (ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry) technique. The results showed that drought stress significantly decreased the water content of leaves, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in plants, and up-regulated the metabolites and pathways involved in osmoregulation, antioxidant stress, energy metabolism, and signal transduction. Under moderate drought (40–45% FC), L. barbarum accumulated osmoregulatory substances mainly through the up-regulation of the arginine metabolism pathway. At the same time, phenylalanine metabolism and cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis were enhanced to improve the antioxidant capacity and reduce water loss. However, in severe drought (10–15% FC), L. barbarum shifted to up-regulate purine metabolism and lysine degradation and redistributed energy and nitrogen resources. In addition, vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly upregulated in both groups of stress levels, playing a key role in antioxidant and growth regulation. These observations delineate the metabolic adaptations of L. barbarum "Ningqi 7" in response to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that impairs communication, socialization, and behavior. The association of ASD with folic acid has been investigated due to the importance of this vitamin for neurological health. This study is an update of the publication ‘Folic acid and autism: What do we know?’ and aims to systematically review studies examining the relationship between folic acid and ASD. The search resulted in 2,389 studies on folic acid and ASD, which were selected by two reviewers based on their titles and abstracts. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were fully read. The 52 included studies involved 10,429 individuals diagnosed with ASD and assessed the intake of vitamin B6, folic acid, and vitamin B12; serum levels of these vitamins, homocysteine, and methionine; therapeutic interventions using folic acid; and the association between maternal exposure to this vitamin and the risk of ASD. The evidence of insufficient folic acid intake in most individuals with ASD remains consistent in this update. No association was found between maternal exposure to folic acid and the risk of ASD in their children. Despite observed improvements in communication, socialization, and behavior in individuals with ASD following folic acid interventions, it is crucial to consider the individuality and complexity of ASD. Given the relevance of the topic, there remains a need for more high-quality research and clinical trials characterized by rigorous methodological designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach to the stereoselective oxidation of 5,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine and 5,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridine with manganese dioxide has been developed, intermediates and by-products have been isolated. In solutions, pyridoxine derivatives containing a carbaldehyde group exist in cyclic hemiacetal and open hydroxyaldehyde forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyridoxal kinase (PdxK) is a vitamin B 6 salvage pathway enzyme which produces pyridoxal phosphate. We have investigated the impact of PdxK deletion in Leishmania donovani on parasite survivability, infectivity and cellular metabolism. Ld PdxK mutants were generated by gene replacement strategy. All mutants showed significant reduction in growth in comparison to wild type. For PdxK mediated biochemical perturbations, only heterozygous mutants and complementation mutants were used as the growth of null mutants were compromised. Heterozygous mutant showed reduction in vitro infectivity and higher cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS levels. Glutathione levels decreased significantly in heterozygous mutant indicating its involvement in cellular oxidative metabolism. Pyridoxal kinase gene deletion resulted in reduced ATP levels in parasites and arrest at G 0 /G 1 phase of cell cycle. All these perturbations were rescued by PdxK gene complementation. This is the first report to confirm that Ld PdxK plays an indispensable role in cell survival, pathogenicity, redox metabolism and cell cycle progression of L. donovani parasites. These results provide substantial evidence supporting PdxK as a therapeutic target for the development of specific antileishmanial drug candidates. [Display omitted] • Leishmania donovani pdxk alleles were deleted from parasite genome. • The growth of null mutants were compromised pointing towards the indispensable nature of pyridoxal kinase. • Deletion of pdxk alleles led to increased ROS generation and decreased GSH levels. • pdxk deletion led to G o /G 1 phase cell cycle arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare professionals are consistently bombarded with conflicting messages about the role of diet in bone health. Yet, few resources are available that compile the broad scope of dietary factors that influence bone health. This article evaluates the evidence on the association of diet and exercise with bone health, with the aim to provide a resource for healthcare professionals and researchers in the field. This review also highlights gaps in knowledge, provides dialogue around why some studies exhibit conflicting outcomes, and showcases why many remaining questions likely cannot be answered with the current evidence to date. The best evidence to date supports obtaining recommended dairy and calcium intakes for building bone in early life and mitigating bone loss with age. However, nutrients do not solely work in isolation, and there is growing evidence that many other nutrients and dietary bioactives play a synergistic role in supporting bone health. Large randomized controlled trials, particularly in traditionally underserved subpopulations (eg, people of color, transgender individuals, older adults, etc), are needed to fully elucidate the effects of diet and exercise on bone health across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the green corrosion inhibitor effect of the compound known as vitamin B6 and called pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYB6) on mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution by some electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization resistance (LPR), potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for various concentrations and durations. In order to examine the interplay between PYB6 and mild steel surface, various adsorption isotherms were tried and the best correlation constant among them was acquired by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Experimental data calculated by the EIS method showed that the lowest inhibition efficiency value was 70.7% for 1.0 × 10−5 M PYB6 solution concentration after one hour of immersion, while the highest inhibition efficiency value was 96.8% for 1.0 × 10−3 M PYB6 solution concentration after 48 h of immersion. The finding of zero charge potential (PZC) of mild steel was found to be − 0.010 V in the solution containing the highest concentration of PYB6, which supports that the inhibition mechanism creates a protective film layer on the surface of mild steel with protonated PYB6 molecules. The surface analysis of PYB6 onto mild steel in a hydrochloric acid solution was also examined utilizing techniques such as atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). It was concluded that PYB6 green inhibitor formed a presentative adsorption film on the surface of mild steel, effectively reducing its corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Conflicting evidence still exists regarding Vitamin B12’s involvement in coronary heart disease (CHD). There is no precedent for previous studies to include both Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, as well as Vitamin E in the consideration of CHD associating factors. Our data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which covers the period 2003–2020. 33,640 samples were included in this cross-sectional study. We used an unadjusted covariates and three adjusted covariates. The intake percentage of Vitamins E, B6, and B12 was categorized into continuous and categorical variables using multivariate logistic regression analysis and subgroup logistic regression. To estimate these trends, we applied the percentage categories of Vitamin E, B6, and B12 intake as continuous variables. We recorded Vitamin E, B6, B12, age, race, BMI, gender, household annual income, education level, hypertension status, diabetes status, smoking status, and drinking status for included samples. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that Vitamin E and B6 were negatively associated with CHD and exerted protective effects, while Vitamin B12 had little correlation with CHD. Based on the quartiles of Vitamin E and Vitamin B6 percentage, the strongest protective effect was observed in the third quartile (Q3). Analyses of subgroups showed the effects of Vitamin B6 and Vitamin E on CHD were more noticeable in women, the participant’s BMI was in the 25–30 range, and participants who smoked. We identified the possible protective effect of Vitamin E and Vitamin B6 against CHD, especially in female, obese, and smoking populations, whereas income and education were also viewed as influencing factors that could be taken into account.

Context Previous research evaluating the effects in B-vitamins on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has substantial limitations and lacks recently published large prospective studies; hence, conducting an updated meta-analysis is needed. Objective We investigated the association between vitamin B status and human CVD development in order to provide more specific advice about vitamin B intake for those at risk of CVD. Data Sources Relevant articles were identified by JSTOR, PubMed, and ProQuest databases. Data Extraction Key words used to identify the studies included the different combinations of B-vitamins, folate, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, cardiovascular disease, stroke, coronary disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular and transient ischemic attack. The database search was supplemented by hand-searching of reference lists of selected articles. Data Analysis Pooled estimates were calculated from the mean differences using a random-effects model. Results Supplementation with folic acid was reported to have a clinical benefit of significantly reducing carotid intima-media thickness. Higher intakes of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were generally associated with a lower risk of CVD in the general population, except in those without normal renal function and those with unstable angina or past non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Conclusion Vitamin B supplementation resulted in the greatest cardiovascular benefit in those with normal renal function and without unstable angina or non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction recently. Factors such as age, gender, and genetic polymorphisms contribute to varying effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Although various anti-inflammatory medicines are widely recommended for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment, no significantly clinical effect has been observed. This study aims to examine the effects of vitamin B6, a component that has been reported to be capable of alleviating inflammation and cell death in various diseases, on cartilage degeneration in OA. Methods Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model were established and the severity of OA in cartilage was determined using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. The mRNA and protein levels of indicators associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation were detected. The effect of vitamin B6 (VB6) on the mice were assessed using HE staining and masson staining. The apoptosis rate of cells was assessed using TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Results Our results showed a trend of improved OARSI score in mice treated with VB6, which remarkably inhibited the hyaline cartilage thickness, chondrocyte disordering, and knees hypertrophy. Moreover, the VB6 supplementation reduced the protein expression of pro-apoptosis indicators, including Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and raised the expression level of anti-apoptosis marker Bcl-2. Importantly, VB6 improved ECM metabolism in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Conclusions This study demonstrated that VB6 alleviates OA through regulating ECM metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes and CIA mice. The findings in this study provide a theoretical basis for targeted therapy of OA, and further lay the theoretical foundation for studies of mechanisms of VB6 in treating OA.

Vitamin B6 plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism and stress response, making it an essential component for growth in all known organisms. However, achieving efficient biosynthesis of vitamin B6 faces the challenge of maintaining a balanced distribution of metabolic flux between growth and production. In this study, our focus is on addressing this challenge through the engineering of phosphoserine aminotransferase (SerC) to resolve its redundancy and promiscuity. The enzyme SerC was semi-designed and screened based on sequences and predicted kcat values, respectively. Mutants and heterologous proteins showing potential were then fine-tuned to optimize the production of vitamin B6. The resulting strain enhances the production of vitamin B6, indicating that different fluxes are distributed to the biosynthesis pathway of serine and vitamin B6. This study presents a promising strategy to address the challenge posed by multifunctional enzymes, with significant implications for enhancing biochemical production through engineering processes.

Recent decades have been marked by a rapid increase in the number of patients suffering from diabetes. The development and progression of complications of the disease have the greatest impact on the life prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus. One of the common complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic polyneuropathy. According to expert estimates, diabetic polyneuropathy develops in 50% of patients with diabetes mellitus and in 10–30% of patients in a prediabetic state. In domestic clinical recommendations and algorithms, the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy is considered only in terms of drugs used to treat the painful form of diabetic polyneuropathy. In the recommendations of international experts, pathogenetically oriented pharmacotherapy (alpha-lipoic acid and benfotiamine) occupies an important place. As part of the review, we examined the use of B vitamins for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. We searched for relevant sources in the PubMed and Scopus information databases, including the time period up to 12.04.2024. Experience with the use of B vitamins shows that their maximum effectiveness is achieved when they are used in combination, which is due to the complementary effect of each individual vitamin. The use of a combination of vitamins B1, B6 and B12 for diabetic polyneuropathy normalizes reflex reactions, helps eliminate sensitivity disorders, increases the speed of conduction along nerve fibers, and has a moderate analgesic effect.

Abstract Background Microbial engineering aims to enhance the ability of bacteria to produce valuable products, including vitamin B6 for various applications. Numerous microorganisms naturally produce vitamin B6, yet the metabolic pathways involved are rigorously controlled. This regulation by the accumulation of vitamin B6 poses a challenge in constructing an efficient cell factory. Results In this study, we conducted transcriptome and metabolome analyses to investigate the effects of the accumulation of pyridoxine, which is the major commercial form of vitamin B6, on cellular processes in Escherichia coli. Our omics analysis revealed associations between pyridoxine and amino acids, as well as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Based on these findings, we identified potential targets for fermentation optimization, including succinate, amino acids, and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. Through targeted modifications, we achieved pyridoxine titers of approximately 514 mg/L in shake flasks and 1.95 g/L in fed-batch fermentation. Conclusion Our results provide insights into pyridoxine biosynthesis within the cellular metabolic network for the first time. Our comprehensive analysis revealed that the fermentation process resulted in a remarkable final yield of 1.95 g/L pyridoxine, the highest reported yield to date. This work lays a foundation for the green industrial production of vitamin B6 in the future.

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent exocrine inflammatory disorder of the pancreas characterized by pancreatic inflammation and injury to acinar cells. Vitamin B6 (VB6) is a vital nutrient that plays a significant role in preserving human health and has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Methods This study aimed to explore the potential pancreatic protective effects of VB6 in mitigating pancreatic inflammation and apoptosis induced by taurocholate sodium (TLCS) in an AP model and to assess the underlying mechanism of action. AP was induced in Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats through TLCS administration and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated AR42J cells, followed by treatment with VB6. Results Various parameters associated with AP were assessed in both plasma and pancreatic tissues. VB6 has been shown to ameliorate the severity of AP through various mechanisms. It effectively reduces the levels of serum amylase, lipase, and inflammatory factors, thereby mitigating histological injury to the pancreas. Moreover, VB6 inhibited pancreatic apoptosis by downregulating bax expression and up-regulating Bcl2 expression in TLCS-treated rats. Additionally, VB6 suppressed the expression of caspase3. The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of VB6 observed in LPS-treated AR42J cells are consistent with those observed in a rat model of AP. Conclusions These results suggest that VB6 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects through inhibition of the caspase3 signaling pathway and has a protective effect against AP.

Coordination of cellular activity through Ca2+ enables β cells to secrete precise quantities of insulin. To explore how the Ca2+ response is orchestrated in space and time, we implement optogenetic systems to probe the role of individual β cells in the glucose response. By targeted β cell activation/inactivation in zebrafish, we reveal a hierarchy of cells, each with a different level of influence over islet-wide Ca2+ dynamics. First-responder β cells lie at the top of the hierarchy, essential for initiating the first-phase Ca2+ response. Silencing first responders impairs the Ca2+ response to glucose. Conversely, selective activation of first responders demonstrates their increased capability to raise pan-islet Ca2+ levels compared to followers. By photolabeling and transcriptionally profiling β cells that differ in their thresholds to a glucose-stimulated Ca2+ response, we highlight vitamin B6 production as a signature pathway of first responders. We further define an evolutionarily conserved requirement for vitamin B6 in enabling the Ca2+ response to glucose in mammalian systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions The United Nations recommends that women consume ≥5 food groups, also known as the minimum dietary diversity score for women (MDD‐W), for nutritional health. This is increasingly unattainable for populations in climate hot zones coping with food insecurity by prioritizing calories over dietary breadth. Breastfeeding mothers may be particularly vulnerable to adverse health impacts of low dietary diversity due to elevated nutritional requirements for lactation. We investigated how the protective effects of MDD‐W for folate adequacy varies by MDD‐W score and mother–infant life history characteristics.We conducted a secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data from breastfeeding mothers (n = 228) in northern Kenya, surveyed during the 2006 Horn‐of‐Africa drought. Logistic regression models for adequate dietary folate (and vitamins B12 and B6) and normal homocysteine (folate‐replete status) evaluated the effect of MDD‐W alone and in interaction with infant/maternal characteristics.MDD‐W (as ordinal or dichotomous variable) was positively associated with adequate folate (and vitamin B12). Having male infant was inversely associated with adequate dietary folate. MDD‐W was generally unassociated with homocysteine. However, there was an interaction between MDD‐W and sex of the infant. Namely, MDD‐W ≥ 3 predicted increased probability of normal homocysteine among mothers with female infants but not male infants.Diets consisting of three or more food groups may protect adequate folate intake for many breastfeeding mothers. More research is needed to establish what level of dietary diversity would protect against hyperhomocysteinemia during breastfeeding and what factors promote or hinder the benefit of diversified diets on maternal folate nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyridoxal hydrochloride, a vitamin B6 vitamer, was synthetically converted to a series of diverse redox‐active benzoyl pyridinium salts. Cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrated redox reversibility under basic conditions, and two of the most promising salts were subjected to laboratory‐scale flow battery tests involving galvanostatic cycling at 10 mM in 0.1 M NaOH. In these tests, the battery was charged completely, corresponding to the transfer of two electrons to the electrolyte, but no discharge was observed. Both CV analysis and electrochemical simulations confirmed that the redox wave observed in the experimental voltammograms corresponds to a two‐electron process. To explain the irreversibility in the battery tests, we conducted bulk electrolysis with the benzoyl pyridinium salts, affording the corresponding benzylic secondary alcohols. Computational studies suggest that the reduction proceeds in three consecutive steps: first electron transfer (ET), then proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) and finally proton transfer (PT) to give the secondary alcohol. 1H NMR deuterium exchange studies indicated that the last PT step is not reversible in 0.1 M NaOH, rendering the entire redox process irreversible. The apparent reversibility observed in CV at the basic media likely arises from the slow rate of the PT step at the timescale of the measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the nutritional composition, phytochemicals analysis, and antioxidant capacity of two indigenous varieties of red and green water chestnut (WCN) fruit grown in Pakistan. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the proximate composition (moisture, ash, fiber, proteins, fat, and energy), physicochemical properties (pH, °Brix, and glycemic index), minerals, and vitamins. The methanolic extracts of WCN fruits were explored for phytochemicals (total phenolic and flavonoid content), and antioxidant potential was examined in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Quantitative determination of mineral (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc) and vitamin (vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin A, and β-Carotene) composition was also assessed. Based on the findings, the proximate compositions of WCN green and red varieties varied greatly as WCN green contained significantly higher protein (1.72%), fat (0.65%), dietary fiber (2.21%), moisture (70.23%), ash (1.16%), and energy content (112.8 Kcal) than WCN red. In WCN green, the macro–micromineral concentrations were significantly higher than WCN red. Among the minerals analyzed, potassium was the most abundant mineral found in both varieties. Levels of vitamin C, B6, A, and β-Carotene were significantly higher in WCN green. In this study, methanolic extract showed higher extraction efficiency than acetone, ethanol, and distilled water. WCN green had a significantly higher quantum of total phenolic (91.13 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (36.6 mg QE/g) and presented significantly higher antioxidant activity than the WCN red. This study showed that, among both varieties, WCN green extract has therapeutic potential against free radical mediated health conditions and suggested the potential use of this fruit as a source of natural antioxidants in nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpeas are more sustainable than other food systems and have high a nutritional value, especially regarding their vitamin composition. One of the main vitamins in chickpeas is vitamin B6, which is very important for several human metabolic functions. Since chickpeas are consumed after cooking, our goal was to better understand the role of leaching (diffusion) and thermal degradation of vitamin B6 in chickpeas during hydrothermal processing. Kinetics were conducted at four temperatures, ranging from 25 to 85 °C, carried out for 4 h in an excess of water for the diffusion kinetics, or in hermetic bags for the thermal degradation kinetics. Thermal degradation was modeled according to a first-order reaction, and diffusion was modeled according to a modified version of Fick's second law. Diffusivity constants varied from 4.76 × 10−14 m2/s at 25 °C to 2.07 × 10−10 m2/s at 85 °C; the temperature had an impact on both the diffusivity constant and the residual vitamin B6. The kinetic constant ranged from 9.35 × 10−6 at 25 °C to 54.9 × 10−6 s−1 at 85 °C, with a lower impact of the temperature. In conclusion, vitamin B6 is relatively stable to heat degradation; loss is mainly due to diffusion, especially during shorter treatment times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lettuce is a widely consumed leafy vegetable; it became popular due to its enhanced nutritional content. Recently, lettuce is also regarded as one of the model plants for vegetable production in plant factories. Light and nutrients are essential environmental factors that affect lettuce growth and morphology. To evaluate the impact of light spectra on lettuce, butter lettuce was grown under the light wavelengths of 460, 525, and 660 nm, along with white light as the control. Plant morphology, physiology, nutritional content, and transcriptomic analyses were performed to study the light response mechanisms. The results showed that the leaf fresh weight and length/width were higher when grown at 460 nm and lower when grown at 525 nm compared to the control treatment. When exposed to 460 nm light, the sugar, crude fiber, mineral, and vitamin concentrations were favorably altered; however, these levels decreased when exposed to light with a wavelength of 525 nm. The transcriptomic analysis showed that co-factor and vitamin metabolism- and secondary metabolism-related genes were specifically induced by 460 nm light exposure. Furthermore, the pathway enrichment analysis found that flavonoid biosynthesis- and vitamin B6 metabolism-related genes were significantly upregulated in response to 460 nm light exposure. Additional experiments demonstrated that the vitamin B6 and B2 content was significantly higher in leaves exposed to 460 nm light than those grown under the other conditions. Our findings suggested that the addition of 460 nm light could improve lettuce's biomass and nutritional value and help us to further understand how the light spectrum can be tuned as needed for lettuce production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B6 deficiency has been linked to cognitive impairment in human brain disorders for decades. Still, the molecular mechanisms linking vitamin B6 to these pathologies remain poorly understood, and whether vitamin B6 supplementation improves cognition is unclear as well. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate phosphatase (PDXP), an enzyme that controls levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the co-enzymatically active form of vitamin B6, may represent an alternative therapeutic entry point into vitamin B6-associated pathologies. However, pharmacological PDXP inhibitors to test this concept are lacking. We now identify a PDXP and age-dependent decline of PLP levels in the murine hippocampus that provides a rationale for the development of PDXP inhibitors. Using a combination of small-molecule screening, protein crystallography, and biolayer interferometry, we discover, visualize, and analyze 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) as a direct and potent PDXP inhibitor. 7,8-DHF binds and reversibly inhibits PDXP with low micromolar affinity and sub-micromolar potency. In mouse hippocampal neurons, 7,8-DHF increases PLP in a PDXP-dependent manner. These findings validate PDXP as a druggable target. Of note, 7,8-DHF is a well-studied molecule in brain disorder models, although its mechanism of action is actively debated. Our discovery of 7,8-DHF as a PDXP inhibitor offers novel mechanistic insights into the controversy surrounding 7,8-DHF- mediated effects in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although various anti-inflammatory medicines are widely recommended for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment, no significantly clinical effect has been observed. This study aims to examine the effects of vitamin B6, a component that has been reported to be capable of alleviating inflammation and cell death in various diseases, on cartilage degeneration in OA. Methods: Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model were established and the severity of OA in cartilage was determined using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. The mRNA and protein levels of indicators associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation were detected. The effect of vitamin B6 (VB6) on the mice were assessed using HE staining and masson staining. The apoptosis rate of cells was assessed using TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Results: Our results showed a trend of improved OARSI score in mice treated with VB6, which remarkably inhibited the hyaline cartilage thickness, chondrocyte disordering, and knees hypertrophy. Moreover, the VB6 supplementation reduced the protein expression of pro-apoptosis indicators, including Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and raised the expression level of anti-apoptosis marker Bcl-2. Importantly, VB6 improved ECM metabolism in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that VB6 alleviates OA through regulating ECM metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes and CIA mice. The findings in this study provide a theoretical basis for targeted therapy of OA, and further lay the theoretical foundation for studies of mechanisms of VB6 in treating OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Previous observational studies have identified a correlation between elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to determine whether a causal relationship exists between Hcy and PCOS at the genetic level. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian Randomization (TSMR) study was implemented to assess the genetic impact of plasma levels of Hcy, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 on PCOS in individuals of European ancestry. Independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with Hcy (n=12), folate (n=2), vitamin B12 (n=10), and vitamin B6 (n=1) at genome-wide significance levels (P<5x10-8) were selected as instrumental variables (IVs). Data concerning PCOS were obtained from the Apollo database. The primary method of causal estimation was inverse variance weighting (IVW), complemented by sensitivity analyses to validate the results. Results: The study found no genetic evidence to suggest a causal association between plasma levels ofHcy, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and PCOS. The effect sizes, determined through random-effect IVW, were as follows: Hcy per standard deviation increase, OR = 1.117, 95%CI: (0.842, 1.483), P = 0.442; folate per standard deviation increase, OR = 1.008, CI: (0.546, 1.860), P = 0.981; vitamin B12 per standard deviation increase, OR = 0.978, CI: (0.808, 1.185), P = 0.823; and vitamin B6 per standard deviation increase, OR = 0.967, CI: (0.925, 1.012), P = 0.145. The fixed-effect IVW results for each nutrient exposure and PCOS were consistent with the random-effect IVWfindings, with additional sensitivity analyses reinforcing these outcomes. Conclusion: Our findings indicate no causal link between Hcy, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6 levels, and PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]