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The aim of this study was to present clinically significant poisonings with selected rodenticides in animals: anticoagulant rodenticides I and II generation, bromethalin and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). These agents pose a serious risk to the environment and to public health. The most dangerous for the nontarget wildlife, also for pets and people are second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. Since mechanism of action differs in groups of rodenticides, in case of animal poisoning the treatment strategy is also different. Rodenticides widespread harm to many kinds of life requires that in case of poisoning, the knowledge on the toxic action, treatment and prognosis for animals of various species is broaden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulants belonging to the amphetamine group nowadays pose an undeniable worldwide threat to the life and health of users. Intoxications of domestic animals also occur, which can either be accidental or related to intentional human action. This study presents the first ever reported case of a simultaneous amphetamine and methamphetamine intoxication of a cat, along with the results of toxicological studies. Blood, urine, vitreous humor and liver were collected during the cat's autopsy and analyzed by UHPLC─QqQ─MS/MS. The sample preparation technique was based on one-step precipitation of proteins with cold acetonitrile. The determined amphetamine concentrations in the collected biological materials were 93.4 ng/mL in blood, 496.6 ng/mL in urine, 589.2 ng/mL in the vitreous humor and 291.2 ng/g in liver, respectively. Methamphetamine concentrations were 45.5 ng/mL in blood, 263.1 ng/mL in urine, 351.2 ng/mL in vitreous humor, and 97.7 ng/g in liver. Other substances were also found in the biological material, i.e., diazepam, oxazepam and nordiazepam. Cases of intentional or accidental poisoning of pets with psychoactive substances are a serious problem, carrying the risk to the health and life of the animal. Therefore, it is important to increase awareness of the high risk of poisoning of domestic animals, as well as to learn about the incompletely understood mechanisms of pharmacokinetics of various drugs in animals, including cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of pharmacological studies of the veterinary medicinal product for external use in the form of ointment - "Dibutalastin Ointment" is a mandatory stage of preclinical research of the drug, which is a new development of PP "Biopharm" and LLC "DEVIE". In a scientific experiment on laboratory animals, it is possible to assess the drug's safety for different terms of use to determine the zone of toxic action and doses that do not cause harmful effects on health. Therefore, the work aimed to carry out pharmacological studies of the drug with methyl salicylate and dimethyl sulfoxide in the form of an ointment for treating European fallow deer, deer, dogs, and cats with mastitis, arthritis, myositis, and injuries of various origins. The toxicological characteristics of the studied ointment "Dibutalastin" based on methyl salicylate and dimethyl sulfoxide were studied in an "acute" study on warmblooded animals. The average lethal dose (LD50) for intragastric administration could not be established, as the volume exceeded the permissible level. It was established that according to the "average lethal dose when entering the stomach" indicator, the veterinary medicinal product belongs to relatively non-toxic substances (toxicity class IV). The results of pharmacological studies indicate the absence of resorptive-toxic effects, sensitizing properties, and irritating effects on the mucous membranes of the eyes and skin. Pathomorphological studies of animal organs when studying the acute toxicity of the drug showed that the developed ointment with methyl salicylate and dimethyl sulfoxide does not cause pathological changes in internal organs. From the point of view of veterinary toxicology, this drug is safe. Further studies will be the next stage of pre-registration tests aimed at studying the embryotoxic effect of "Dibutalastin Ointment", which is mandatory material of the "Safety and residue studies" section of the dossier for this medicinal product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcystins are acute hepatotoxins of increasing global concern in drinking and recreational waters and are a major health risk to humans and animals. Produced by cyanobacteria, microcystins inhibit serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). A cost-effective PP1 assay using p-nitrophenyl phosphate was developed to quickly assess water and rumen content samples. Significant inhibition was determined via a linear model, which compared increasing volumes of sample to the log-transformed ratio of the exposed rate over the control rate of PP1 activity. To test the usefulness of this model in diagnostic case investigations, samples from two veterinary cases were tested. In August 2013 fifteen cattle died around two ponds in Kentucky. While one pond and three tested rumen contents had significant PP1 inhibition and detectable levels of microcystin-LR, the other pond did not. In August 2013, a dog became fatally ill after swimming in Clear Lake, California. Lake water samples collected one and four weeks after the dog presented with clinical signs inhibited PP1 activity. Subsequent analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detected microcystin congeners -LR, -LA, -RR and -LF but not -YR. These diagnostic investigations illustrate the advantages of using functional assays in combination with LC-MS/MS.

Stimulants belonging to the amphetamine group nowadays pose an undeniable worldwide threat to the life and health of users. Intoxications of domestic animals also occur, which can either be accidental or related to intentional human action. This study presents the first ever reported case of a simultaneous amphetamine and methamphetamine intoxication of a cat, along with the results of toxicological studies. Blood, urine, vitreous humor and liver were collected during the cat’s autopsy and analyzed by UHPLC─QqQ─MS/MS. The sample preparation technique was based on one-step precipitation of proteins with cold acetonitrile. The determined amphetamine concentrations in the collected biological materials were 93.4 ng/mL in blood, 496.6 ng/mL in urine, 589.2 ng/mL in the vitreous humor and 291.2 ng/g in liver, respectively. Methamphetamine concentrations were 45.5 ng/mL in blood, 263.1 ng/mL in urine, 351.2 ng/mL in vitreous humor, and 97.7 ng/g in liver. Other substances were also found in the biological material, i.e., diazepam, oxazepam and nordiazepam. Cases of intentional or accidental poisoning of pets with psychoactive substances are a serious problem, carrying the risk to the health and life of the animal. Therefore, it is important to increase awareness of the high risk of poisoning of domestic animals, as well as to learn about the incompletely understood mechanisms of pharmacokinetics of various drugs in animals, including cats.

ABSTRACT: Acute hepatotoxicity caused by plants poisoning is responsible for economic losses in farm animals in Brazil. Reports of Cestrum intermedium natural poisoning in cattle are not commonly described in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to document an outbreak of spontaneous C. intermedium poisoning in dairy cattle in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS. Three nine-month-old Holstein and Jersey heifers were affected after they were placed in a small paddock with shortage forage. In this area, specimens of C. intermedium Sendtn with signs of consumption were observed. Morbidity and lethality rates were 100% and clinical courses ranged from 9 to 12 hours. At post mortem examination of the three heifers, there was predominance of acute liver lesions. The liver was moderately enlarged and on the cut surface there was a marked accentuation of the lobular pattern and hemorrhage. Inside the rumen, partially digested C. intermedium Sendtn leaves were observed. The histological aspects of the liver were mostly centrilobular coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage, frequently extended to the midzonal region. The immunohistochemistry technique was performed, in which the polyclonal antibody caspase 3 was used in liver fragments. Moderate to marked immunolabeling was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hepatocytes, predominantly on the periphery of areas of hepatic necrosis indicating cell apoptosis. The diagnosis of C. intermedium Sendtn poisoning in dairy cattle in this study was based on epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings. Since the C. intermedium poisoning is uncommon in dairy cattle, we are describing it for the first time in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS, and represents a differential diagnosis of other acute toxic liver diseases in cattle.

Biochemistry and medicine are inextricably linked. Health depends on the harmonious balance of biochemical reactions that take place in the body, and the disease - reflects abnormalities or abnormalities in biomolecules, biochemical reactions or processes. Progress in biochemical theory has shed light on many fields of medicine, the study of disease, contributing to the enrichment and further development of biochemistry. The biochemical approach in veterinary medicine is fundamental to discovering the causes of intoxication and prescribing therapy. Clinical veterinary toxicology as a system of specialized knowledge studies the causes, mechanism of interactions of poisons, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of animal poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted instruction at many veterinary schools to switch to an emergency remote teaching format to prevent viral transmission associated with in-person synchronous lectures. This study surveyed student perspectives and academic performance in a preplanned online second-year veterinary toxicology course given at North Carolina State University in Spring 2020. This course relied on asynchronous narrated presentations for content delivery. This method of delivery predated the pandemic and was used throughout the course. Academic performance and patterns of access to materials in the online course was compared with the access patterns and performance of students given classroom-based synchronous teaching in Spring 2019. Assessments evaluated in this study were identical across courses. Students' academic performance was unaffected by delivery method. Lack of instructor interaction was an important perceived barrier in the asynchronous course. Asynchronous course materials were uniformly accessed across all days of the week, while supplemental materials for the face-to-face course showed a weekly pattern. Moving from letter grades to pass/fail did not change access frequency to supplemental course materials but led to decreased video usage in the asynchronous course. Results suggest that although some veterinary students perceived the switch in delivery format negatively, the method of delivery did not adversely affect performance in this preclinical course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary toxicology is a common field in veterinary medicine, being a science closely related to other clinical and para clinical disciplines. The multitude of toxics and the ability of each organism to respond differently to them, non- specific clinical signs and an inadequate anamnesis can often put the clinician in difficulty when seeking to diagnose. The aim of the study was to highlight the incidence of pet poisoning cases, over a period of 10 years of time at the emergency clinic, faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj -Napoca. An epidemiological study was performed with the help of the emergency clinic archive, where the files of the intoxicated patients were selected. The data were centralized in the Microsoft Office Excel. The results obtained revealed the sum of 256 cases of pet poisoning in the last ten years (0.611% of the number of cases registered during this period), of which the predominantly affected species was the dog of mixed breed. Also, within the most common poisonings, the ones with ethylene glycol and anticoagulants rodenticides were observed. In the present study a correlation was established between breed, age, sex and the most frequent incidence of poisoning, common toxins and the connection between the periods of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article was to present laboratory methods used in veterinary toxicology together with the choice of material or specimen for analysis, securing the sample and procedure of preparing this chosen material for sending to laboratory with covered letter. Poisoned animals are an important group of veterinary patients. Finding of the cause of poisoning, gives not only an opportunity to apply targeted treatment. It significantly helps to prevent similar poisoning in the future, gives a confirmed diagnosis to the owner and becomes one more important clinical experience to veterinarian. Laboratory result may serve as an evidence in the court in a poisoning case also. Every step of choosing the material for analysis, then securing the sample, and preparing it for transportation, with properly constructed cover letter, to appropriate, preferably authorized laboratory, is extremely important to the reliable result of investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Bee envenomation is frequent in humans and dogs, but uncommon in horses. This study aimed to describe a case of acute renal failure following mass envenomation in a horse. A mare was attacked by a swarm of bees and showed reluctance to move, epistaxis, and dark-brown urine. Biochemical exams revealed increase in urea and creatine serum levels. The mare did not respond to treatment and euthanasia was elected after four days of clinical course. At the necropsy, there were multifocal pinpoint to elevated skin lesions associated with edema and hemorrhage, which extended to the subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle, and the kidneys were diffusely dark-brown and friable. Microscopically, renal tubules were distended and filled with an orange-red, hyaline globular material, and had severe epithelial tubular cell necrosis. The diagnosis was established based on clinical and histological analysis, and pathological evaluation was essential to confirm acute renal failure due to bee sting toxicity.

Postmortem veterinary toxicology shares challenges with human postmortem toxicology, including the necessity of analyzing a wide variety of sometimes very degraded samples for many disparate compounds. In veterinary toxicology, additional factors must be considered to formulate an appropriate testing strategy for each case. Major qualitative and quantitative species differences in response to some toxicants result in different toxicological differential lists for a given clinical presentation. The animal's environment will also influence the types of xenobiotics to which it might be exposed. Diagnostic veterinary toxicologists are veterinary medical specialists who apply their knowledge of veterinary medicine, toxicology, and analytical chemistry, to formulate and interpret results of a toxicologic testing strategy in potential poisoning cases. Animal death investigations require collaboration between veterinary diagnostic laboratory personnel (e.g., veterinary pathologists, veterinary toxicologists, and analytical chemists), veterinary practitioners, and animal owners to successfully diagnose poisoning cases. This article is categorized under:Toxicology > Post‐Mortem ToxicologyToxicology > Plants and Poisons [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bee envenomation is frequent in humans and dogs, but uncommon in horses. This study aimed to describe a case of acute renal failure following mass envenomation in a horse. A mare was attacked by a swarm of bees and showed reluctance to move, epistaxis, and darkbrown urine. Biochemical exams revealed increase in urea and creatine serum levels. The mare did not respond to treatment and euthanasia was elected after four days of clinical course. At the necropsy, there were multifocal pinpoint to elevated skin lesions associated with edema and hemorrhage, which extended to the subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle, and the kidneys were diffusely dark-brown and friable. Microscopically, renal tubules were distended and filled with an orange-red, hyaline globular material, and had severe epithelial tubular cell necrosis. The diagnosis was established based on clinical and histological analysis, and pathological evaluation was essential to confirm acute renal failure due to bee sting toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe a case series of systemic lime sulfur toxicosis secondary to topical administration in 2 cats. Case Summary: Two cats from the same household that were being previously treated for Microsporum canis were presented following topical administration of an incorrectly diluted lime sulfur dip. A 30% solution was used rather than the recommended 3% solution, resulting in a 10‐fold concentration overdose. The cats presented to the emergency service 1 hour after dermal application of the lime sulfur product at home. The first cat, a 2‐year‐old female, intact Cornish Rex, had severe hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia. Chemical burns were also present on the ventrum and paws. Clinicopathological data revealed profound acid–base disturbances, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and azotemia. After aggressive fluid resuscitation, electrolyte supplementation, and treatment, the patient was stabilized and discharged after 5 days of hospitalization; full recovery was later reported. The second littermate, also a 2‐year‐old female, intact Cornish Rex, presented the following day with similar clinical signs, physical examination findings, and clinicopathological findings. After supportive care and 2 days of hospitalization, the patient was also discharged and reported to fully recover. New or Unique Information Provided: This case series is the first to report systemic toxicosis secondary to dermal exposure of lime sulfur. As lime sulfur is commonly used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ectoparasites, veterinary professionals should be aware of the significant signs of poisoning that can be seen as a result of iatrogenic dosing errors by pet owners or veterinary professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of the serotonin 5‐HT1A receptor agonist R‐8‐OH‐DPAT in goats, and 0.1 mg kg−1 R‐8‐OH‐DPAT hydrobromide was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) and intravenously (i.v.) to six goats in a two‐phase cross‐over design experiment. Venous blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min following treatment and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by a one‐compartment analysis. Mean bioavailability of R‐8‐OH‐DPAT when injected i.m. was 66%. The mean volume of distribution in the central compartment was 1.47 L kg−1. The mean plasma body clearance was 0.056 L kg−1 min−1. All goats injected i.v. and two of six goats injected i.m. showed signs of serotonin toxicity. In conclusion, R‐8‐OH‐DPAT is well absorbed following i.m. injection and the observed pharmacokinetics suggest that administration via dart is feasible. Administration of R‐8‐OH‐DPAT hydrobromide, at a dosage of 0.1 mg kg−1, resulted in the observation of clinical signs of serotonin toxicity in the goats. It is suggested that dosages for the clinical use of the compound should be lower in order to achieve the desired clinical effect without causing serotonin toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic transformation of zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin which can contaminate both food and feed, results in the formation of five metabolites, one of them being zeranol (α-ZAL), which can be abused in farm animals as a growth promoter. To the best of our knowledge, there is no analytical method that can distinguish whether α-ZAL is present in an animal urine sample as a result of ZEA biotransformation or as a result of anabolic abuse. This study aimed at monitoring resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) concentration in urine of farm animals over several years. Six hundred and three cattle and pig urine samples were collected on farms in different Croatian regions and analyzed for RAL presence. Based on the testing results, all RAL-positive samples were considered to be consequential to feed contamination. The difference in primary ZEA metabolites' ratio (α-zearalenol/β-zearalenol) was observed between cattle (0.03–0.41) and pig (2.05–17.39) urine samples. If the animals are treated with α-ZAL and fed on ZEA-contaminated feed, α-ZAL and taleranol found in their organisms could come from two sources, so that the reliability of the statistical model might be questionable. Based on these findings, there exists the need for improving the approach to the distinction between α-ZAL abuse and ZEA feed contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromethalin is a neurotoxicant with unusual instability and chromatographic behavior that make it difficult to analyze by gas chromatography (GC) in forensic examination of non-target animal deaths. Physicochemical breakdown of bromethalin produced multiple unique products with discernible mass spectra. This paper describes an investigation of the GC electron impact-mass spectrometric properties of bromethalin and its capacity to generate up to twenty heat- or light-induced breakdown products. Two principal breakdown products are isomeric with one another and involve release of both fluorine and methyl groups to develop dehydrofluorodesmethylbromethalin products. These compounds have proven to be excellent surrogate markers in screening forensic samples for bromethalin exposure, particularly in veterinary samples in which the active metabolite desmethylbromethalin has not yet accumulated to any appreciable extent, such as baits and animal stomach contents. The compounds as well as their parent bromethalin were easily monitored by GC interfaced with a tandem-quadrupole mass spectrometer using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. Unusual gas chromatographic properties of bromethalin included: (i) specific requirements for a maximum oven temperature; (ii) non-linear increases in detector response on increased injection volumes, hypothesized to result from variable diffusion coefficients. We report here the development of GC strategies that facilitate detection of bromethalin and its breakdown products, as well as their MRM analysis by tandem-quadrupole mass spectrometry. The developed approaches are applicable to feed, baits and stomach contents as well as extracted tissue samples such as liver and kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzimidazole anthelmintics have long been employed for the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Flubendazole (FBZ) was approved in 1980 for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections in both veterinary and human medicine. It has also long been known that parenteral administration of FBZ can lead to high macrofilaricidal efficacy in a variety of preclinical models and in humans. As part of an effort to stimulate the discovery and development of new macrofilaricides, particularly for onchocerciasis, research has recently been devoted to the development of new formulations that would afford high oral bioavailability of FBZ, paving the way for potential clinical development of this repurposed drug for the treatment of human filariases. This review summarizes the background information that led to this program and summarizes some of the lessons learned from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Phosphine poisoning is rarely reported in poultry, and its diagnosis is a great challenge for veterinary toxicologists and pathologists. A case of phosphine toxicosis in local, free range chickens is reported. Fourteen dead chickens (age ≥6 months old) were presented to the veterinary clinic for necropsy. The history revealed that the chickens were normally fed with guinea corn grains, but were suspected to have been fed boiled rice laced with poison. The clinical signs observed were ruffled feathers, somnolence, anorexia and high mortality. The disease ran a 2‐day course with mortality pattern of four chickens the first day, six overnight and 14 the following day. Necropsy findings showed generalized vascular congestion and haemorrhage in the lungs and visceral organs, with the crop and gizzard filled with guinea corn and rice grains and greenish‐yellow faecal material in the intestinal lumen. The presence of widespread congestion and petechial haemorrhages on visceral organs with the microscopic pulmonary congestion, and diffuse intraparabronchial presence of air sac macrophages, strongly suggested an acute toxic cause of death. Chemical tests on the crop contents of the dead chickens were positive for phosphine gas. This report will contribute to a better understanding of the clinical signs and lesions presented in cases of acute phosphide rodenticide exposure in domestic chickens, with a brief review of the forensic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotoxicity studies are greatly needed to advance nanomedical technologies into clinical practice. We assessed the toxic effects of a single intravenous exposure to commercially available gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in mice and rats. Fifteen-nm GNPs were purchased and independently characterized. Animals were exposed to either 1,000 mg GNPs/kg body weight (GNP group) or phosphate-buffered saline. Subsets of animals were euthanized and samples collected at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postexposure. Independent characterization demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of the purchased GNPs were in good agreement with the information provided by the supplier. Mice exposed to GNPs developed granulomas in the liver and transiently increased serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18. No such alterations were found in rats. While there was no fatality in mice post-GNP exposure, a number of the rats died within hours of GNP administration. Differences in GNP biodistribution and excretion were also detected between the two species, with rats having a higher relative accumulation of GNPs in spleen and greater fecal excretion. In conclusion, GNPs have the ability to incite a robust macrophage response in mice, and there are important species-specific differences in their biodistribution, excretion, and potential for toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of answer options is an important element of multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Many MCQs contain four or more options despite the limited literature suggesting that there is little to no benefit beyond three options. The purpose of this study was to evaluate item performance on 3-option versus 4-option MCQs used in a core curriculum course in veterinary toxicology at a large veterinary medical school in the United States. Methods: A quasi-experimental, crossover design was used in which students in each class were randomly assigned to take one of two versions (A or B) of two major exams. Results: Both the 3-option and 4-option MCQs resulted in similar psychometric properties. Conclusion: The findings of our study support earlier research in other medical disciplines and settings that likewise concluded there was no significant change in the psychometric properties of three option MCQs when compared to the traditional MCQs with four or more options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported here is a new analytical multiclass method based on QuEChERS technique, which has proven to be effective in diagnosing fatal poisoning cases in animals. This method has been developed for the determination of analytes in liver samples comprising rodenticides, carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides, coccidiostats and mycotoxins. The procedure entails addition of acetonitrile and sodium acetate to 2 g of homogenized liver sample. The mixture was shaken intensively and centrifuged for phase separation, which was followed by an organic phase transfer into a tube containing sorbents (PSA and C18) and magnesium sulfate, then it was centrifuged, the supernatant was filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. A validation of the procedure was performed. Repeatability variation coefficients <15% have been achieved for most of the analyzed substances. Analytical conditions allowed for a successful separation of variety of poisons with the typical screening detection limit at ≤10 µg/kg levels. The method was used to investigate more than 100 animals poisoning incidents and proved that is useful to be used in animal forensic toxicology cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent decades the demand for unconventional pets has been relatively increasing, a situation that increasingly causes veterinarians to encounter these animals in medical and surgical practice. Of these animals, the birds stand out. Animals of the order Psittaciform are known as very curious and active creatures that have the tendency to chew objects in their environment. Among the several occurrences that lead this animal to attend the veterinary clinic, we highlight the poisoning by heavy metals, especially lead poisoning (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The objective of this work was to report a case of heavy metal intoxication in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Case: A cockatiel was taken to the veterinarian with a history of apathy, motor incoordination, exacerbated water consumption and regurgitation. Complete anamnesis was instrumental in directing suspected heavy metal intoxication. Radiopaque particles were visualized through radiographic examination, suggesting heavy metal intoxication. The diagnosis was concluded through complementary examinations since the clinical symptoms are nonspecific. The treatment was intended to provide emergency intervention, avoid further absorption, use of antidotes, provide supportive measures and provide guidance to the owner. It can be concluded that the diagnosis and treatment were successful. Discussion: Metal poisoning can kill birds. The veterinarian should always seek the literature in order to perform the best support and treatment. For this, detailed history and detailed medical history must be taken into account, since the time of ingestion and the type of metal interfere with the therapeutic conduct. The use of imaging tests such as x-rays and ultrasound are essential to assist the clinician, especially in cases where the tutor does not know whether or not the animal has ingested an object. In the radiographic examination, the heavy metal has the characteristic of having high radiopacity, which was evidenced in the case in question. Radiographic positions should be considered in order to avoid false negatives. In the literature, the treatment of chelation therapy is prioritized to remove the circulating heavy metal and thus act on the cause of the problem. In the case in question calcium EDTA was used intramuscularly, which showed clinical improvement in the animal after the second application. Calcium EDTA binds to metals and facilitates their transport and excretion. The use of fluid therapy is necessary as a supportive treatment to prevent kidney damage, since heavy metals are highly harmful to nephrons. Especially in cases where the animal stops feeding and ingesting water. The use of antibiotics is essential because in many cases the animal, in addition to not feeding, becomes prone to infections due to metal toxicity, therefore, prophylactic use is essential for a better prognosis. In the case in question, the use of enrofloxacin was effective, as reported in the literature. It is recommended that the diagnosis of serum lead and zinc dosage should be made, however, due to the difficulties of obtaining the samples, and since other metals may also cause intoxication, in the case in question the treatment was started without these results. According to the results obtained in this work, the treatment described in the literature is effective and can be performed immediately to save animal life without subsequent sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials convey numerous advantages, and the past decade has seen a considerable rise in their development and production for an expanse of applications. While the potential advantages of nanomaterials are clear, concerns over the impact of human and environmental exposure exist. Concerted, science-led efforts are required to understand the effects of nanomaterial exposure and ensure that protection goals are met. There is much on-going discussion regarding how best to assess nanomaterial risk, particularly considering the large number of tests that may be required. A plethora of forms may need to be tested for each nanomaterial, and risk assessed throughout the life cycle, meaning numerous acute and chronic toxicity studies could be required, which is neither practical nor utilises the current evidence-base. Hence, there are scientific, business, ethical and legislative drivers to re-consider the use of animal toxicity tests. An expert Working Group of regulators, academics and industry scientists were gathered by the UK's NC3Rs to discuss: i) opportunities being offered in the short, medium and long-terms to advance nanosafety, ii) how to align these advances with the application of the 3Rs in nanomaterial safety testing, and iii) shifting the focus of risk assessment from current hazard-based approaches towards exposure-driven approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]