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Radiotherapy both promotes and antagonises tumour immune recognition. Some clinical studies show improved patient outcomes when immunotherapies are integrated with radiotherapy. Safe, greater than additive, clinical response to the combination is limited to a subset of patients, however, and how radiotherapy can best be combined with immunotherapies remains unclear. The National Cancer Institute-Immuno-Oncology Translational Network-Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer-American Association of Immunology Workshop on Combining Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy was convened to identify and prioritise opportunities and challenges for radiotherapy and immunotherapy combinations. Sessions examined the immune effects of radiation, barriers to anti-tumour immune response, previous clinical trial data, immunological and computational assessment of response, and next-generation radiotherapy-immunotherapy combinations. Panel recommendations included: developing and implementing patient selection and biomarker-guided approaches; applying mechanistic understanding to optimise delivery of radiotherapy and selection of immunotherapies; using rigorous preclinical models including companion animal studies; embracing data sharing and standardisation, advanced modelling, and multidisciplinary cross-institution collaboration; interrogating clinical data, including negative trials; and incorporating novel clinical endpoints and trial designs., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests ZSM has served as a member of the scientific advisory board for Seneca Therapeutics, Archeus Technologies, NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes, and Cali Biomedical, as a consultant for Johnson & Johnson and Telix Pharmaceuticals, and has sponsored research agreements with Point Biopharmaceuticals and Telix Pharmaceuticals. He has received material support for research (drug reagents) from Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), XRD Therapeutics, Seneca Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, HiberCell, Apeiron, Nektar Therapeutics, and Invenra. He is an inventor on patents held by the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI, USA) related to select radiopharmaceutical therapies and related to combinations of radiotherapies with immunotherapies. AMM receives research support from Merck, Genentech, BMS, Transgene, Incyte, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) via the National Cancer Institute (NCI) P30CA093373 and NCI (NIH) R01 CA240751; honoraria from the ANCO Association of Northern California Oncologists and MOASC Medical Oncology Association of Southern California; payment for expert testimony from Lewis-Brisbos and Bennett Bigelow & Leedom P S Law; and research materials from Incyte. MAH reports research support from Immune-Sensor and Novartis. LF reports research support in the institution from AbbVie, Bavarian Nordic, BMS, Dendreon, Janssen, Merck, Genentech (Roche); support as a consultant to Abbvie, Actym, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Atreca, Bioatla, Bolt, BMS, Crescendo, Daiichi Sankyo, Immunogenesis, Innovent, Merck, NGMBio, Nutcracker, RAPT Therapeutics, Senti, Sutro, and Genentech (Roche); and ownership interests in Actym, Atreca, Bioatla, Bolt, Immunogenesis, Nutcracker, RAPT, and Senti, unrelated to this Policy Review. HMM reports grants from NCI (NIH) and American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), and travel support from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) to speak at this NCI–Immuno-Oncology Translational Network (IOTN)–SITC–American Association of Immunology (AAI) workshop. KHY reports grants from NCI (NIH); research support from BMS, Bicara Therapeutics, and Corbus Pharmaceuticals; and support as a consultant for Corbus Pharmaceuticals and Synthis Therapeutics. TAA receives research support from NCI (NIH; 5R01CA283953), Galera Therapeutic, Apexigen, and Canopy Cancer Collective; and licenses royalties and stock from Avelas Biosciences and AKSO Biopharmaceutical Biosciences. SKr has consulted for Telix Pharmaceuticals and acknowledges support for investigator services from RayzeBio; has patents PCT/US2021/039418 (THOR cell [tumour homing radioemitting cell]) and PCT/US2021/039420; and is supported by NIH R37 CA262557; Mr William H Goodwin, Mrs Alice Goodwin, the Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research, and The Center for Experimental Therapeutics of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; and flexTDF Award. JYC reports research support from BMS, AstraZeneca, and Siemens; and serves as a clinical scientific committee member for Ion Beam Applications and consultant for AstraZeneca Global Oncology. MM declares research support from AstraZeneca, Merck Serono, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and MSD, outside the submitted work. CK reports fellowship support from NCI (NIH) F30CA268780, NIH T32GM140935, a UW-Madison Radiology MD-PhD Graduate Student Fellowship, and travel support from the NCI (NIH) to speak at this NCI–IOTN–SITC–AAI workshop. CG reports research support from NCI (NIH; R21 CA248118 and P01 CA261669). JDS declares research support paid to their institution from Merck, BMS, Regeneron, Debiopharm, Seimens, and EMD Serono; consulting or participation on a scientific advisory board; travel fees and payments for lectures from Castle Biosciences, Genentech, Immunitas, Intragel, LEK, ACI Clinical, SIRPant, Merck KGA, and EMD Serono; expert witness fees from Burns and White; stock options from Immunitas and IntraGel; equity in Doximity; and has patent applications pending: Magea1 immunogenic peptides; binding proteins recognising Magea1 immunogenic peptides, and uses thereof; and nanobody bioconjugation for immune receptor targeting. JW served on the scientific advisory board for Novocure; scientific advisory board and consulting fees from Accuray, Boehringer Ingelheim, China Medical Tribune, Genentech, GI Innovation, Kezar Life Sciences, Legion Healthcare Partners, Life Science Dynamic, McKesson, Nanorobotix, Roche, and Roche Molecular Systems; SAB, consulting, and equity from Alpine Immune Science and Checkmate Pharmaceuticals; equity from Molecular Match; is a founder of OligoImmune; research grant, travel expenses, and scientific advisory board from Nanobiotix; research grants from BMS, Merck, Hotspot Therapeutics, Gilead, Bayer Healthcare, Kiromic, Artidis, Sciclone, Takeda, and Pebble Life Science; research grant, travel expenses, and clinical sponsored research from Varian; research grant, travel expenses, stock options, and scientific advisory board from Reflexion; scientific advisory board and stock options from Oncoresponse; has a research grant and is a consultant for AstraZeneca; and a research grant and scientific advisory board from Alkermes. RBP is funded by an NIH R01 and K08 grant related to radiation immunotherapy combination, has had travel reimbursed for invited talks on radiation immunotherapy combination, and has two patents with the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation related to this topic. SD declares consulting fees and serving on the scientific advisory board for Johnson & Johnson; institutional grants from Boheringer-Ingelheim, NCI, STARR Foundation, Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and Department of Defense; was on the data safety monitoring board for Le Centre hospitalier universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and Department of Oncology Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland for trial CHUV-DO-0009-CyberImmunoBreast-2017; is on the scientific advisory board for Lytix Biopharma; and is the chair of the AACR Cancer Immunology Working Group. HE declares grant support from NCI (NIH) U01CA244100 and U01CA280849; holds US patents (10/301,793, 17642758 [provisional], and 63/010,327 [provisional]); and was Vice President and President for the Society for Mathematical Biology. LV received a National Institute of Health (NIH) grant (3R01CA240751-01A1S1). EHB received a grant from the NIH. RRW received grants or contracts from Varian and Regeneron; participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Aettis, AstraZeneca, Coordination Pharmaceuticals, Genus, Merck Serono SA, Nano Proteagen, NKGen Biotech, Shuttle Pharmaceuticals, Highlight Therapeutics SL, and Aqualung Therapeutics); and has stock or stock options for Boost Therapeutics, Immvira, Reflexion Pharmaceuticals, Coordination Pharm, Magi Therapeutics, Oncosenescence, Aqualung Therapeutics, Cyntegron, and PersonaDX. SKh received laboratory funding from NCI. JD received a one-time consulting fee from ViewRay. AGS received grants from the NIH and a sponsored research agreement from Celcuity. SCF received grants or contracts from BMS, Varian, Regeneron, Merck, and Eli Lilly; consulting fees and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from BMS, Varian, ViewRay, Elekta, Regeneron, Eisai, AstraZeneca, Merck US, EMD Serono, Genentech (Roche), Accuray, Nanobiotix, EmBioSys, and Boehringer Ingelheim; has a leadership or fiduciary role in other boards, societies, committees, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid for the American Association for Cancer Research, American Italian Cancer Foundation, and Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. IMO received NIH travel support to attend meetings and workshops at the NIH. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

Objective : The current study explored the relationships of religiosity and coping behaviors on the perceived mental health of undergraduate African American (AA) college students enrolled at a large public university in the Southern United States. Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey design. AA and/or African descent adult college participants ( n  = 131) were recruited from an online chat group (ie, GroupMe) and completed the Brief-COPE, a demographic questionnaire, and a single-item mental health tool. Data analyses employing descriptive statistics and correlational analyses examined relationships between variables. Results: There was a positive correlation between increased religious activity and overall mental health. Those who specified their religion as "other" had a lower total mental health score than those with an identified religion. Conclusions: Findings underscore the importance of supportive interventions that account for religious beliefs and activities on overall mental health outcomes for undergraduate AA college students in the South.

Visceral white adipose tissues (WAT) regulate systemic lipid metabolism and inflammation. Dysfunctional WAT drive chronic inflammation and facilitate atherosclerosis. Adipose tissue-associated macrophages (ATM) are the predominant immune cells in WAT, but their heterogeneity and phenotypes are poorly defined during atherogenesis. The scavenger receptor CD36 mediates ATM crosstalk with other adipose tissue cells, driving chronic inflammation. Here, we combined the single-cell RNA sequencing technique with cell metabolic and functional assays on major WAT ATM subpopulations using a diet-induced atherosclerosis mouse model ( Apoe -null). We also examined the role of CD36 using Apoe / Cd36 double-null mice. Based on transcriptomics data and differential gene expression analysis, we identified a previously undefined group of ATM displaying low viability and high lipid metabolism and labeled them as "unhealthy macrophages". Their phenotypes suggest a subpopulation of ATM under lipid stress. We also identified lipid-associated macrophages (LAM), which were previously described in obesity. Interestingly, LAM increased 8.4-fold in Apoe / Cd36 double-null mice on an atherogenic diet, but not in Apoe -null mice. The increase in LAM was accompanied by more ATM lipid uptake, reduced adipocyte hypertrophy, and less inflammation. In conclusion, CD36 mediates a delicate balance between lipid metabolism and inflammation in visceral adipose tissues. Under atherogenic conditions, CD36 deficiency reduces inflammation and increases lipid metabolism in WAT by promoting LAM accumulation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (© 2024 Chen, Zhang, Chang, Beg, Vick, Wang, Gupta, Wang, Zhang, Dai, Kim, Song, Pereira, Zheng, Sodhi, Shapiro, Silverstein, Malarkannan and Chen.)

Macrophage efferocytosis, the process by which phagocytes engulf and remove apoptotic cells (ACs), plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Efficient efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis, mitigates chronic inflammation, and impedes atherosclerosis progression. However, the regulatory mechanisms of efferocytosis under atherogenic conditions remain poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that oxidized LDL (oxLDL), an atherogenic lipoprotein, induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in macrophages via CD36. In this study, we demonstrate that macrophage mtROS facilitate continual efferocytosis through a positive feedback mechanism. However, oxLDL disrupts continual efferocytosis by dysregulating the internalization of ACs. This disruption is mediated by an overproduction of mtROS. Mechanistically, oxLDL/CD36 signaling promotes the translocation of cytosolic PKM2 to mitochondria, facilitated by the chaperone GRP75. Mitochondrial PKM2 then binds to Complex III of the electron transport chain, inducing mtROS production. This study elucidates a novel regulatory mechanism of efferocytosis in atherosclerosis, providing potential therapeutic targets for intervention., Summary: Macrophages clear apoptotic cells through a process called efferocytosis, which involves mitochondrial ROS. However, the atherogenic oxidized LDL overstimulates mitochondrial ROS via the CD36-PKM2 pathway, disrupting continual efferocytosis. This finding elucidates a novel molecular mechanism that explains defects in efferocytosis, driving atherosclerosis progression.

Accumulating evidence highlights the pivotal role of mitochondria in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial for developing targeted therapeutics. Recent years have seen substantial advancements in unraveling mitochondrial regulatory pathways in both normal and pathological states and the development of potent drugs. However, specific delivery of drugs into the mitochondria is still a challenge. We present recent findings on regulators of mitochondrial dynamics and reactive oxygen species (ROS), critical factors influencing mitochondrial function in CVDs. We also discuss advancements in drug delivery strategies aimed at overcoming the technical barrier in targeting mitochondria for CVD treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to examine complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents. Greater understanding of CAM use among this group is warranted to better inform health care providers in delivering a culturally relevant health promotion approach., Design and Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2012 Child Complementary and Alternative Medicine Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey (CAM-NHIS) data, which was collected from a national sample of adolescents aged 12-17 years. A logistic regression test was employed to investigate the predictors associated with CAM use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents., Results: While Black and Hispanic adolescents were the least likely to use CAM compared to their White counterparts, families with higher incomes, higher education attainment, and adolescents who experienced pain were more likely to use CAM., Conclusions: Findings suggest the need for future research to gain a greater understanding of CAM use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents, and insights into how health disparities impact CAM use. Greater understanding of how CAM use intersects with health beliefs and outcomes is also warranted., Practice Implications: Based on the CAM-NHIS survey, few racially and ethnically diverse adolescents have reported use of CAM. Development of culturally appropriate instruments and methods to assess CAM use among racially and ethnically diverse adolescents may yield specific data for this population. Informed health care providers can advocate for improved access to CAM for minority adolescents and alter disparate use., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The corresponding author, Dr. Dora Clayton-Jones received grant funding from New Connections: Increasing Diversity of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Programming., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)