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Background and Aim: Management of pain and anxiety associated with dental procedures in pediatric age group is a big challenge. In this part of the world, counselling has been the main modality for managing such patients. It is associated with mixed outcome. We share our experience of managing 23 patients using a combination of inhalational nitrous oxide- oxygen and intravenous midazolam with satisfactory outcomes. Material and Methods: Patients aged more than six years, American society of anaesthesiologists classification (ASA) I or II, procedure that could be finished within one hour like pulpectomies, root canal treatments, extraction and multiple restorations were accepted for conscious sedation. Complete blood count was done and pre-anaesthetic checkup (PAC) with written informed consent from the parent was taken for the dental procedure under conscious sedation. We placed the nasal mask of the Conscious sedation anesthesia machine and made the child inhale Oxygen/Nitrous oxide mixture. After inhaling variable concentration of nitrous oxide/ oxygen mixture in proportion increasing from 30:70 to 70:30, procedure was done. After completion of the procedure, the patient was administered hundred percent oxygen for five minutes. Results: We have done a total of twenty-three cases till now with ages between five to seventeen years. The duration of procedures ranged from 30 min to one and half hour. Two patients less than six years were found to be uncooperative for the procedure. Conclusion: Minimum age group that was suitable for conscious sedation was six years and above. Frequent meetings and counselling by the same team should be facilitated prior to taking up for the procedure.

Abstract Background Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a momentously growing issue of all ages, and medical students are not immune from the ever-increasing online gaming vogue. The Indian context is little comprehended, necessitating further research on the magnitude and variables. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk variables of IGD among female medical students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to May 2023 on 512 female (a calculated sample size) medical undergraduate students enrolled in a tertiary center located in a rural area of North India. A stratified random sampling technique was used to choose the participants. The study included a semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic and personal details and gaming characteristics. It also includes a standardized tool, i.e., the Gaming Disorder and Hazardous Gaming Scale (GDHGS) to assess the outcome. The Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the determinants of the dependent variable. Results Among the participants, only 236 (46.1%) were identified as gamers. The mean age of the gamers was 21.09 (SD = 1.65) years. Among the gamers, around 31 (13.1%) medical undergraduate students had IGD. The Binary logistic regression analysis identified a few significant determinants of IGD such as dissatisfaction with academic performance (COR = 24.8), playing internet games for more than 2 h per day (COR = 5.9), playing paid games (COR = 2.8), and playing games daily (COR = 4.99). Conclusion IGD is highly prevalent among professional medical college students, and its propensity is linked with poor academic performance, using paid games, and spending long hours and days on gaming. Thus, administrators should identify at-risk students and help them in seeking therapy.

Abstract Clustering algorithms play a crucial role in identifying co-expressed genes in microarray data, while feature subset identification is equally important when dealing with large data matrices. In this research paper, we address the problem of simultaneous feature selection and gene expression data clustering within a multi-objective optimization framework. Our approach employs the Archived multi-objective simulated annealing (AMOSA) algorithm to optimize a multi-objective function that incorporates two internal validity indices and a feature weight index. To determine data point membership in different clusters, we utilize a point symmetry-based distance metric. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach on three publicly available gene expression datasets using the Silhouette index. Furthermore, we compare the clustering results of our approach, unsupervised feature selection and clustering using Multi-objective optimization framework (UFSC-MOO), to nine other existing techniques, showing its superior performance. Statistical significance is confirmed through Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Also, biological significance test is employed to show that the obtained clustering solutions are biologically enriched.

Abstract To assess the accuracy of CBCT in implant-supported prostheses and to evaluate metal artifacts with and without implants or implant prostheses. Accuracy and artifacts were assessed in the dried mandible at three points on the buccal and lingual cortical plates on the mandible's body near the crest and the base. On the buccal cortical plate, these points were labelled as A, B and C near the crest and D, E and F near the base of the body of the mandible. Similarly, points a to f were marked on the lingual cortical plate corresponding to points A to F. The study had two control groups, C0 for physical linear measurement (PLM) and C1 for radiographic linear measurement (RLM) and artifact assessment. There were seven test groups, TG 1 to 7, progressing from a single implant to implant full-arch prosthesis. For accuracy assessment, PLM was compared to RLM. CBCT artifacts were investigated in images integrated at 0.25 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm at regions of interest on concentric circles at different intersecting angles by comparing grayscale values at C1 and TG1 to 7. The data were collected and statistically analyzed. A significant difference was observed between C0 and C1, and RLM in test groups at the superior axial plane. Similarly, PLM and test RLM in the sagittal plane at A-B, B-C, and D-E were statistically significant. A significant difference between PLM and RLM was also observed in the vertical plane at A-D, B-E, and C-F. Quantification of CBCT artifacts in the presence of implants or prostheses revealed that full-arch prostheses had the highest mean grayscale value, whereas single implants with a prosthesis had the lowest. The mean grayscale change was greatest around the implant and implant prosthesis. The mean grayscale value was maximum at 20 mm voxel integration scales (VIS) and lowest at 0.25 mm. CBCT is a clinically reliable device. Metal in implants or implant-supported prostheses prevents true assessment of the peri-implant area; therefore, lower VIS is suggested in the presence of implants or implant prostheses.

The study aims to review the involvement of different dietary habits in Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese populations in reducing COVID19 impact. Materials and Methods. The methods of collection, systematization, analysis and generalization of information data have been used. The analysis of literature in scientific databases and analytical platforms by the listed keywords has been performed; all relevant references in the found sources have also been reviewed. Results and Discussion. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is an ongoing pandemic caused by a highly pathogenic human coronavirus known as SARS-CoV2. Current epidemiology reported that more than 500 million cases of COVID-19 occurred in more than 180 countries worldwide. When the upper respiratory tract gets infected by low pathogenetic HCoVs, it typically triggers a mild respiratory disease. In contrast, when the lower airways get infected by highly pathogenic HCoVs, such as SARS-CoV2, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur and even fatal pneumonia. Such a situation causes the need for an urgent search of effective treatment measures. A very low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Laos and Cambodia, as well as low mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Vietnam and Laos, are extremely interesting, especially because of their early exposure to the virus, continuing ties to China, relative poverty, and high population density. The use of several spices and aromatic herbs as natural treatments for several illnesses, including viral infections, has been reported since a long time ago. The research reviewed three integral elements of Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese diets, such as special culinary spices and herbs, coconut oil, and palm oil-rich for saturated fatty acids as well as fermented shrimp paste. Environmental and population genetic causes may be forwarded but moreover local dietary habits may have even a role in this evidence. Therefore, all these items highlight the possibility of a significant contribution of local cuisine and diet into the impact on appropriate anti-inflammatory and immune-resistant mechanisms of the human population. Conclusions. The review on Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos inhabitants' diet helped to suggest the dietary factors having the contributing potential of reducing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms.

Coronavirus infectious disease-19 caused by Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-coronavirus-2 has emerged to be an emergency global health crisis for more than a year. And, as the disease has spread, a number of new clinical features have been observed in these patients. Immunosuppression caused by this disease results in an exacerbation of pre-existing infections. While corticosteroids are considered a life-saving therapeutic intervention for this pandemic, they have proved to be a double-edged sword and their indiscriminate use has produced some deleterious results. Recently, in the backdrop of this expression, a notable rise in invasive fungal infections has been identified even in the post-remission phase. Mucormycosis, Aspergillosis, and Candidiasis are the three most common opportunistic fungal infections among those observed. COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus are already at a higher risk of developing such secondary infections due to impaired immunity. Here we present a rare case report of a 50-year old male diabetic mellitus patient diagnosed with dual fungal infections (Aspergillosis along with Mucormycosis) leading to maxillary sinusitis as a post-COVID manifestation. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported till date.

Background: The second wave of COVID-19 has emerged with the addition of vivid types of oral manifestations. Immunosuppression caused by COVID-19 results in an exacerbation of pre-existing infections. Recently, in the backdrop of COVID-19 expression, a notable rise in the incidence of secondary infections, both fungal and bacterial, have been reported either during the disease or as a post-COVID manifestation. Case presentation: A 70-year-old male diabetic COVID-19 patient reported with a chief complaint of pain in the right side maxillary region for 3 months and the passage of content from the oral cavity into the nose. Intraoral examination revealed missing teeth i.r.t. 12 to 17, denuded mucosa with exposed necrotic bone and an oroantral opening. Sequestrectomy was done and the tissue was sent for histopathological examination which revealed necrotic bone interspersed with broad aseptate fungal hyphae branched at right angles along with actinomycotic colonies and Candidal hyphae in few areas. Based on histopathological findings, a final diagnosis of mixed infections leading to Maxillary Osteomyelitis was given. No recurrence was noticed after 3 months of follow up. Conclusions: The occurrence of oral infections even after the remission period of COVID-19 signifies an alarming sign both for the patient and clinicians monitoring the oral health status during the follow-up period. To our knowledge, this is the first such case (three oral infections as a post covid manifestation in a single diabetic patient) reported in the literature till date.

Aim: The purpose of this clinical study was to analyze the clinical feasibility of friction fit conical abutment system in implant-supported fixed dental prostheses as an alternative to cement and screw retention. Settings and Design: This was an in vivo longitudinal study. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 prostheses were designed as 3- or 4-unit fixed dental prostheses supported by two implants. All the subjects selected were evaluated for pocket probing depth (PPD) and marginal bone loss at the time of implant placement (T1), at the time of placement of friction fit prostheses (T2), and 12 months after placement of friction fit prostheses (T3). Marginal bone loss at T2 and T3 was measured with respect to bone levels at T1 and T2, respectively. The patient satisfaction was assessed at T2 and T3 using FDI clinical criteria and scoring system (modified by Monaco et al.). Statistical Analysis Used: Shapiro–Wilk test was employed to test the normality of data. Paired sample t-test was performed for quantitative variables. Results: A total of twenty implants were inserted in ten partially edentulous spaces; the average patient age was 50.2 years. No significant difference was seen between T2 and T3 for PPD. Comparison of marginal bone loss using paired t-test showed a statistically highly significant difference at T2 and T3 with higher value at T2. No prostheses were dislodged during postprosthetic follow-up. The survival rate was 100% for both the abutments and implants. No change in surface luster was observed 12 months following prosthetic rehabilitation in any case. No prostheses or framework fracture was reported and all patients were satisfied with the prosthesis received. Conclusions: Friction fit conical abutment system can act as a novel approach for the retention of implant-supported fixed dental prostheses.

Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is an uncommon histological variant of lipoma that accounts for 1.5% of all adipose tumors. It rarely occurs in the oral cavity. The most common sites of involvement are the buccal mucosa, tongue, lip, alveolar mucosa, gingiva, and palate. Submandibular space is a very rare site of occurrence for SCL. When occurs in this site, SCL mainly involves the 4th–7th decade with a female predominance. Due to wide communications of submandibular space, the actual extent and appearance of the lesions present here gets masked up especially those involving the deeper tissues leading to an inaccurate diagnosis. Wide overlap of clinical and histopathological features of SCL to other clinical pathologies leads to a challenging task for the clinicians to reach an accurate diagnosis. To our knowledge, only four cases of intraoral SCL involving the submandibular region directly or indirectly have been reported in the literature. Here we represent another rare case of SCL in an 18-year-old male patient along with a concise review of the literature. This case appears to be quite rare due to its location (submandibular space), age, and sex of the patient (18/M).

Abstract Nutritional composition, of potato was evaluated to establish frying processing conditions to estimate the sensory profile and acceptability of different slice thickness.The slice thickness were set to 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5mm. The variables studied were: time, temperature and potato varieties. The comparisons evaluated were: chip colour, frying time, effect of different slice thickness, oil absorption to different thickness, content of reducing sugars, sucrose and phenols after frying of slices. Potato chips are sold in organized sectors and un-organised sectors sale chips through street vendors all over the India. Perception or profiling of chips of different thickness data and their sensory evaluation part has not been done so far. Two processing varieties, Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-3 (110 maturity days) were analysed for different thickness regulating different temperature of 170, 180 and 190°C. Associated parameters reducing sugars, sucrose and phenols were analysed before and after frying.The temperature of 170 and 180 °C was found to be suitable temperature for acceptable chip colour quality. Slice thickness of 0.5mm reduced the oil absorption. Reduction in reducing sugars was found to be maximum (77.9 %) in variety Kufri Chipsona-1, at 180°C with 0.2mm thickness followed by at 170°C with the same thickness (77.0%) in variety Kufri Chipsona-1. Phenol content in processed chips, markedly was more than raw potato phenol values. Sensory evaluation results in overall acceptance of 0.2mm thick slices than 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5mm thick slices.

A 26-year-old male patient came to the Department of Prosthodontics with the chief complaint of compromised appearance for 10-12 years with generalised sensitivity to hot and cold and difficulty in chewing for two years. There was no significant medical history. Extraoral examination revealed no facial asymmetry and muscle tenderness. The mandibular movements were also within normal limits. On intraoral examination, enamel was thin and all the teeth were smaller than normal. There was generalised spacing between anterior teeth, generalised attrition, yellow to brownish discoloration and dental caries in 47 and 85 [Table/Fig-1,2]. Radiographic examination revealed thin radiopaque layer of enamel with normal radiodensity [Table/Fig-2]. The younger sister of the patient also exhibited similar characteristics that indicate a family history. Based on family history and clinical and radiographic findings, the patient was diagnosed as a case of Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) hypoplastic type [1]. A free-way space of 6 mm was evaluated. Based on all the clinical findings and freeway space evaluation, it was decided to reconstruct the dentition at 3 mm raised vertical dimension of occlusion. The possible treatment options were full mouth restorations using Hobo Twin Stage Technique or Pankey-Mann Schuyler Technique [2]. Finally, it was chosen to rehabilitate the patient with full mouth Porcelain Fused Metal (PFM) crown restorations using Hobo twin stage procedure due to single-step tooth preparation, pre-set values, no condylar and lateral records, and multiple visits [3]. After clinical crown lengthening [Table/Fig-1], diagnostic impressions were made in the irreversible hydrocolloid impression material (Zelgan 2002 Alginate; Dentsply) to obtain diagnostic casts. The portrait view and photographs were recorded [Table/Fig-3], face bow record was made and transferred to the semi-adjustable articulator (Hanau™ Wide-Vue, Whip Mix) [Table/Fig-4]. A Centric record was obtained [Table/Fig-5] and mandibular cast along with centric record was mounted to the articulator. An occlusal splint (NMD Splint Plus; NMD Nexus Medodent) was fabricated at the 3 mm raised vertical dimension and the patient was kept in an observation period of six weeks to evaluate the adaptation to the altered Vertical Dimension of Occlusion (VDO) [Table/Fig-6]. A diagnostic wax-up was done thereafter and the putty index (Photosil; DPI) was made [Table/Fig-7,8]. All teeth were prepared in a single appointment with minimal occlusal reduction [Table/Fig-9]. Full arch impressions of prepared teeth were made using addition silicon elastomeric impression material (Photosil; DPI) [Table/Fig-10]. Chairside provisional crowns were fabricated using the putty index of the diagnostic wax-up. A maximum intercuspation in centric relation, as well as posterior disclusion in protrusive guidance, was established [Table/Fig-11-13]. The working casts were mounted on semi-adjustable articulator using facebow. To transfer the VDO and centric relation, provisional crowns were removed from left posterior regions, while the provisional crowns from right and anterior regions served as a stop. An interocclusal record material (Aluwax; Aluwax Dental Products Co.) was placed between the left maxillary and mandibular prepared teeth. Similarly, the provisional crowns were removed from right maxillary and mandibular region while they were seated in left and anterior regions. Interocclusal record was placed between the right maxillary and mandibular prepared teeth. A similar procedure was carried out in the anterior region as well. Using these three segmental interocclusal records, the mandibular cast was mounted [Table/Fig-14,15]. The provisional crowns were then luted with non eugenol temporary cement (NETC; Meta Biomed). The anterior porcelain build-up was completed and anterior guidance was provided to generate a standard amount of disclusion in posterior teeth [Table/Fig-18-20]. The average values for posterior disclusion are 1.1 mm, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm on protrusive movement, working side, and non working side during lateral movement respectively [3]. PFM crowns were cemented with polycarboxylate cement [Table/Fig-21-26]. Oral hygiene instructions were given and follow-up was carried out at an interval of six weeks. The follow-up examination of the patient revealed a healthy and comfortable stomatognathic system. A clear change was noticed by comparative evaluation of preoperative, provisional restoration and final restoration profile photographs of the patient [Table/Fig-27]. The patient was satisfied with the aesthetics and became more confident to engage in social activities. patient [Table/Fig-27]. The patient was satisfied with the aesthetics and became more confident to engage in social activities. Full mouth rehabilitation aims to restore the stomatognathic system’s function, aesthetics and biological harmony. A unique feature of Hobo twin stage technique is that it reproduces disocclusion with accuracy and does not require condylar path measurement. Disocclusion can be reproduced precisely as programmed. It ensures optimised occlusion with a predictable posterior disclusion. A relatively simple technique that does not require any special equipment and gives predictable results in minimum appointments.

HIGHLIGHTS Novel whale optimization algorithm is proposed for prediction of breast cancer. Deep learning-based WOA adjusts the CNN structure as per maximum detection accuracy. Proposed method achieves 92.4% accuracy in comparison to 90.3%. Validity of method is evaluated with magnifying factors like 40x, 100 x, 200x, 400x.

Objectives: Embelia ribes Burm. (E. ribes, Myrsinaceae), also known as Vidanga in Ayurveda, has been shown to have significant therapeutic benefits on several disorders, and its main chemical bioactive constituent, embelin, has the therapeutic potential to be converted into innovative drugs, which is why it has recently received considerable interest. In the present work, we provide a higher level of comprehension, awareness, and extensive knowledge of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological characteristics of E. ribes throughout the last several decades (February 1965 to June 2021), emphasizing the importance of the study of essential oils extracted from E. ribes, which show a major potential for exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scifinder, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to conduct a thorough literature search. Results: E. ribes is high in essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics, all of which have medicinal benefits. The essential oils/extracts and isolated chemical constituents exhibited antioxidant activity, wound healing, antidiabetic, central nervous system (CNS)-related disease, antiviral, antiobesity, cardioprotective, antifungal, antibacterial, and antifertility activity, among other promising pharmacological effects. Conclusion: The translation between traditional applications and modern medicine may make E. ribes a promising target for the implementation of innovative medication. To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of E. ribes, further high-quality preclinical studies using advanced methodologies are required.

In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.

Introduction: Infected non-union of Tibia is one of the most commonly faced problem in both compound as well as closed fractures of Tibia, treated surgically. Few patients also present with gap at the fracture site which may be either due to bone loss during trauma or due to debridement of dead bone during previous surgeries. Treatment of infected non-union is always challenging with unpredictable outcomes. Limb Reconstruction System (LRS) is one of the systems available to treat this complex situation. Aim: To evaluate the role of LRS in treatment of infected nonunion of Tibia in terms of union time, total duration of fixator applied and Visual Analouge Score (VAS). Materials and Methods: Twenty one patients of infected gap, non-union of tibia were included in the study and were treated with debridement, resection of dead bone and application of LRS and segment transport. The results were evaluated in terms of union time, total duration of fixator applied and VAS. Bony and functional assessment was done by Association for the Study and Application of the Methods of Illizarov (ASAMI) criteria. SPSS statistics 24.0 was used for analysis. Mean, median and mode were used to describe continuous variable. Results: Out of 21 patients, 19 were males and two were females. The mean age of patients was 29.43±14.07 years. The mean limb length discrepancy was 23.3 mm (range, 15- 40 mm). The mean duration from injury to LRS application was 7.9 months (range, 6-12 months). Mean duration of follow-up was 29.5 months (range, 16-50 months). Average union time was 44 weeks and average fixator time was 11.2 months. Bony and function results were good and excellent in 90% cases. Conclusion: The use of monolateral rail external fixator LRS is an effective method for the treatment of infected non-union of tibia augmented with a fibular strut graft. This provides good results in terms of bony union, subsidence of infection and functional results.

Although hemangioma is considered as the most common soft-tissue tumors of the head and neck, it is relatively rare in the oral cavity and uncommonly encountered by dental professionals. The occurrence of hemangiomas on the tongue is extremely rare. Changes in blood flow dynamics within hemangioma result in thrombus and phleboliths. This article presents a relatively rare and unusual case of cavernous hemangioma of the dorsum of the tongue with phleboliths in a 55-year-old male.

Introduction:. Violence is extremely diffuse and complex phenomenon.. Violence is among the leading cause of death. Individual with mental disorder may be two or three times more likely to behave violently and acquiring a criminal conviction for violence. Patients with substance abuse are among the highest risk groups than patients with psychosis. Psychopathology is also a major determinant of violence. Aims and objectives: To study the socio- demographic variables, clinical profile and relationship of violence and psychopathology in patients with first episode of psychosis. Methods: A cross sectional observational study of 200 patients was done. Patients with first episode of psychosis diagnosed according to ICD-10, who met the Inclusion criteria. Patients information was recorded on the socio-demographic and clinical profile sheet. Thereafter, Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) for assessment of violent behavior and Comprehensive Psychopathology Rating Scale (CPRS) for assessment of psychopathology were applied. Results: Most of the patients were between 21-30 years, male, unemployed, unmarried. Most of the patients were diagnosed as cases of schizophrenia. Verbal aggression was shown by all the patients. Suicidality was shown by only 8 patients. Most of the patients were having delusions and Hallucinations. Conclusions: Violent behavior is possibly the result of psychopathology. Therefore, psychopathology is an important factor in inducing violent behavior in patients with first episode of psychosis.

Ge2Sb2Te5 is one of the prominent phase change memory material for non-volatile data storage due to high crystallization temperature and fast crystallization speed. The physical correlations have been employed to narrate the structural alteration of Ge2Sb2Te5 on Sm incorporation. The calculation of structural change has been performed by calculating the change in net constraints (Ncon) with mean coordination (Z) on Sm addition. There is an increase in fraction of zero frequency modes (Mf) and cross-linking density (DCL) on Sm incorporation. The structural cross-linking shows a three dimensional network formation. There is an enhancement in density and compactness on Sm addition. The degree of covalency (>93%) shows a decrease in ordering and leading to an increase in glass formation tendency. The calculated values of band gap show an increase on Sm addition which is in good agreement with increase in cohesive energy calculated using chemical bond approach (CBA). Using CBA, the glass transition temperature has been estimated and is correlated with the increase in cross-linking in the system. Keywords: Cross-linking, Rigidity, Cohesive energy, Glass transition temperature

Context: Punarnavashtak Kwath (PNK) is a polyherbal formulation assumed to have the potential for curing all types of inflammation, hepatic disorders, and asthma. Aims: This study was conducted to establish the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of ethanol extract of PNK (EEPNK) in albino rats and mice. Subjects and Methods: The parts of the plant were air -dried in shade and pulverized coarsely and sieved by 20# sieve. Powdered material of plant was defatted with pet ether for 1 day followed by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol (95% v/v) for 7 days. The anti-inflammatory activity of the EEPNK was evaluated by egg albumin-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tests to establish its effect on acute and chronic stage of inflammation models in albino rats. Whereas analgesic effects of EEPNK were performed in mice of either sex by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate methods. Statistics was expressed as a mean ± standard error of mean and statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test. Results: The percent inhibition in rat paw volume was dose dependent (79.14%, 68.51%, and 61.70% at doses of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) at 240 min readings. Cotton pellet granuloma in rats (chronic study) model EEPNK (400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) extensively decreased the granuloma weight as compared to the negative control animals. Pretreatment with EEPNK was (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg p.o.) extensively (P < 0.001) inhibited of writhings in mice, and also significantly (P < 0.001) increased pain latency in hot plate test. Conclusions: Distinguish with the standard drug (indomethacin), the elevated dose of EEPNK (400 mg/kg b.w.) has a comparable effect on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.

Field experiment was conducted for two years at Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram to study the effect of organic+homeopathic and inorganic treatments on potato. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) harvested after curing were stored at elevated temperature (12±0.5oC) with CIPC, (Isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl carbamate) as per modern technology adopted by farmers. The experiment was laid out in sub-plots with three sources of nutrition (organic+homeopathic nutrition) and inorganic treatments and three cultivars Kufri Bahar, Kufri Sindhuri and Kufri Chipsona-3 in main plots. Results showed that dry matter responded positively to inorganic treatment over organic. Variety Kufri Chipsona 3 recorded maximum dry matter followed by Kufri Sindhuri, while lowest dry matter was reported in Kufri Bahar. Organic and homeopathic nutrition resulted in significantly superior chip colour as compared to inorganic treatment. During both the years, potato chips prepared from cv. Kufri Chipsona 3 tubers with organically treated one had better chip colour. Organic and homeopathic nutrition significantly reduced mean reducing sugars in stored potatoes as compared to inorganic treatment. During both the years of experiment, reducing sugars were low in organically fertilized potatoes in comparison to inorganically fertilized crop. Mean sucrose content in potatoes stored at this temperature was at par in first year, while significantly lower values were observed in second year of experiment in organic+homeopathic treatment. Phenols content were significantly lower in organic and homeopathic treatment over inorganic nutrition across the genotypes in both the years during storage.

Realgar has been not only well-known poisons but also used as healing agent. Realgar has long been used in traditional medicines for different diseases; so far arsenic can be extremely toxic and carcinogenic. In Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicines arsenic usually comes from conscious addition for healing purposes, mostly in the form of mineral arsenicals with orpiment (As2S3), realgar (As4S4), and arsenic trioxide (As2O3). Pharmacological studies revealed that realgar is effective against in different cancer cell line. However, it has been critically limited clinical applications because of its many disadvantages, for example, low solubility in water, high toxicity, poor gastrointestinal absorption, and bioavailability. This review evaluates the toxicology, bioaccessibility, and pharmacology of the realgar used in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicines. In recent times, numerous types of realgar nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed due to insolubility of realgar in water and different media. Most of the NPs of realgar possess the exclusive optical qualities of quantum dots. The pharmacological activities and bioavailability of realgar NPs are much more partial by their sizes, building realgar an exciting biomedical and pharmaceutical research applicant.

Introduction: Scoliosis is lateral curvature of the spine greater than 100 accompanied by vertebral rotation. The prime risk factors for curve progression are a large curve magnitude, skeletal immaturity and female gender. The curve progression can be recorded by measuring the curve magnitude using the Cobb’s method on radiographs. Aim: To assess the effect of task oriented exercises based on ergonomics on Cobb’s angle and pulmonary functions on one year outcome of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis(AIS) (defined as curves < 150 for thoracolumbar region and < 200 for thoracic region). Materials and Methods: A total of 36 patients were enrolled in the study and 18 patients in each group (experimental and control group) were allocated randomly. The subjects in control group underwent spinal strengthening exercises, active selfcorrection and breathing exercises, whereas subjects in the experimental group followed task oriented exercises based on ergonomics in addition to exercises for conventional group for one year. Chi square test was used to compare the categorical/ dichotomous variables between the groups. Unpaired t-test was used to compare continuous variables between the groups at pre and post intervention. Paired t-test was used to compare the changes in continuous variables from pre to post intervention within the group. Results: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) was found to be significantly (p=0.001) higher in experimental group (2.68±0.37) than control group (2.20±0.41) at post-intervention. Force Expritatory Volume 1 (FEV1) (p=0.01) and Vital Capacity (VC) (p=0.002) were also found to be significantly higher in experimental group compared to control group at postintervention. Also, there was significant (p=0.001) mean reduction in Cobb’s angle from pre to post intervention in both the groups being higher in experimental group than control group. Conclusion: The task oriented exercise protocol benefited patients with AIS which had a significant improvement of their pulmonary functions and Cobb’s angle.

Context: Cycle rickshaw is an important means of transportation in Urban India. Pedestrians, rickshaw users, rickshaw pullers, two wheeled vehicle users and cyclists are among the most vulnerable road user groups in terms of injuries and fatalities resulting from road traffic accidents in India. Our objectives were to study characteristics of crashes and nature of injuries associated with cycle rickshaw. Patients and Methods: Between August 2008 to July 2009, a hospital based observational study was done of patients who presented to King George medical college trauma center with injury sustained due to cycle rickshaw in emergency department. Age, time of trauma, mode of trauma, contributing factors and type of injury were recorded. Results: The mean age of the patient was 32.1. Seventeen patients were rickshaw pullers and the rest were occupants of the rickshaw. Overloading with more than two passengers was found in 24 cases (28.5%). Most common cause of injury was collision with a moving vehicle (56 patients, %) followed by fall from rickshaw. The most common contributing factor was the overloading of rickshaw. On arrival to the hospital, the mean Injury severity score (ISS) was 3.5 ± 2.2 and the mean Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was 13.4 ± 4.3. Nine patients were admitted to ICU (Intensive care unit). The median ICU stay was 4 (1-24 days). Six of the ICU admitted patients had head injury. Conclusion: Rickshaw pullers and occupants are vulnerable to road traffic accidents. Urgent preventive measures targeted towards this group are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality resulting from injuries involving rickshaws. The need for improved understanding of the risk characteristics of cycle rickshaw is emphasized.

Introduction: Exposure of articular fragments is a key factor to achieve accurate anatomical reduction in distal humeral fractures. Olecranon osteotomy is considered as gold standard for these fractures. Von Gorder′s approach allows exposure of articular surface by forming an inverted V-shaped flap of distal tricep in the distal humeral fracture. We evaluated the functional outcome in the management of distal humeral fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation by Von Gorder′s approach. Method and Material: Total 22 patients with AO Type C distal humeral fracture were taken, C1 include 11, C2 includes 5 and rest 6 were C3 type. All patients were managed by open reduction and internal fixation through Von Gorder approach. Out of 22 bicolumnar fracture,19 were by recon plate and dynamic compression plate while 3 fractures were fixed by pre-contoured locking plates. Cases were followed up clinically as well as radiologically. Functional outcomes of patient were accessed in terms of Mayo Elbow Performance score (MEPS). Results: All patients had shown radiological union at an average 12.4 weeks, 17 (77%) patients had shown good to excellent score, 4 patients (18%) had fair outcome while 1 (4%) had poor outcome Mean MEPS score at final recent follow-up was 87. No patient had loss of rotatory motion although 86% patients had loss of terminal range of flexion/extension as compared to the normal side but their functional range of movement was good. The range of flexion was 123.0° (range 90°-135°), range of extension was 7° (range 0°-13°). Conclusion: Tricep Reflecting approach can be used in management of most of the distal humeral fractures as it provides adequate visualization and reduction however fractures having communition of trochlea and fractures involving anterior capitellum should not be attempt with this approach.

Introduction: Many techniques of graft placement in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction is available nowa-days, like trans-tibial, anatomical accessory medial portal and anatomical all-inside technique. Aim: To compare the improvement in clinical status of patients treated by anatomic accessory medial portal and all-inside arthroscopic ACL reconstruction technique pre-operatively postoperatively using International Knee Documentation Comittee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Scores, Lysholm Knee Score, Knee Society Score, Lachman test, Visual Analog Score (VAS) in both the groups. Materials and Methods: After informed consent from patients and clearance from Ethical Committee, we included patients aged 18 to 50 years with ACL injury and clinical laxity admitted in Department of Orthopaedics, King George Medical University, Lucknow. We included 100 patients in the study, which were divided into two groups, Group1 comprised of patients treated by Anatomic accessory medial portal technique and group 2 comprised of patients treated by All-Inside technique. Then the patients were followed up post-operatively at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months, clinically for functional status using Lysholm Knee Score, IKDC Subjective Knee Score, Knee Society Score and VAS score. Grading of laxity was evaluated by Lachman test at preoperative stage and 6 months follow-up. After collection of the data, analysis was carried out on SPSS software version 16.0 (Chicago, inc. USA) and the statistical test that was used was 2-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: IKDC Subjective Knee Score, Lysholm Knee Score, Knee Society Score, Lachman Test and VAS Score was better in group 2 treated by All-inside technique as compared to group1 and the difference was significant (p

Bhut jolokia, commonly known as Ghost chili, a native Capsicum species found in North East India was recorded as the naturally occurring hottest chili in the world by the Guinness Book of World Records in 2006. Although few studies have reported variation in pungency content of this particular species, no study till date has reported detailed expression analysis of candidate genes involved in capsaicinoids (pungency) biosynthesis pathway and other fruit metabolites. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the diversity of fruit morphology, fruiting habit, capsaicinoids and other metabolite contents in 136 different genotypes mainly collected from North East India. Significant intra and inter-specific variations for fruit morphological traits, fruiting habits and 65 fruit metabolites were observed in the collected Capsicum germplasm belonging to three Capsicum species i.e., Capsicum chinense (Bhut jolokia, 63 accessions), C. frutescens (17 accessions) and C. annuum (56 accessions). The pungency level, measured in Scoville Heat Unit (SHU) and antioxidant activity measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showed maximum levels in C. chinense accessions followed by C. frutescens accessions, while C. annuum accessions showed the lowest value for both the traits. The number of different fruit metabolites detected did not vary significantly among the different species but the metabolite such as benzoic acid hydroxyl esters identified in large percentage in majority of C. annuum genotypes was totally absent in the C. chinense genotypes and sparingly present in few genotypes of C. frutescens. Significant correlations were observed between fruit metabolites capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, hexadecanoic acid, cyclopentane, α-tocopherol and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, comparative expression analysis (through qRT-PCR) of candidate genes involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway revealed many fold higher expression of majority of the genes in C. chinense compared to C. frutescens and C. annuum suggesting that the possible reason for extremely high pungency might be due to the higher level of candidate gene(s) expression although nucleotide variation in pungency related genes may also be involved in imparting variations in level of pungency.

Inrtoduction: Amputation of the extremity is a big challenge to mankind. Revision rate of primary amputations stands high despite of maximum care at tertiary care centres. The purpose of this study was to establish cause for the revision, identify preventable cause and to assess outcome of revision amputation surgery. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study on lower limb revision amputations in Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King George Medical University between Jan 2012 to Jan 2015. All patients of any age group and gender admitted for revision amputation were included in the study population. Results: A total of 32 patients who required revision amputation of lower limbs was included in the study, out of these 62.50 % were male and 37.50 % were female. Age of the patients ranged from 5 to 72 years with mean of 42 years. Most common level of initial amputation was below knee (56.25 %) followed by above knee amputation (31.25%). Most common indication for initial amputation was trauma (43.75%) followed by infection, vascular diseases, malignancy and leprosy. Poor stump formation was found to be most common indication for revision amputation (37.50%) followed by infection (25%), recurrent ulceration (18.75%), stitch abscess (6.25%), neuroma (6.25%), and necrosis (6.25%). All patients were treated successfully. Conclusion: Revision amputation increases morbidity. Poor stump formation at the time of initial amputation and infection are the most common indication for revision surgery. These are the preventable causes and every effort should be made to alleviate these as well as other preventable causes.