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Background: Sedation increases colonoscopy risks and prolongs recovery time. We examined whether virtual reality (VR) can substitute for sedation. The primary outcome was the overall satisfaction of patients who underwent colonoscopy with VR headset compared with patients who underwent standard sedation. Pain during the procedure, polyp detection rate (PDR), colonoscopy duration, post-colonoscopy adverse events, post-colonoscopy recovery, time-to-return to daily functions, and turnaround time at the endoscopy unit were secondary outcomes. Methods: The study was approved by Sheba Medical Center's ethics committee IRB number 21-8177-SMC. Sixty patients were sequentially enrolled in a 1:1 ratio to either standard sedated colonoscopy or VR-unsedated procedure, and all patients signed a written informed consent. 28/30 patients successfully completed the colonoscopy using VR headset. Overall satisfaction score was comparable between the groups. Results: There was no difference between VR and controls in colonoscopy duration, or PDR. VR patients had numerically lower rate of post-colonoscopy adverse events than controls. The proportion of VR patients who reported resuming daily activities on the day of the procedure was significantly higher than in the control group. The VR group patients spent significantly less time in the hospital compared to the control group. Conclusions: VR technology can provide adequate substitution for sedation for most patients undergoing colonoscopy and offers comparable patient satisfaction and faster return to daily activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of virtual reality distraction (VRD) on dental anxiety during scaling and root planing (SRP) in periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled split‐mouth study included 60 patients who scored 9 or above on the dental anxiety scale (DAS) and required SRP in at least two quadrants with at least five teeth and two sites with a probing depth of ≥4 mm. Randomly chosen quadrants were treated using virtual reality glasses, and other quadrants were treated without glasses at the same visit. During VRD, a video of nature scenes was projected onto the screen in front of the patient's eyes. DAS and a visual analogue scale about patient feelings were applied at the end of the procedure. Results: With VRD, the scale value of pain and discomfort level (VASP) was significantly reduced (p = 0.01, d = 0.57). Starting treatment without glasses significantly decreased VASP in both control and test sides (p = 0.00, d = 0.85; p = 0.00, d = 0.80, respectively) and increased the sensation of immersion and realism (p = 0.03, d = 0.45; p = 0.02, d = 0.46, respectively). Intraoperative and postoperative DAS values were significantly lower in patients who started treatment without VRD (p = 0.04, d = 0.34; p = 0.02, d = 0.44, respectively). Of the patients, 63.3% preferred VRD in the subsequent treatment. While patient preference did not correlate with sex, it correlated with age (r = −0.48, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The VRD and initiating SRP procedure with VRD affected the pain and discomfort level in anxious periodontitis patients. In addition, the anxiety level was also affected by starting the procedure with glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The combination of virtual reality (VR) and palliative care potentially represents a new opportunity for palliative care. Many previous studies have evaluated the application of VR therapy to patients with advanced disease receiving palliative care. However, patient-perspective reviews to comprehensively understand the actual experiences and feelings of patients and provide practical guidance for designing future studies are currently lacking. This review of qualitative evidence aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of patients receiving VR therapy in palliative care. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement guidelines. Ten databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, OVID MEDLINE, Scopus, John Wiley, ProQuest, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, and SinoMed, were searched, and qualitative and mixed studies from the establishment of each database to June 30, 2023 were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The data included in the literature were analyzed and integrated by "thematic synthesis" to formalize the identification and development of themes. Results: The nine selected studies altogether included 156 participants from seven hospice care facilities of different types and two oncology centers. Three key themes were identified: experiences of palliative care patients in VR therapy, the perceived value that palliative care patients gain in VR therapy, and perspectives of palliative care patients toward using VR therapy. Conclusions: The patients' feedback covered discomfort caused by VR devices, good sense of experiences, and situations that affected the interactive experience. Some patients were unable to tolerate VR therapy or reported newer forms of discomfort. The findings indicated that VR therapy may be an effective approach to relieve patients' physical and psychological pain and help them gain self-awareness. Moreover, patients showed a preference for personalized VR therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the impact of using an immersive dementia video via a virtual reality (VR) device to educate community members. A single group before/after comparison test design was employed. One trial session was provided. We used Angle Shift, a VR program that provides an immersive narration of the experiences of dementia. We then measured the participants' perceived understanding of the experience of people with dementia, willingness to learn more about dementia, and satisfaction with the immersive experience. We analyzed the responses of 67 participants. Pre-intervention, most perceived to have a good understanding and a willingness to learn. They also expressed readiness and interest in supporting people with dementia. Post-intervention, participants expressed satisfaction and a deeper understanding. Motivation can be a key indicator of the VR's impact on learners' understanding, willingness to learn, and satisfaction. The program should capture the learners' interests in various learning stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) technology has developed rapidly in recent years with head-mounted displays (HMDs), which provide immersive VR experiences by inserting users into an artificially constructed digital world. However, there is currently no standardized tool for measuring usability in VR environments. The purpose of this study was to provide initial validation of the GUESS-18, a usability questionnaire for video games, for measuring usability of VR in a gaming environment. Participants played a racing game with an HMD in VR and a traditional monitor and completed the GUESS-18 and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine GUESS-18 validity. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) values indicate appropriate model fit, with values of 0.967 and 0.056, respectively. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was satisfactory for all factors except for social connectivity. Scores from the GUESS-18 were significantly higher with VR by about 6.4%, but SUS scores were equivalent between display types. Playing the game in VR resulted in greater immersion and personal gratification than playing with the monitor. Overall, the GUESS-18 can measure usability of VR games as it distinguishes VR from traditional monitor environments and shows satisfactory validity and consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This clinical study aimed to evaluate the effect of virtual reality (VR) technology on anxiety and pain levels in patients undergoing gingivectomy and gingivoplasty procedures. Materials and Methods: The patients were randomized into test (surgery with VR glasses) and control (surgery without VR glasses) groups. Before the surgery, the anxiety level was measured using the modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS), and anticipated pain (AP) was measured by a visual analog scale (VAS). Immediately after the surgery, the pain and discomfort associated with the surgery (VASP), procedure time (T), and time perception (TP) were evaluated. The patients in the test group were requested to assess the immersion (VASI), satisfaction (VASS), perception of reduced anxiety (VASA), and perceived control (VASC). One week after surgery, MDAS was applied to all patients. Results: This trial was conducted with 41 female and 17 male subjects with a mean age of 29.69 ± 12.32. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of age, sex, preoperative MDAS, or AP. After surgery, MDAS, VASP, T, and TP failed to differ significantly between the groups. The subject age was positively correlated with VASI, VASS, VASA, and VASC (r = 0.60, p = 0.00; r = 0.44, p = 0.02; r = 0.46, p = 0.02; r = 0.50, p = 0.01, respectively) and negatively correlated with VASP (r = 0.47, p = 0.04). Conclusions: VR application did not affect anxiety and pain levels in patients undergoing periodontal surgery. More studies are needed to evaluate VR distraction in periodontal surgeries with diverse age samples and video options. Clinical Significance: VR does not affect anxiety and pain levels during gingivectomy and gingivoplasty surgeries in the young adult population. It should be evaluated in older age groups. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06092177. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stethoscopes and mannequins are basic tools for medical practitioners to diagnose various problems. Restricted by space, resources, and time, these tools and common video training are sometimes inaccessible. These obstacles may be solved by immersive virtual reality (VR) that improves interaction and blurs the line between virtual and reality. Therefore, this study combines virtual and real interaction technologies to investigate the impact of multi-sensory interaction on learning outcomes in chest auscultation. Methods: This study integrated VIVE Tracker technology to provide synchronized tactile stimulation in VR. University students in medical-related disciplines participated in the study. Interviews were conducted to understand how students perceived the effectiveness and usefulness of the thoracic auscultation VR. Conclusion: Most students expressed that tactile stimulation gave realistic sensations and effectively reinforced the immersive effect. Simultaneously, it increased their interest and motivation in learning. The integration of synchronized tactile stimulation is a novel approach that expands the realm of interactivity beyond handheld controller manipulation and creates a platform to simulate medical-related scenarios to learn complex knowledge and skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who are incarcerated are at heightened risk of overdose upon community reentry. Virtual reality (VR) may provide an innovative tool for overdose prevention intervention in corrections facilities. This mixed methods study sought to understand incarcerated individuals' perspectives on VR for overdose prevention and explore physiological arousal associated with use of VR equipment. Study participants were 20 individuals, stratified by gender, with an opioid use disorder at a county jail. Qualitative interviews assessed acceptability and perceived utility of VR in the jail setting. Thematic analysis indicated high levels of acceptability and potential utility in the following areas: (a) mental health and substance use interventions, (b) community reentry skills training, and (c) communication and conflict resolution skills. Heart rate variability (HRV) data were collected continuously during the interview and during VR exposure to explore whether exposure to the VR environment provoked arousal. Physiological data analyses showed a significant decrease in heart rate (HR) [b = −3.14, t(18) = −3.85, p < .01] and no arousal as measured by root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) [b = −0.06, t(18) = −1.06, p = .30] and high frequency-HRV (HF-HRV) [b = −0.21, t(18) = −1.71, p = .10]. This study demonstrated high acceptability and decreased HR response of VR among incarcerated people who use drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to extend wicked problems analysis within the context of a library's support for virtual reality (VR) and the related extended reality (XR) emerging technologies. The researchers conducted 11 interviews with 13 librarians, embedded IT staff, and/or faculty members who were involved in administering, managing, or planning a virtual reality lab or classroom in a library (or similar unit) in a higher education setting. The qualitative analysis of the interviews identified clusters of challenges, which are categorized as either emergent (but solvable) such as portability and training; complicated (but possible) such as licensing and ethics: and/or wicked (but tameable). The respondents framed their role in supporting the wickedness of VR/XR in three basic ways: library as gateway, library as learning partner, and library as maker. Five taming strategies were suggested from this research to help librarians wrestle with these challenges of advocating for a vision of VR/XR on their respective campuses. This research also hints at a larger role for librarians in the research of technology diffusion and what that might mean to their role in higher education in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although regulatory norms on work safety offer guidelines for organizing and preventing accidents, the construction site is an environment susceptible to deviations, sometimes due to the lack of effective training. To this end, technologies such as virtual reality become possibilities for innovations with great advantages, as they allow simulations, modeling, exploratory environments and games, which allow the user to create a greater connection and interest in the subject in question. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to present the technological advances applied in safety-oriented training in the construction industry worldwide, emphasizing serious games through a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: The review was carried out using five scientific databases, with a research protocol to answer questions about the application of gamification to guarantee the safety of workers. RESULTS: Fifteen articles were evaluated, with descriptive, observational research and case studies. It was found that the use of technologies in construction safety is not yet a common reality in the sector, as it presents challenges and limitations, such as gameplay and issues related to cost. However, they show great potential as a dynamic solution in the training of civil construction workers, effectively collaborating in accident prevention and work safety. CONCLUSION: Several software programs and applications were found for creating three-dimensional scenes and for providing users with a customized experience according to the needs observed in the virtual interaction; building information modeling tools, which promote realistic project modeling; and equipment to visualize the scenes created. Furthermore, the possibility of combining traditional theoretical teaching with serious games was verified. However, gamification applicability is an alternative that still has limitations, in addition to the lack of flexibility in the rules imposed on the game, hampering users' authenticity in making decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Freezing of gait (FOG) is an intractable motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) that increases fall risk and impairs the quality of life. FOG has been associated with anxiety, with experimental support for the notion that anxiety itself provokes FOG. We investigated the effect of acute anxiety reduction via alprazolam on FOG in PD. Methods. In ten patients with PD, FOG, and normal cognition, we administered 0.25 mg alprazolam in one session and placebo in another, in counterbalanced order. At each session, on separate days, patients walked on a pressure-sensitive walkway. Using Oculus Rift virtual-reality goggles, patients walked along a plank that appeared to be (a) level with the floor, in the low-anxiety condition or (b) raised high above the ground, in the high-anxiety conditions. In this way, we assessed the impacts of anxiety and alprazolam (i.e., anxiety reduction) on FOG frequency and other gait parameters. Results. FOG events appeared only in the high-anxiety conditions. Alprazolam significantly reduced subjective and objective measures of anxiety, as well as the prevalence of FOG (p = 0.05). Furthermore, alprazolam improved swing time (p < 0.05) and gait variability in all conditions, particularly during the elevated plank trials. Interpretation. Our results suggest that (1) anxiety induces FOG, and (2) alprazolam concomitantly reduces anxiety and FOG. Alprazolam further improved gait stability (i.e., swing time and gait variability). These findings reveal that anxiety triggers FOG in PD. Treating anxiety can reduce FOG and improve gait stability, potentially offering new therapeutic avenues for this intractable and disabling symptom in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single-blind randomized-controlled experimental study aimed to determine the effects of watching nature images through virtual reality (VR) headset on stress, anxiety, and attachment levels of pregnant women with preterm birth threats (PBTs). The participants were 131 primiparous pregnant women admitted to the perinatology clinic due to PBT between April 5, 2022 and July 20, 2022. The intervention group watched videos containing nature images accompanied by nature sounds in six sessions through VR headset three times daily for 2 days. Each session lasted for 5 min. The data were accumulated with the Information Form, Stress Subscale of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, State Anxiety Inventory, Prenatal Attachment Inventory, and Information Form of Satisfaction Level of VR Headset. State anxiety and stress levels of pregnant women in intervention group were statistically significantly lower than those in controls. There was no difference in prenatal attachment levels concerning intragroup comparisons of intervention group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this study was to explore the continuous usage intention of head-mounted display-based virtual reality (HMD-based VR) content among college students. The study also sought to understand how this intention is influenced by factors related to personal cognition, social aspects, VR content, and HMD-related elements. Methods This descriptive correlational study used a self-report questionnaire to survey 217 students from two universities in Korea who had prior experience with HMD-based VR content. Result: The mean score for continuous usage intention of HMD-based VR content was 2.59±0.57 points (range, 1-5 points). Regarding the average frequency of HMD-based VR content usage, 64.5% of participants reported using it 1 to 2 times, while 91.7% indicated a total HMD-based VR usage period of less than 6 months. Factors such as personal cognition, VR content, social aspects, and HMD-related elements had explanatory power of 35.1%, 10.7%, 4.4%, and 2.5%, respectively, for the continuous usage intention of HMD-based VR content. Additionally, engagement (β=.45, p<.001), influential others (β=.37, p<.001), environmental support (β=-.18, p=.030), and cyber sickness (β=-.21, p=.001) were identified as having a significant influence. Conclusioi When developing HMD-based VR content, strategies to improve users' personal cognition should be included. Additionally, it is necessary to develop strategies that enhance enjoyment and interest in the content, while also facilitating ongoing social support. Furthermore, coping strategies should be devised that take into account cyber sickness, a potential side effect of these devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a survey to inform the expansion of a virtual reality (VR) service in our library. The survey assessed user experience, demographics, academic interests in VR, and methods of discovery. Currently our institution offers one HTC VIVE VR system that can be reserved and used by patrons within the library, but we would like to expand the service to meet the interests and needs of our patrons. We found use among all measured demographics and sufficient patron interest for us to justify expansion of our current services. The data resulting from this survey and the subsequent focus groups can be used to inform other academic libraries exploring or developing similar VR services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to accurately understand the angioarchitecture of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (CAVMs) before surgery using existing imaging methods. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the stereoscopic virtual reality display system (SVRDS) to display the angioarchitecture of CAVMs by comparing its accuracy with that of the conventional computed tomography workstation (CCTW). Nineteen patients with CAVM confirmed on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or during surgery were studied. Computed tomography angiography images in the SVRDS and CCTW were retrospectively analyzed by two experienced neuroradiologists using a double-blind method. Angioarchitectural parameters, such as the location and size of the nidus, type and number of the arterial feeders and draining veins, and draining pattern of the vessels, were recorded and compared. The diameter of the nidus ranged from 1.1 to 9 cm. Both CCTW and SVRDS correctly diagnosed the location of the nidus in 19 patients with CAVM. Among the 19 patients, 35 arterial feeders and 25 draining veins were confirmed on DSA and during surgery. With the DSA and intraoperative results as the gold standard bases, the CCTW misjudged one arterial feeder and one draining vein and missed three arterial feeders and two draining veins; meanwhile, the SVRDS missed only two arterial feeders. SVRDS had some advantages in displaying nidus, arterial branches, and draining veins of the CAVM compared with CCTW, as well as SVRDS could more intuitively display the overall angio-architectural spatial picture of CAVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language disorders are characterized by impairments in verbal expression/understanding, including difficulties with one or more language components. The Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (VRRS) is a bioelectromedical device equipped with exercise sections aimed at improving cognitive and language deficits. It also increases patient motivation and engagement. The aim of our study was to test the feasibility and efficacy of VRRS intervention to improve speech therapy treatment for children with speech disorders. Thirty-two patients were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to the experimental (EG) or control group (CG). The CG underwent conventional speech therapy, while EG underwent VRRS-implemented speech therapy. Both groups were evaluated before (T0) and after (T1) the intervention using the Language Assessment Test. The results showed improvements in both groups. However, the EG group showed greater improvement in various areas, including comprehension of total words, repetition, naming of body parts, naming of everyday objects, total naming, morphosyntactic accuracy, sentence construction, average length of utterance, and spontaneous word production. This study demonstrated that VRRS can be a valuable tool for implementing effective speech rehabilitation. Further studies are needed, as the use of VRRS is still in its early stages, requiring larger samples sizes and long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D Virtual Reality (VR) offers new opportunities in vestibular science. It also presents new challenges and problems. The study aimed to evaluate the effective factors in the 3D VR Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) test and the impact of cybersickness on the test results. The effect of the foam surface, head position in the yaw axis, moving background, and arm position holding the controller was tested. Cybersickness was evaluated using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). The head position and controller holding style significantly affected the results. The foam surface and the moving background did not have a significant effect. Although 61.4% of the patients fell into the bad category according to the symptoms of the SSQ score, cybersickness did not significantly affect the SVV results. In 3D VR SVV, additional factors should be considered: the headset's weight, head position, and how we hold the controller. The A-effect emerged when the head was 45 degrees turned on the yaw axis. A significant shift was detected in the test, with the arm holding the controller at 90 degrees. Most subjects felt cybersickness at a considerable level. Cybersickness should always be taken into account in VR when planning new applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual reality technologies (VRTs) present many characteristics that can facilitate learning, especially in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). The VRT head-mounted display (HMD) has recently shown significant technological improvement. This study aims to prove the suitability of the newer commercially available VRT HMDs used in interventions for adolescents with ID in China. To this end, we explored the acceptance, immersion, and negative effects for adolescents with ID in a series of virtual environments. Methods: Forty-nine adolescents with ID (33 boys and 16 girls, IQ < 70), aged 11 to 21, from three special schools participated in this study. Questionnaires, observations, and interviews were used to investigate their views while using a VR HMD. Results: Our analysis found that most participants narrated a pleasant experience using HMD and a series of VR experiences and experienced a high level of immersion accompanied by low negative effects. In addition, our study found that the gender variable was independent of the acceptance of HMDs and the immersion experience. Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that the HMD is accepted by most Chinese adolescents with ID; thus, its application has great potential in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated virtual reality (VR) during a 2-week, undergraduate, radiology elective to determine if it improved learning outcomes and user satisfaction. Methods: Eighteen students enrolled between August 2021 and February 2022. Each student had a collaborative Zoom teaching session with a preceptor using a Picture Archive and Communications System (PACS)-like viewing system Online DICOM Image Navigator (ODIN), followed by a teaching session using a VR, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) viewer (SieVRt). After each teaching session, the students independently reviewed 8 imaging cases and completed case related questions. The students completed a survey, rating their subjective experiences using ODIN and SieVRt. Results: There was no difference in total test scores between the two learning strategies. However, students did perform statistically better on two of five questions designed to test the detection/measurement capabilities of SieVRt vs ODIN. Students stated that they preferred using SieVRt over ODIN and agreed that they were able to view subtle imaging findings and abnormalities better using SieVRt. However, students found that some of the functions of SieVRt (measuring angles/lengths, and multitasking) were difficult. There were technical challenges with VR and minor undesirable physical effects (dizziness, nausea, etc.). Conclusions: Virtual reality has the potential to enhance radiology education by providing an immersive and engaging experience. Objectively, students were able to perform two tasks better with SieVRt. Subjectively, the VR platform received favourable reviews from students for a variety of features. There were reported technical and physical challenges related to using VR. Future developments in VR systems should focus on improving the user experience. Visual Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of virtual reality (VR) on postural control, posture, and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic neck pain (CNP). Forty-one participants with CNP were randomly allocated to the VR and control groups. The VR group experienced VR with glasses for 20 minutes and then performed motor control (MC) exercises for 20 minutes. The control group received only MC exercises for 40 minutes. Both groups received 18 sessions over 6 weeks. Computerized dynamic posturography outcomes, including sensory organization test (SOT), limits of stability, and unilateral stance tests, gait speed, forward head posture (FHP), shoulder protraction (SP), cervical lordosis angle, kinesiophobia, and exercise compliance were recorded. The VR group had more effects regarding composite equilibrium (Cohen's d = 1.20) of SOT and kinesiophobia (Cohen's d = −0.96), P <.05). Also, the VR group was more effective in exercise compliance (P <.05). Contrary to these results, the control group was more effective in correcting FHP and SP (Cohen's d > 0.7, P <.05). Virtual reality seemed to have an effect on postural control, posture, and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic neck pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first documented case of significant, potentially life-changing trauma sustained during use of virtual reality (VR). A male in his fifties fell from standing whilst immersed in a VR game and sustained injuries including bilateral occipital condyle fractures, spinal cord contusion resulting in central cord syndrome, right vertebral artery occlusion, and left hypoglossal nerve palsy. His injuries were managed conservatively with a lengthy recovery period. The patient made a good recovery with full resolution of his symptoms and has returned to full-time employment. This case discusses how these injuries are commonly related and considers the implications of VR on a person's balance and whether the headset may make neck extension injuries more likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Companies have the opportunity to better engage potential customers by presenting products to them in a highly immersive virtual reality (VR) shopping environment. However, a minimal amount is known about why and whether customers will adopt such fully immersive shopping environments. We therefore develop and experimentally validate a theoretical model, which explains how immersion affects adoption. The participants experienced the environment by using a head-mounted display (high immersion) or by viewing product models in 3D on a desktop (low immersion). We find that immersion does not affect the users' intention to reuse the shopping environment, because two paths cancel each other out: Highly immersive shopping environments positively influence a hedonic path through telepresence, but surprisingly, they negatively influence a utilitarian path through product diagnosticity. We can explain this effect via low readability of product information in the VR environment and expect VR's full potential to develop when the technology is further advanced. Our study contributes to literature on immersive systems and IS adoption research by introducing a research model for the adoption of VR shopping environments. A key practical implication of our study is that system designers need to pay special attention to the current state of technology when designing VR applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expert sport performers cope with a multitude of visual information to achieve precise skill goals under time stress and pressure. For example, a major league baseball or cricket batter must read opponent variations in actions and ball flight paths to strike the ball in less than a second. Crowded playing schedules and training load restrictions to minimise injury have limited opportunity for field-based practice in sports. As a result, many sports organisations are exploring the use of virtual reality (VR) simulators. Whilst VR synthetic experiences can allow greater control of visual stimuli, immersion to create presence in an environment, and interaction with stimuli, compared to traditional video simulation, the underpinning mechanisms of how experts use visual information for anticipation have not been properly incorporated into its content design. In themes, this opinion article briefly explains the mechanisms underpinning expert visual anticipation, as well as its learning and transfer, with a view that this knowledge can better inform VR simulator content design. In each theme, examples are discussed for improved content design of VR simulators taking into consideration its advantages and limitations relative to video simulation techniques. Whilst sport is used as the exemplar, the points discussed have implications for skill learning in other domains, such as military and law enforcement. It is hoped that our paper will stimulate improved content design of VR simulators for future research and skill enhancement across several domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Virtual reality (VR) glasses are tools that provide a more realistic perception of the image viewed from mobile phones. The aim of this study was to assess nystagmus with Cardboard VR, the most widely used and simplest form of VR glasses, and to compare the findings with those obtained via conventional Frenzel goggles. Materials and Methods: A total of 97 patients were included in the study. Balance tests were performed at one-hour intervals using Cardboard VR and Frenzel goggles. Direction, frequency, and duration of nystagmus were recorded during the examinations. Following the examinations, patients using both glasses were asked to rate the general comfort and holding quality of the glasses on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: No significant difference was found between the two glasses in terms of the direction of nystagmus (p>.05). There was no significant difference between the two glasses (Cardboard VR vs Frenzel goggles) in terms of frequency (0.73±0.29 beats/sec and 0.86±0.39 beats/sec, respectively) (p>.05). There was no significant difference between the two glasses in terms of the duration of observation (18.58±5.54 sec and 20.54±6.40 sec, respectively)(p>.05). The VAS score of the Carton VR was found to be significantly higher than that of the Frenzel goggles (8.69±1.02 and 5.24±1.31, respectively) (p=0.001). Conclusion: Cardboard VR is an easy-to-use, easily accessible, inexpensive, and effective tool that can be used to assess nystagmus under polyclinic and emergency conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality therapy in neurorehabilitation has demonstrated to be an effective, innovative method in increasing patient outcomes by increasing task repetition, interest, and self-efficacy. Despite this, virtual reality is not commonly used in neurorehabilitation centres or hospitals for conditions such as stroke. The primary aim of this scoping review is to synthesise existing literature exploring the costs associated with including virtual reality into neurorehabilitation. The second aim is to explore the barriers and challenges that impede its adoption in neurorehabilitation. A literature search was conducted yielding a total of 5,647 articles. Eight studies were eligible to be included in the review. Findings indicate that virtual reality may be a cost saving adjunct because it decreases the need for therapist time and decreases transportation costs. In addition, findings suggest that commercial virtual reality devices such as the Nintendo Wii may not be designed optimally for neurorehabilitation and virtual reality may not be suitable for patients with significant cognitive and communication deficits. Future research should aim to diversify in neurological patient populations, increase the range of economic evaluations, and explore barriers for virtual reality in neurorehabilitation to assist organisations and practitioners in enhancing treatment and ultimately health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented and virtual reality devices are being actively investigated and implemented for a wide range of medical uses. However, significant gaps in the evaluation of these medical devices and applications hinder their regulatory evaluation. Addressing these gaps is critical to demonstrating the devices' safety and effectiveness. We outline the key technical and clinical evaluation challenges discussed during the US Food and Drug Administration's public workshop, "Medical Extended Reality: Toward Best Evaluation Practices for Virtual and Augmented Reality in Medicine" and future directions for evaluation method development. Evaluation challenges were categorized into several key technical and clinical areas. Finally, we highlight current efforts in the standards communities and illustrate connections between the evaluation challenges and the intended uses of the medical extended reality (MXR) devices. Participants concluded that additional research is needed to assess the safety and effectiveness of MXR devices across the use cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite gaining consumer momentum and interest of Virtual Reality (VR) in the consumer marketplace, the literature has lagged in exploring the continuance usage behaviour and factors associated with the post-adoption. To build on this, the current research seeks to identify factors that support the continuance usage of current VR users. To examine this, we employ a mixed-method approach. In Study 1, we initially gathered a total of 3,205 actual purchasers (Amazon verified purchase) from the top 10 VR brands listed in Amazon.com, Through a nethnographic content analysis, the key determinants of post-adoption of VR devices emerged (i.e. perceived functional benefit, perceived discomfort, perceived focused immersion, temporal dissociation, perceived health risk, and task quality). In Study 2, hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling from 119 current VR users. The results demonstrate temporal dissociation and task quality were found to be the most significant antecedents affecting continuance usage. Theoretical and managerial implications are debated, as well as suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify characteristics and preferences related to the use of virtual reality(VR) devices for the education of families of persons with dementia. Methods: Using a descriptive study design, an online survey was conducted for families of persons with dementia (N=136, mean age=48.14±10.4 years). Descriptive statistics, Pearson's x² test, and Fisher's exact test were calculated using SPSS 25.0. Results: Most families of persons with dementia used electronic devices proficiently at least to some extent (n=117, 86%). It was found that they were willing to use the VR-based education program with a certain degree of inconvenience (n=133, 97.8%). When participating in VR-based education programs, the most preferred device was open VR (n=77, 56.6%) followed by closed VR (n=42, 30.9%). The preferred training time for all four devices was around 20 minutes. There was a statistically significant difference between proficiency in electronic device use and gender (x2=9.11, p=.045), age (x2=19.83, p=.004), and educational background (x2=18.46, p=.007), whereas only gender (x2=12.17, p=.006) was a significant factor for a willingness to be inconvenienced to get educated using VR devices. In the case of the preferred interaction method, only gender (x2=10.08, p=.033) had a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Families of persons with dementia had a positive intention to use VR-based education programs, regardless of age and educational background, even with the inconvenience. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for the production of VR-based education programs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The effect of small anisometropia on visual fatigue when using virtual reality (VR) devices was investigated. Participants (n = 34) visited three times. In the first visit, VR exposure (10 min) was conducted with the full correction of the refractive error of both eyes. Experimental anisometropia was induced by adding a + 1.0 dioptre spherical lens either on the dominant eyes in the second visit or on the non-dominant eyes in the third visit. At each visit, the participants played a predetermined video game using a head-mounted display VR for 10 min. Visual fatigue was assessed before and after playing VR game using the Virtual Reality Symptom Questionnaire (VRSQ) and high-frequency component of accommodative microfluctuation. Results showed that watching VR induced significant increase of VRSQ score, significant decrease in the maximum accommodation power and objective increase in visual fatigue. Experimental anisometropia induction either on the dominant or non-dominant eyes did not aggravate visual fatigue. Practitioner summary: Mild differences in refractive error (up to 1.0 dioptre) between both eyes do not significantly increase ocular fatigue by viewing virtual reality device (10 min). The impact of small anisometropia may be limited in developing a virtual reality device. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VRSQ: virtual reality symptom questionnaire; HMD: head-mounted display; HFC: high-frequency component [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the application of objective measures, including physiological monitoring and virtual reality (VR) technology, in therapeutic interventions, particularly in addressing phobias such as the fear of flying. Topics include the evolution of VR therapy, the advantages of physiological monitoring in treatment sessions, and the current advancements in wearables and devices for monitoring physiological responses, providing personalized and effective treatment options.

Lower extremity ligament injuries result in central nervous system perceptual and neurocognitive deficits to motor coordination that remain after standard rehabilitation and years after injury. Clinical means to challenge the perceptual and neurocognitive processing of the nervous system are limited, especially when trying to approximate the dynamic visual sporting environment. Virtual reality (VR) is a rapidly developing technology that health care providers can use to augment traditional rehabilitation. Immersive VR games may be adapted to provide strong perceptual challenges or attention-dividing tasks during rehabilitation. VR headsets are versatile and portable, and can be used in nearly any therapeutic setting to add gamification elements to increase patient reward and motivation. The authors outline the perceptual and neurocognitive changes that have been described following lower extremity injury and how using VR may be an optimal method for treating these alterations. [Athletic Training & Sports Health Care. 2021;13(6):e453–e459.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression and anxiety can significantly reduce the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Several studies have assessed the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR)-based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression; however, they do not relate to patients with heart disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of VR therapy on the mental state of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Thirty-four CAD patients with elevated anxiety or depression symptoms were recruited. After randomization, 17 participants were assigned to the intervention group, and 17 to the control group. Both groups underwent standard CR for outpatients. In the intervention group, eight VR therapy sessions were applied. In the control group, eight sessions of Schultz' Autogenic Training were applied. To assess patient mental states, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Perception of Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) were used, before and after 4 weeks of CR. In the intervention group, a significant decrease in HADS score was observed (19.46 pretreatment vs. 15.73 post-treatment, p = 0.003), HADS-Anxiety subscale decreased by 16.0 percent (p = 0.01) and HADS-Depression by 23.0 percent (p = 0.003). Similarly, a significant decrease in PSQ was recorded at 12.8 percent (64.73 vs. 56.47, p = 0.03). In the control group, HADS and PSQ data did not change. VR therapy significantly reduced the severity of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress levels in CAD patients undergoing CR. Immersive VR therapy effectively supports the CR of individuals with anxiety-depressive symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04045977) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the translational and rotational tracking performance of the Oculus Rift S using controlled robotic motion and a gold-standard motion tracking system. An Oculus Rift S headset and controller were each placed in an industrial robot arm and had Vicon passive markers placed on them. The robotic arm was then translated in three perpendicular directions and performed three orthogonal rotations about three orthogonal axes while the spatial position of the headset and controller were recorded by Vicon motion capture cameras as well as Unity. Positional data was analyzed to determine the difference in tracking between Unity and Vicon to establish the accuracy of the Rift S' tracking capabilities. It was determined that the translational accuracy of the system was 1.66 ± 0.74 mm for the head-mounted display and 4.36 ± 2.91 mm for the controller, and the rotational accuracy of the system was 0.34 ± 0.38° for the HMD and 1.13 ± 1.23° for the controller. The high level of accuracy and precision combined with the low cost of the Oculus Rift S and its use of inside-out tracking make it a viable candidate for clinicians looking to incorporate virtual reality. The Oculus Rift S can report the position and orientation of the user's headmounted display and controllers during gameplay. The Oculus Rift S provides a more portable VR system which does not require external sensors to track motion, allowing it to be used in a variety of rehabilitation scenarios while still providing adequate motion tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ergonomics issues while using virtual reality (VR) headsets for text-intensive applications have not been studied. Measures of neck and shoulder discomfort and simulator sickness symptoms were quantified while participants were performing a document creation task for 60 min using a VR headset and a desktop monitor. During the task with the headset, participants rotated the head 2.7 times more frequently and used the neck extensor muscles 25.9% more, in average. They also rated the neck and shoulder discomfort 60% and 17.5% higher after the task. The simulator sickness symptoms were also rated significantly higher (p <.05) for the headset condition, with more pronounced differences in the symptoms related to visual discomfort. Results indicate that the physical discomforts due to the frequent head rotations and the headset weight, and visual discomforts due to difficulty in reading texts were the main issues of the VR headset for common office tasks. Practitioner summary: Ergonomics issues associated with the use of a VR headset for conducting office productivity work tasks have been evaluated in an experiment. Study results indicate that the development in the neck physical discomfort and visual discomfort may be the main barriers to the use of current VR headsets for office works. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VDT: video display terminal; EMG: electromyography; MVC: maximum voluntary contraction; SSQ: simulator sickness questionnaire; ECG: electrocardiogram; NEMG: normalised electromyography [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the pre-immersive experience produced by the passthrough interface in the Oculus Quest headset, this essay deals with the role of the consumer's gestures in the use of VR devices with fictional content. It tackles the problems of operative gestures required for the interaction: gestures triggered by the objects affordances, as well as spontaneous and involuntary gestures, made possible thanks to the 6DOF (Six Degrees of Freedom) of some VR content but at the same time limited by the Oculus Insight tracking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A VR display module is tailored with directional display panel and liquid crystal meta‐surface to make full use of light from the light source. The proposed method can effectively boost light efficiency by >2 times with negligible change in form factor. Both simulation and proof‐of‐concept experimental results are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The subjective visual vertical (SVV) is commonly considered as an indicator of the sense of orientation and attributed to the utricular function. The present study examined the impact of different head tilt angles on SVV among the normal individuals. Methods: SVV was measured in 47 normal participants (30 males and 17 females; mean ± SD age: 22.14 ± 3.46) using a virtual goggle and forced-choice paradigm and was applied twice in 0º, 15º, 30° and 45º to the left or to the right. In addition, difference in mean of SVV in zero and non-zero positions was compared. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the mean SVV results of 0º and 15º (p ˂ 0.001). The comparison of mean SVV results between 0º and 30º, and between 0º and 45º were not significant (p > 0.05). In addition, comparison of SVV results between rightward and leftward tilt of 15º was statistically significant (p ˂ 0.001). The latter comparison was not significant for 30º and 45º (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that head tilt angle of 15º have a substantial impact on the virtual SVV. These findings must be taken into account in the growing body of research that uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years many schools have begun to incorporate virtual reality tools and programs into their curriculum. This paper relates the results of a library pilot project on the usefulness of virtual reality headsets and programming for graduate students studying physical therapy and medicine. Authors review the existing literature on virtual reality use in education with a specific focus on libraries. This information is incorporated into lessons learned by researchers regarding hardware and software choice, attracting students, and potential deterrents or safety issues relating to virtual reality use in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of virtual reality head-mounted-displays (HMDs) calls for a re-examination of the impact of prolonged exposure to fixed visual displays at close ocular proximity. The purpose of this study is to validate the Virtual Reality Symptoms Questionnaire (VRSQ), created to understand symptoms of prolonged HMDs use, and Computer Use Survey (CUS), created to assess general physical and visual discomfort symptoms. Participants (N = 100) recorded their general discomfort symptoms using the CUS, performed an interactive task using a HMD for thirty minutes, and then answered the CUS again along with the VRSQ. VRSQ, analysed using an exploratory factor analysis, indicated a clear two-factor solution, and demonstrated very good internal consistency (α = 0.873). The CUS, also analysed using an exploratory factor analysis, indicated a four-factor solution, and demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.838). Practitioner Summary: A quantitative-experimental study was conducted to explore the factor structure and validate both the Virtual Reality Symptoms Questionnaire (VRSQ), and the Computer Use Survey (CUS). Findings indicate the VRSQ and CUS are precise and accurate survey instruments for evaluating discomfort after VR-HMD use and the latter for computer use. Abbreviations: VRSQ: virtual reality symptom questionnaire; CUS: computer use survey; OLED: organic light-emitting diode; MSQ: pensacola motion symptom questionnaire; SSQ: simulator sickness questionnaire; 3 D: three-dimensional computer generated space; VR: virtual reality; VR-HMD: virtual reality head-mounted-display; HMDs: head-mounted-displays; EFA: exploratory factor analysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent improvements of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors are playing an essential role in emerging high-definition video cameras, which provide viewers with a stronger sensation of reality. However, the devices suffer from decreasing sensitivity due to the shrinkage of pixels. We herein address this problem by introducing a hybrid structure comprising crystalline-selenium (c-Se)-based photoconversion layers and 8 K resolution (7472 × 4320 pixels) CMOS field-effect transistors (FETs) to amplify signals using the avalanche multiplication of photogenerated carriers. Using low-defect-level NiO as an electric field buffer and an electron blocking layer, we confirmed signal amplification by a factor of approximately 1.4 while the dark current remained low at 2.6 nA/cm2 at a reverse bias voltage of 22.6 V. Furthermore, we successfully obtained a brighter image based on the amplified signals without any notable noise degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]