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Visceral larva migrans (VLM) occurs due to migration of the second stage of larvae of nematodes through human viscera. It is an underdiagnosed entity which commonly affects the liver as eosinophilic abscesses and appears as coalescing, conglomerated cavities on imaging. This case report details the sonographic and CT features of an 8 year old female patient with right upper quadrant pain and peripheral eosinophilia on laboratory reports, diagnosed as a case of VLM on biopsy. Imaging of VLM shows overlap with neoplastic lesions and other infective pathologies hence this case aims to highlight the clinical, laboratory, and radiological features to help narrow the differential diagnosis.

White-tailed antsangies (Brachytarsomys albicauda) are Madagascan rodents uncommonly kept in captivity. Hymenolepis nana is a cestode with an unusual life cycle, incorporating direct, indirect and autoinfective stages. This case series represents the first reported outbreak of H. nana cestodiasis in white-tailed antsangies, summarizing macroscopic and histological findings in four cases. On post-mortem examination (PME), numerous cysticerci were detected consistently throughout the intestinal serosa, liver, mesenteric lymphatic vasculature and mesenteric lymph nodes. Pancreatic cysticerci were observed in one case. Adult tapeworms, larvae and eggs were found only in the small intestine, and faecal egg shedding was a feature. Histopathological examination identified adult, larval and encysted cestodes within the respective gross lesions, with pulmonary, pancreatic and splenic involvement detected in a single case. The cestodes sampled on PME were identified by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing, with H. nana confirmed in all cases. Visceral larva migrans was consistent throughout all specimens, in contrast with the natural infections of standard rodent hosts, and may be considered a likely pathological feature of H. nana infection in white-tailed antsangies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated organ specific Toxocara canis larval migration in mice infected with T. canis larvae. We observed the worm burden and systemic immune responses. Three groups of BALB/c mice (n=5 each) were orally administered 1,000 T. canis 2nd stage larvae to induce larva migrans. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 5 weeks post-infection. Liver, lung, brain, and eye tissues were collected. Tissue from 2 mice per group was digested for larval count, while the remaining 3 mice underwent histological analysis. Blood hematology and serology were evaluated and compared to that in a control uninfected group (n=5) to assess the immune response. Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were also analyzed. We found that, 1 week post-infection, the mean parasite load in the liver (72±7.1), brain (31±4.2), lungs (20±5.7), and eyes (2±0) peaked and stayed constant until the 3 weeks. By 5-week post-infection, the worm burden in the liver and lungs significantly decreased to 10±4.2 and 9±5.7, respectively, while they remained relatively stable in the brain and eyes (18±4.2 and 1±0, respectively). Interestingly, ocular larvae resided in all retinal layers, without notable inflammation in outer retina. Mice infected with T. canis exhibited elevated levels of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin E. At 5 weeks post-infection, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 levels were elevated in BAL fluid. Whereas IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and interferon-γ levels in BAL fluid were similar to that in controls. Our findings demonstrate that a small portion of T. canis larvae migrate to the eyes and brain within the first week of infection. Minimal tissue inflammation was observed, probably due to increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study contributes to our understanding of the histological and immunological responses to T. canis infection in mice, which may have implications to further understand human toxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association of fever, focal hepatic lesions and peripheral hyper-eosinophilia (FHLH) can be observed in both infectious and non-infectious conditions. Fascioliasis, capillariasis, toxocariasis, all causes of visceral larva migrans (VLM), represent most of the former, whilst lymphomas, eosinophilic leukemias and mastocytosis belong in the non-infectious conditions. Methods: We prospectively followed a young patient presenting with FHLH in the Tuscany region of Italy. Results: The patient was subject to serological and parasitological examination in an attempt to clarify the origin of the lesions. Serologies for both Fasciola hepatica and Toxocara spp. were positive, with the latter presenting a higher index. We opted for treatment with a prolonged course of albendazole due to the serological results and being toxocariasis more frequent in our setting. The patient was then subject to radiological follow-up. The patient responded to treatment with albendazole as shown by a decrease in eosinophils, seronegativization for Toxocara spp., clinical and radiological improvement. Toxocariasis was hence considered the most likely diagnosis. Conclusions: Parasitic infections cannot be disregarded in the presence of FHLH. Differential diagnosis between these parasitic infections can be challenging due to the presence of similar clinical presentations and serological cross-reactions, and follow-up of the patient is needed to ensure optimal treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This molecular-epidemiological study was conducted in several locations in Cairo and Giza Governorates in domestic cats (Felis catus) to detect the most common intestinal helminths in feces and molecularly characterize this nematode. So, three hundred domestic cats were admitted to different clinics around Cairo and Giza Governorates with severe diarrhea, even watery, between January 2023 and April 2023. The ages of the cats ranged from 1 to 2.5 years old. Blood, sera, and urine samples were collected for further investigation of the health condition of the animals. Toxascaris leonina was the major intestinal parasite found in cat stools, with a prevalence rate of 5% (15 cats). Toxascaris leonina (T. leonina) eggs had oval elliptical surfaces and thick cuticles. An embryo was located inside the smooth outer shell wall of the shell. The animals suffer from normocytic normochromic anemia with leukocytosis, relative lymphocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. The amplification of the ITS-rDNA region from the ascaridoid nematodes was successfully performed using NC5 and NC2 primers. The PCR product of the ITS-rDNA fragment was sequenced and yielded 860 bp. The accession number of the sequenced ITS-rDNA region was OQ735413, submitted to Gene Bank, and based on the blast analysis of NCBI, the current ascaridoid nematode proved to be genetically related to the family Ascarididae and identified as T. leonina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a dermo-epidermal parasitic infection with a disproportionate incidence in developing countries, particularly in, and near tropical areas. It is characterized by erythematous, twisting, and linear plaques that can migrate to adjacent skin. Herein, we present an otherwise healthy 45-year-old woman who acquired a pruritic, erythematous, and serpiginous rash localized to her right medial ankle during a trip to New England. Oral ivermectin, the preferred first-line treatment for cutaneous larva migrans, was administered in combination with triamcinolone. This was followed by removal of the papular area via punch biopsy; treatment was successful with a one-week recovery. Although cutaneous larva migrans has traditionally been considered a tropical disease, clinicians should be cognizant of its expanding geographic spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human toxocariasis is a highly prevalent zoonosis worldwide but is underreported in most countries. This study was conducted to evaluate Toxocara canis seropositivity in different exposure sub-groups located in the Mardan, Swabi, and Nowshera districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Northwest Pakistan. A total of 400 blood samples were collected from males 15 years of age and older with no animals, with livestock, with dogs and/or cats living in the house, and from butchers and veterinarians or para-veterinarians. Serum was tested using a commercial ELISA kit for detection of IgG antibodies against T. canis. Proportion seropositive was presented for each group and differences between groups were evaluated using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Possible risk factors obtained through administration of a questionnaire were also evaluated for each sub-population. Overall T. canis seroprevalence was 14.2%, with a significant difference found between the seroprevalence of individuals with no animals (5.0%; 5/100), individuals with dogs and/or cats living in the household (8.0%; 8/100), individuals with livestock (18.0%; 18/100), veterinarians or para-veterinarians (24.0%; 12/50), and butchers (28.0%; 14/50) (p < 0.001). Significant differences in seropositivity by income bracket, education level, and working in the fields were found for some sub-groups. Study findings demonstrate that certain sub-populations, in Northwest Pakistan, may be at greater risk of T. canis infection. Development and implementation of targeted preventive strategies may, therefore, be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted by examining 181 blood samples from Dhuluiya District / Salah El-Din Governorate, of both sexes and their ages ranged between 5-58 years, to investigate the incidence of Toxocariasis using IgG TEST-ELISA for a period from November to July 2020. The results showed the percentage of Toxoplasmosis reached 20.99%. The effect of toxoplasmosis on some biochemical parameters of infected persons, including cholesterol was an increase within the age group 58-48 years and reached mg/dl 258 and the highest rate of increase in triglycerides was in the age group 58-48 years and reached mg/dl 275, the highest percentage of total protein was recorded in the age group 36-26 years, as it was mg/dl 6.35 and the highest percentage of HDL lipoproteins within the age group 26-26 years was 42.2 mg/dl and in VLDL highest percentage was within the age group 5-15. The highest percentage of creatine increase in the age group 58-48 years was recorded at mg/ dl of 34.6, it reached 0.65 mg/dl. As for liver enzymes, the highest percentage of AST was recorded in the age group 58-48 years, with a ratio of u/l23.5 and the highest percentage of ALT was recorded in the age group 58-48 years, as it reached u/l 17.0. In the tests of light mineral elements, the highest percentage of calcium was recorded in the age group 58-48 years and it was 11.0 mmol/L and the highest percentage of sodium was recorded in the age group 58-48 years with a ratio of 5.3 mEq/l and the highest percentage of potassium was recorded in age group 15 -5 years amounted to 145 mmol/L as for heavy metals, the highest percentage of zinc within the age group 58-48 years was recorded at 29.6 μg/dl and for iron elements, the highest percentage was recorded in the age group 5-15 years, which was 9.35 g/dl. The highest rate of increase of T3 thyroid hormone was recorded in the age group 47-37 years, amounting to 4.64% and the highest rate of increase of T4 hormone was recorded in the age group 58-48 years, which was 110.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Toxocariasis, also known as Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) syndrome, is a parasitic disease caused by the ascaris larva migrans of dogs and cats, especially Toxocara canis. The eggs of this parasite enter the human body through contaminated food, water, and soil. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks in Ilam city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 40 soil samples (100 grams per sample from the depth of 3 to 5 cm) were randomly collected from 10 public parks of Ilam city in the summer season of 2018. After washing, grinding, and separating large particles from the samples, parasitic eggs were isolated using 150-micron filters and sucrose flotation method. The data was analysed using SPSS 20 software. Results: Five of ten parks (50%) were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. From 40 soil samples collected from the public parks, 16 (40%) were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. Most of the contaminated samples were collected from walking and flowering areas in all the parks. Microscopic studies showed an average of 1-4 Toxocara spp. eggs per microscopic field in each sample indicating 4 to16 eggs per 100 grams of soil in each contaminated park. Conclusion: Due to the high level of contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in Ilam city parks, it is necessary to prevent dogs and cats from entering to lawns and playgrounds in public parks by fencing.

Probiotics have been shown to reduce the intensity of Toxocara canis infection in mice. However, larval transmission of this nematode also occurs via transplacental and transmammary routes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic on the vertical transmission of T. canis in Swiss mice. The mice received 107S. boulardii colony-forming units per gram of food. The supplementation began 15 days before mating and was maintained throughout pregnancy and lactation. The animals were inoculated with 300 T. canis embryonated eggs on the 14th day of pregnancy. The presence of larvae was examined in the organs of the females and their offspring. The examined organs included the following: brain, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, eye, skeletal muscle (carcass) and mammary glands of lactating females. There was a 42% (P = 0.041) reduction in the number of larvae transmitted to offspring in the group that received probiotic-supplemented food (GI). Additionally, there was a 50% reduction (P = 0.023) in the number of larvae found in the brains of lactating offspring in the GI group. These results reveal the potential of S. boulardii probiotic use as an auxiliary method of controlling visceral toxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis in humans is an unknown and underdiagnosed disease with increased risk of distribution determined by the large canine and cat populations. Contamination of the environment with pets faeces containing helminth eggs is the key route of transmission toxocariasis, threatening especially the youngest children. The purpose of this study is preliminary research of the degree of pollution of the environment with Toxocara spp. eggs by examining soil and sand samples from different public places of Varna, Bulgaria. Material and methods: In 2018, 40 soil and sand samples were collected from various locations of Varna city: public park areas, areas for dog-walking, playgrounds, sandboxes and yards with domestic animals. The samples were processed using a modified Romanеnko’s method. Results: Soil analysis showed Toxocara spp. eggs in one sample from a public park area in the central region of Varna. In another soil sample of a private yard with domestic dog typical ova of the Taeniidae family was observed (possibly of E. granulosus). In two other samples, eggs from other canine parasites were discovered. Conclusion: The first research on the environmental contamination with helminthic eggs in Northeastern Bulgaria showed Toxocara spp. eggs in one of the central and most populated areas of Varna city. Furthermore, at least 10% of the tested materials were contaminated with canine excrements that testify for the lack of proper control of domestic and stray animals, which represents a real and imminent danger from zoonotic infection for the public health in the region.

Toxocara canis is an important roundworm of canids and a fearsome animal parasite of humans. Human infections can lead to syndromes called visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans, neurotoxocariasis, and covert toxocariasis. VLM is most commonly diagnosed in children younger than 8 years of age, but adult cases are relatively frequent among those infected by ingesting the raw tissue of paratenic hosts in East Asia. This research reports the case of a 59-year-old man with sigmoid colon cancer, who visited our institution for surgery. An intraperitoneal mass was found on preoperative computed tomography, and it was thought to be a metastatic mass from sigmoid colon cancer. A postoperative histologic examination and serum test showed eosinophilic granuloma due to toxocariasis. Diagnosis of VLM is often difficult and highly suspicious in adults. Researchers suggest, although rarely, that VLM be included in the differential diagnosis as a cause of intraperitoneal tumors.

Seroprevalence studies on human toxocariasis help to assess the burden and the morbidity associated with this zoonosis. This review searched the seroprevalence studies and case reports in six North African countries: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia, since 1990. The search also included studies on the environmental factors related to the risk of transmission. Most of the published epidemiological studies were done in Egypt. Cross-sectional and case-control studies in Egypt demonstrated that toxocariasis is a significant zoonosis that could be associated with conditions like bronchial asthma allergies and certain neuropsychiatric disorders. The population at risk of this infection includes all ages, both genders, in contact with dogs, resident in rural areas with poor housing conditions. The publications from Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria are limited to case reports and retrospective analyses of cases, but the disease is probably under-diagnosed in these three countries. There are no published reports on human toxocariasis in Libya and Sudan during the period covered by the review. Animal studies confirm high infection rates of dogs with Toxocara canis in North Africa. There is also evidence of wide-spread contamination of soil and water with Toxocara spp. eggs. Moreover, the use of untreated wastewater for irrigation in parts of North Africa could be a source of contamination of agricultural products with eggs of Toxocara spp. Population-based studies on human toxocariasis are recommended, using standardized diagnostic tests. These surveys should also assess risk factors to guide preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis in humans is considered a rare disease in Turkey, and the absence of specific symptoms of this disease is probably the main reason for clinicians to underestimate and underdiagnose the disease. Although there are several seroepidemiological studies on visceral larva migrans in the country, a comparison between them is difficult as the serological tests are not standardised. After the introduction of the easily accessible ELISA kit in the market, the number of seroepidemiological studies has increased in which the reported rates ranged between 1% and 56%. Similar to other countries, Toxocara seropositivity in Turkey is more common in men, childhood, in those living in rural area, having a low income level, owning dogs, and biting their nails or practicing geophagia. In addition, toxocariasis is a risk factor for veterinarians, farmers, and pet-shop workers. Toxocara seroprevalence is significantly higher in respiratory, neuropsychiatric, musculoskeletal, skin and abdominal disorders. There are also many studies showing the importance of eosinophilia in toxocariasis. In conclusion, although there are many studies on toxocariasis in Turkey, it is still not well understood to what extent the infection is responsible for a plethora ascribed symptoms. Standardisation of the diagnostic methods and the use of molecular techniques could further throw light in the real epidemiology and the role played by the infection to induce signs and symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocara canis and T. cati are among the most widely distributed helminthic species in the world with a high zoonotic impact. Millions of people are infected [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocara sp. are zoonotic parasitic roundworms that cause infection and morbidity in both developed and developing countries. In humans, infection is thought to be most common in children, particularly those living in poverty, and usually results from consumption of soil contaminated with parasite eggs deposited by dog or cat faeces. Infection in humans results in different clinical manifestations, some more overt like visceral or ocular larva migrans and others more cryptic like neurocognitive delay. Despite its pervasiveness, toxocariasis has become a neglected infection. We review the dynamics of the human-animal interface in the context of this parasite, discuss the challenges in controlling transmission to humans, and cite key areas of research that could enable improved interventions. With political will and proper resource allocation, we propose that effective interventions are possible in the near term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orinoquia is the property of Universidad de los Llanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonosis most commonly caused by roundworm larvae of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. The disease is prevalent in countries where the regular antihelminth prophylaxis of dogs and cats and the control of their population are limited. Children are usually more vulnerable due to a combination of several risk factors: underdeveloped hygiene habits, frequent contact with animals, playing in sandboxes, playgrounds and parks contaminated with animal excrements. Children in rural areas and with lower socio-economic status are at higher risk. Geophagy, which can be observed in various conditions in childhood, is also an important predisposing factor. The clinical symptoms of toxocariasis are extremely diverse - from severe involvement of the visceral organs: lungs, liver, pancreas, heart, kidneys, eyes and CNS to subclinical or an asymptomatic infection. Routine diagnostics includes ELISA for the presence of specific IgG antibodies against the excretory-secretory antigens of Toxocara spp. Since cross-reactions with other helminth agents are not rarely observed, a confirmatory test such as Western blot is usually required. Conformation of the diagnosis leads to the appropriate etiologic treatment, which assures the swiftly cure of the patients with toxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), commonly called creeping eruption, is a parasitic skin disorder caused by the invasion of larva to the skin. This disease classically presents as serpiginous lesions. Larva frequently originates from fecal material of cats and dogs. The pruritus is usually intense and if not treated might disrupt activity, lead to secondary infection, and extend to other regions. Oral and topical antihelminthic agents are the first-line treatment with excellent clinical response. However, they are not always readily available, as is it the case in our region. We attempt to tackle this limitation by formulating an office-made albendazole cream. This report shows the clinical efficacy of our regimen in three cases of CLM. Case Report. We report three cases of CLM diagnosed through history taking and clinical presentation. All cases were treated with topical office-made albendazole as requested by the patients and due to resource limitation. The topical preparation was made by dissolving 400 mg albendazole tablet into sterile water and mixing it with Vaseline to form 4% cream. Three times daily application for seven days led to excellent clinical response. Conclusion. Our 4% office-made albendazole cream was shown to be effective in treating CLM. Thus, this simple and practical preparation may serve as an alternative treatment for CLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics have shown promising results as a potential method to control toxocariasis in mice inoculated with embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in mice fed in natura chicken livers infected with T. canis. Twenty 15-day-old male Sussex chickens were inoculated with 300 T. canis embryonated eggs via intragastric catheter (GI). After 72 h of infection, each liver was collected and individually offered to a group of 20 mice. Mice that received supplemented ration with S. boulardii (1.107 colony forming units) and consumed in natura chicken liver showed reduction in infection intensity of 67.1%. This study demonstrated that administration of S. boulardii has potential as a probiotic to assist in controlling visceral toxocariasis caused by the consumption of viscera from paratenic hosts containing infective parasite larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease in humans caused by migration in the human body of infective larvae of canine and (or) feline nematodes of the genus Toxocara Stiles, 1905 (Ascaridida: Toxocaridae). The aim of the present study is to establish the levels of total serum IgE in patients with toxocariasis in Bulgaria, to compare them with the levels in clinically healthy individuals and to evaluate their significance for diagnosis of toxocariasis. The levels of total IgE were examined in sera samples from 130 patients with serological and clinical signs of toxocariasis. Of them, 120 were with visceral form of the disease and 10 with ocular larva migrans. The values of IgE in this group ranged from 4 IU/ml to 957.95 IU/ml. The geometric mean of total serum IgE was 153.7 ± 39.8. Serum samples from a control group of 50 clinically healthy blood donors were also tested and their serum IgE levels ranged from 2 IU/ml to 230 IU/ml (geometric mean of 49.40 ± 15.1 IU/ml). Our study is the first of its kind from Bulgaria and our results display a geometric mean of IgE in patients with toxocariasis (153.7 IU/ml) of about 3 times higher than the one in clinically healthy individuals (49.4 IU/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study illustrates two cases of Toxocara canis infection: a 77-year-old man presenting with bilateral uveitis, sepsis, and non-convulsive status epilepticus (patient A); and a 63-year-old woman with a history of treated breast cancer, presenting with sight loss and paralysis of the right eye, neurological symptoms, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and a post traumatic vertebral fracture (patient B). Both diagnoses were challenging because the acute comorbidities withdrew the attention from the actual cause of the disease, and in one case the steroid treatment possibly affected the laboratory indexes. The lack of response to antibiotics and the involvement of specific organs and districts suggested parasitic infection. Indeed, immunoblot assay revealed the presence of specific T. canis immunoglobulin G antibodies. Both patients improved with albendazole 800 mg/die (400 mg ×2) for 28 days; the neurological state normalized, while sight and eye motility remained impaired. Overall, the findings from these two toxocariasis cases indicate that the occurrence of severe neurological symptoms associated with ocular involvement should generate suspicion of parasitic infection rather than leading to differential diagnosis of common presentations such as bacterial and viral infections or autoimmune diseases.

The present study illustrates two cases of Toxocara canis infection: a 77-year-old man presenting with bilateral uveitis, sepsis, and non-convulsive status epilepticus (patient A); and a 63-year-old woman with a history of treated breast cancer, presenting with sight loss and paralysis of the right eye, neurological symptoms, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and a post traumatic vertebral fracture (patient B). Both diagnoses were challenging because the acute comorbidities withdrew the attention from the actual cause of the disease, and in one case the steroid treatment possibly affected the laboratory indexes. The lack of response to antibiotics and the involvement of specific organs and districts suggested parasitic infection. Indeed, immunoblot assay revealed the presence of specific T. canis immunoglobulin G antibodies. Both patients improved with albendazole 800 mg/die (400 mg ×2) for 28 days; the neurological state normalized, while sight and eye motility remained impaired. Overall, the findings from these two toxocariasis cases indicate that the occurrence of severe neurological symptoms associated with ocular involvement should generate suspicion of parasitic infection rather than leading to differential diagnosis of common presentations such as bacterial and viral infections or autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Toxocariasis, also known as Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) syndrome, is a parasitic disease caused by the ascaris larva migrans of dogs and cats, especially Toxocara canis. The eggs of this parasite enter the human body through contaminated food, water, and soil. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks in Ilam city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 40 soil samples (100 grams per sample from the depth of 3 to 5 cm) were randomly collected from 10 public parks of Ilam city in the summer season of 2018. After washing, grinding, and separating large particles from the samples, parasitic eggs were isolated using 150-micron filters and sucrose flotation method. The data was analysed using SPSS 20 software. Results: Five of ten parks (50%) were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. From 40 soil samples collected from the public parks, 16 (40%) were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. Most of the contaminated samples were collected from walking and flowering areas in all the parks. Microscopic studies showed an average of 1-4 Toxocara spp. eggs per microscopic field in each sample indicating 4 to16 eggs per 100 grams of soil in each contaminated park. Conclusion: Due to the high level of contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in Ilam city parks, it is necessary to prevent dogs and cats from entering to lawns and playgrounds in public parks by fencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis remains an important neglected parasitic infection representing one of the most common zoonotic infections caused by the parasite Toxocara canis or, less frequently, by Toxocara cati . The epidemiology of the disease is complex due to its transmission route by accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara eggs or larvae from tissues from domestic or wild paratenic hosts. Even though the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control classified toxocariasis amongst the top six parasitic infections of priority to public health, global epidemiological data regarding the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited. Although the vast majority of the infected individuals remain asymptomatic or experience a mild disease, the infection is associated with important health and socioeconomic consequences, particularly in underprivileged, tropical, and subtropical areas. Toxocariasis is a disease with multiple clinical presentations, which are classified into five distinct forms: the classical visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, common toxocariasis, covert toxocariasis, and cerebral toxocariasis or neurotoxocariasis. Anthelmintic agents, for example, albendazole or mebendazole , are the recommended treatment, whereas a combination with topical or systemic corticosteroids for specific forms is suggested. Prevention strategies include educational programs, behavioral and hygienic changes, enhancement of the role of veterinarians, and anthelmintic regimens to control active infections.

Toxocariasis, a parasitic infection, causes hyper eosinophilia resulting in radiological presentation of eosinophilic infiltrations in the involved organs. In the abdomen, toxocariasis has been reported to manifest as infiltrations in the liver or in the gastrointestinal tract, but it is known to be uncommon to manifest as multiple lymphadenopathy. There have been two case reports of toxocariasis presenting as generalized lymphadenopathy in the chest, neck and inguinal regions. To the best of our knowledge, generalized conglomerated lymphadenopathy occurring mostly in the abdomen from toxocariasis has not been published in the English literature. Herein, we report a rare case of toxocariasis presenting as multiple conglomerated lymphadenopathy mimicking lymphoma on CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larval Drosophila move up attractive chemical gradients, and down aversive ones. Although their movement is often characterized as a series of runs and directed turns, it can also be modeled as a continuous modulation of turning extent by the detected change in stimulus intensity as the animal moves through the gradient. We show that a neuromechanical model of peristaltic crawling and spontaneous bending in the larva can be adapted to produce taxis behavior by the simple addition of a local segmental reflex to modulate transverse viscosity (or "bendiness") proportionally to the intensity change detected in the head. Altering the gain produces weaker or stronger, negative or positive taxis, with behavioral statistics that qualitatively match the larva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Occurrence of clinical signs by infection with Baylisascaris potosis, the roundworm of kinkajous (Potos flavus), in mice, rats, and rabbit were studied, and the migration behavior of larvae in mice were compared with that of Baylisascaris transfuga, the roundworm of bears (Ursus spp.). Three groups of 8 mice, 3 groups of 6 rats, and 3 groups of 2 rabbits were inoculated with either 10, 100, or 1,000 B. potosis eggs. The other 8 mice were inoculated with 1,000 B. transfuga eggs. Animals were monitored for the occurrence of clinical signs until 60 days postinoculation (DPI). The carcass, viscera, brain, and eyes of each of 6 mice inoculated with 1,000 eggs of B. potosis or B. transfuga at 60 DPI were removed individually, and the number of larvae was counted. One mouse inoculated with 100 B. potosis eggs showed rolling at 27 DPI, and 1 larva was found in the medulla oblongata of this mouse. No clinical signs were observed in the other mice or in the rats and rabbits. A mean of 387.2 larvae was recovered from mice inoculated with 1,000 B. potosis eggs, and a mean of 422.0 larvae from mice inoculated with 1,000 B. transfuga eggs. The highest number of larvae was recovered from the carcasses for both B. potosis and B. transfuga. In the viscera, higher numbers of B. transfuga larvae (mean 131.8) were seen than B. potosis larvae (mean 33.1). In the brain, only 1 larva was detected in 1/6 mice inoculated with 1,000 B. potosis eggs, whereas a mean of 21 larvae was detected in mice inoculated with 1,000 B. transfuga eggs. A few larvae (range 0–1) were detected in the eyes of both mice inoculated with B. potosis or B. transfuga eggs. The result indicated that B. potosis larvae do not show a higher tendency to migrate into the brain of mice than B. transfuga larvae. However, 1 mouse inoculated with 100 eggs had 1 larva in the central nervous system and showed a serious neurological sign. This result may underline a potential risk of B. potosis to cause neural larva migrans in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To gain further insight on the association between human toxocariasis and epilepsy in light of the new evidence in the last years. Methods: A systematic review was conducted without date and language restriction in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), Ingenta Connect, Science Direct (Elsevier), RefDoc, Scopus, HighWire, Scielo and the database of the Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology of the Limoges University (IENT). Two investigators independently conducted the search up to November 2017. A pooled odds ratio (OR) was estimated using a random effects model. Meta-regression was conducted to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. Results: Database search produced 204 publications. Eleven case-control studies were included that were carried out in 13 countries worldwide. A total number of 4740 subjects were considered (2159 people with epilepsy and 2581 people without epilepsy). The overall pooled OR was 1.69 (95% CI 1.42–2.01) for the association between epilepsy and Toxocara spp. seropositivity. A positive association was constantly reported in the restricted analysis (WB as confirmatory or diagnostic test, younger population, and population–based studies). Meta-regression showed no statistically significant association between covariates and outcome. Conclusion: The updated meta-analysis provides epidemiological evidence of a positive association between Toxocara seropositivity and epilepsy. New surveys supported the association, mainly population-based studies. On this basis, health strategies to reduce the impact of Toxocara spp are strongly advised. Further research should be performed to understand the physiopathological mechanisms of toxocara-associated epileptogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic and widespread infection which manifest as a spectrum of syndromes in humans such as visceral, neural, ocular, covert and asymptomatic. Herein we aimed to design a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil depositories in Iran. English (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Ovid) and Persian (Scientific Information Database and Magiran) databases were explored. This review resulted in a total of 14 publications meeting the inclusion criteria during January 2000–November 2016. Altogether, 3031 soil samples were examined among which 470 were positive in terms of Toxocara spp. The weighted overall prevalence of Toxocara spp. in soil samples was 16% (95% CI = 11–21%), and Tehran and Qazvin provinces had the highest and lowest prevalence rates, respectively. Meta-regression analysis showed that the correlation between prevalence of Toxocara eggs in soil with sample size ( P = 0.45) and year of study ( P = 0.42) were not statistically significant. Further studies are highly recommended to enlighten different aspects of toxocariasis in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Leishmania parasite resides and replicates within host macrophages during visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This study aimed to evaluate neopterin, a marker of macrophage activation, as possible pharmacodynamic biomarker to monitor VL treatment response and to predict long-term clinical relapse of VL. Following informed consent, 497 plasma samples were collected from East-African VL patients receiving a 28-day miltefosine monotherapy (48 patients) or 11-day combination therapy of miltefosine and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB, 48 patients). Neopterin was quantified with ELISA. Values are reported as median (inter-quartile range). Baseline neopterin concentrations were elevated in all VL patients at 98.8 (63.9–135) nmol/L compared to reported levels for healthy controls (<10 nmol/L). During the first treatment week, concentrations remained stable in monotherapy patients (p = 0.807), but decreased two-fold compared to baseline in the combination therapy patients (p < 0.01). In the combination therapy arm, neopterin concentrations increased significantly 1 day after L-AMB infusion compared to baseline for cured patients [137 (98.5–197) nmol/L, p < 0.01], but not for relapsing patients [84.4 (68.9–106) nmol/L, p = 0.96]. The neopterin parameter with the highest predictive power for VL relapse was a higher than 8% neopterin concentration increase between end of treatment and day 60 follow-up (ROC AUC 0.84), with a 93% sensitivity and 65% specificity. In conclusion, the identified neopterin parameter could be a potentially useful surrogate endpoint to identify patients in clinical trials at risk of relapse earlier during follow-up, possibly in a panel of biomarkers to increase its specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocara canis is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are integral membrane proteins which involve in a range of biological processes in various organisms. In present study, the full-length coding sequence of abcg-5 gene of T. canis (Tc-abcg-5) was cloned and characterized. A 633 aa polypeptide containing two conserved Walker A and Walker B motifs was predicted from a continuous 1902 nt open reading frame. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to determine the transcriptional levels of Tc-abcg-5 gene in adult male and female worms, which indicated high mRNA level of Tc-abcg-5 in the reproductive tract of adult female T. canis. Tc-abcg-5 was expressed to produce rabbit polyclonal antiserum against recombinant TcABCG5. Indirect-fluorescence immunohistochemical assays were carried out to detect the tissue distribution of TcABCG5, which showed predominant distribution of TcABCG5 in the uterus (especially in the germ cells) of adult female T. canis. Tissue transcription and expression pattern of Tc-abcg-5 indicated that Tc-abcg-5 might play essential roles in the reproduction of this parasitic nematode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human toxocariasis is one of the most prevalent helminthiases worldwide. Toxocara canis larvae can cross the blood-brain barrier leading to the neurotoxocariasis. The clinical presentation consists of a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations, but asymptomatic infection is probably common. Neurotoxocariasis is not a frequent diagnosis probably due to the non-specific nature of its symptoms as well as the lack of confirmatory diagnostic tests. Diagnosis of neurotoxocariasis is based on the presence of a high titer of anti-Toxocara antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid or in the serum, presence of eosinophilia in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid, and clinical and radiological improvement after anthelmintic therapy; however, universally accepted diagnostic criteria are lacking. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings include single or multiple, subcortical, cortical or white matter hyperintense lesions, best visualized on FLAIR and T2-weighted imaging, and usually isointense or hypointense on T1. These imaging findings are suggestive but not specific to neurotoxocariasis. Definitive diagnosis is made by histological confirmation, but it is rarely followed. This review provides an overview of the clinical manifestations, management options, and MRI findings of neurotoxocariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human toxocariasis is a neglected global parasitic zoonosis. The efficacy of drug treatment for this disease has been hindered by the biological complexity of the main etiological agent, the nematode Toxocara canis. Experimental studies have shown the potential of probiotics to promote a reduction in the parasite load of T. canis larvae. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 on the parasite load of BALB/c mice with acute toxocariasis and evaluate the direct effect of this probiotic on T. canis larvae in vitro. In vivo administration of probiotics reduced the parasite load of T. canis larvae by 53.3% ( p = 0.0018) during the early stage of infection in mice. However, when analyzed in vitro, it was observed that the probiotic did not present a deleterious effect on the larvae, as approximately 90% of these remained viable. These results demonstrate the potential of the probiotic L. rhamnosus in the reduction of T. canis larvae in BALB/c mice and suggest it could be used as an alternative means for the controlling of visceral toxocariasis. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of action promoted by this probiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larva migrans is a condition caused by subcutaneous or visceral migration of parasite larvae, usually Ancylostoma braziliense, and is characterized by pruriginous or serpiginous lesions. This article describes a case of larva migrans involving the oral mucosa in a 24-year-old woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Human toxocariasis is caused by several species of the nematode Toxocara. Two common clinical syndromes are ocular and visceral larva migrans. Objectives. To determine the Toxocara antibody positivity in clinically suspected VLM patients and to describe demographic factors and clinical manifestations of seropositive patients. Methods. 522 clinically suspected patients were studied between 1993 and 2014. Relevant data was gathered from referral letters. Serum samples were subjected to Toxocara antigen ELISA. Results. Overall, seropositivity was 50.2% (262), of which 109 (40.8%) were positive at high level of Toxocara antibody carriage and 153 (58.4%) were positive at low levels. The seropositives ranged from 3 months to 70 years (mean = 7.8). Younger age group had higher levels of seropositivity and it was statistically significant. Majority of children under 5 years were seropositive (47.7%, n=125). Seropositivity was common in males (55.3%, n=145). Clinical manifestations of seropositives include lymphadenopathy (24.1%) skin rash (22.5%), dyspnoea (21.7%), fever (21%), hepatosplenomegaly (9.2%), and abdominal pain (3.8%). 197 (75.2%) seropositive cases had eosinophilia. These symptoms were not statistically significant. Conclusions. This study confirms toxocariasis as an important cause of childhood ill health identifying common clinical symptoms recommending preventive measures to limit transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis is a frequent zoonotic parasitosis in Serbia. The aim of the study was to examine anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with suspected visceral larva migrans (VLM) in Belgrade, and to estimate the prevalence of T. canis eggs in dog fecal deposits collected in green public areas. A total of 145 patients were examined by ELISA. In 26.39% (38/144) of serum samples, T. canis IgG were detected, and in 6 CSF samples, 2 were positive for antibodies. Seropositivity was detected in 26.1% (34/130) adults and 33.3% (5/15) children. A total number of 155 fresh dog feces were collected in five public parks in Belgrade where T. canis eggs were identified with a prevalence of 33.55% (52/155). Based on the high prevalence of parasite eggs, we estimated a high risk of human infection by T. canis eggs in public green areas in Belgrade.

Background: Toxocariasis is the clinical terms applied to infection of human with Ascarid nematodes in the order Ascaridida, named Toxocara canis and T. cati. Because in recent years in Iran many people desire to keep pets (cats and dogs), and lacking of seroepidemiological study of toxocariasis in Mashhad, we decided to determine the seroprevalence of toxocariasis among people who own cats and dogs in comparison with control group. Methods: A serological study for detection antibodies to Toxocara in two groups (93 cat and dog owners and 93 healthy people as control group) was conducted from Feb 2013 to Dec 2013. An ELISA method was employed using determination of IgG antibodies against Toxocara. The serum samples were evaluated for anti-Toxocara antibody, using ELISA technique at Parasitology and Immunology Lab of Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad. Using a questionnaire, epidemiological factors associated with infection were examined. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: The seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies in the pet owners and control group was respectively 20.43% and 1.07%. 47.3% of pet owners were female. Conclusion: Presented data showed the significant difference between seroprevalence of toxocariasis among pet owners and control group. Education of society and in particular pet owners consisting of preventing contamination of the environment with Toxocara eggs is advised.