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Andricus truncicolus (Giraud, 1859) Asexual galls (Figs 1–9). Asexual galls develop mainly on adventitious buds on trunks and large branches, on oaks of the section Quercus. They are monocular, usually solitary, rarely in clusters of two or three, the shape is sub-spherical (some specimens with indentation to form an apex towards the top) and similar to the seed cones of cypress trees, from 6 to 14 mm in diameter and attached with a robust short peduncle. During early development (about three–four weeks) the galls are succulent and spongy, covered on the surface by dense whitish pubescence that gives a velvety appearance (Fig. 1). The spongy tissue layer is deep red and covers the larval chamber (Fig. 2). During maturation the external spongy layer dries up (like a layer of clay dried in the sun) dividing into many more or less regular plates (Figs 3, 5). After drying, these plates take on a very similar color to the bark (Fig. 5) and with exposure to atmospheric agents they easy detach, causing the partial (Fig. 6) or total revelation of the hard larval chamber (Figs 7–9). The gall remains strongly attached with its short peduncle to the trunk for several years. The larval chamber consists of a layer of about 1 mm of compact, woody tissue, whitish, with an irregular surface and small finger-like protuberances (protrusions of 1–3 mm) (Figs 7–9). It protects internal nutritive tissue and the larva during its development. The larva feeds on the nutrient tissue by burrowing into a large, regular, subelliptic chamber. Asexual female emerges from a lateral hole. Sexual galls (Figs 12, 16–22). The galls of the sexual generation developed on the terminal or lateral shoot buds of Q. cerris, exceptionally on the leaf blade, as found in only one case inside a contact chamber (Figs 21, 22). The galls consist of a hypertrophic tissue development resulting in an ovoid or subspherical swelling with a diameter that can vary from 10 to 40 mm (often the galls are coalescent, forming large conglomerates and reaching sizes greater than 50 mm); they are light-green when young (Figs 16–17) and dark-green and then brown when mature (Figs 18–19), bearing more or less deformed or normal leaves on the upper part. The typical structure of the gall consists of a layer of compact vegetative tissue, 3 to 10 mm thick, which in shape resembles a more or less concave floral receptacle. This woody receptacle, sometimes closed like a ceramic pot, in other cases open like a plate, provides support and protection for the larval chambers (5 to 20) that develop above (Fig. 20). The surface of the gall receptacle is externally covered with soft hairs that confer a velvety, silvery appearance to the gall. On the receptacle, curled, rakish leaves and twigs develop, and in some of these, larval cells can migrate with the growing leaves during development; these metamorphosed leaves wither as the galls mature and after adult emergence the galls may remain on the plant for several years. The larval chambers are egg-shaped with an enlarged base and a more or less pointed and slightly curved apical extension, measuring 3.3–4.5 mm in height x 1.8–2.8 mm in width measured at 1/3 from the base. They develop cohesively, with each embedded in a socket of the supporting receptacle tissue like teeth in the gums. Sometimes the constrained proximity of the chambers alters their egg shape to rectangular parallel-sided with rounded corners. When the gall receptacle is open, the larval chambers are visible from above. In the inner part of the receptacle, the surface is coated with dense coverage of white hollow single-cell hairs; these structures in a less dense form coat the larval cells with a distinct supporting cell layer. Whitish hairs are longest at the base of the larval chamber and become shorter at the apex. The inner layer of the larval chamber is thin and hard, composed of sub-rectangular cells arranged longitudinally along the length of the chamber; the emergence hole is in the apical or sub-apical part. Similar galls. Generally, on the basis of the characteristics and information on the gall and the host plant species, numerous gall-producing insects can be identified to the species level. However, some exceptions have recently been reported in gall wasps and gall midges (Sottile et al. 2022). The asexual generation gall of A. truncicolus is similar to of Andricus megatruncicolus Melika, 2008 and when the galls are the same size it is impossible to distinguish them on the basis of the gall only. The asexual gall also resembles Andricus turcicus Melika, Mutun & Dinç, 2014, but the available plates of the latter species consist of spiny protrusions. As detailed in Sottile et al. (2022) sexual generation galls of A. multiplicatus are very similar only to those of A. conificus sexual generation (= Andricus cydoniae Giraud, 1859). Both develop on the same host plants, as already has been pointed out by Giraud (1859), who, in the description of Andricus cydoniae, wrote: ‘II est facile de la confondre avec la galle d’ A. multiplicatus … Elle est toujours plus précoce, sa forme est mieux déterminée et elle n’est pas couverte des nombreux plis de la feuille qui distinguent cette dernière’. However, Sottile et al. (2022) did not find any macro or micro-morphological characters to distinguish the two galls with absolute certainty, concluding that it is impossible to identify the species only on the basis of gall morphology. However, species identification through adults is relatively easy on the basis of morphological differences involving body colour and sculpture, head and metascutellum measurements and ratios, and length of setae on prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium, as described by Sottile et al. (2022). The galls of the sexual generation of A. truncicolus that we have obtained experimentally are themselves indistinguishable from those induced by A. multiplicatus and A. conificus sexual generation, but even in this case morphological characters of the emerged adults allow identification of the inducer species. Diagnosis of the asexual form. Asexual females of A. truncicolus (Figs 10, 25–43) belongs to “ Adleria - non kollari ” group, a large group of 13 Andricus species (Pujade-Villar et al. 2015) with the anterior surface of foretibia bearing long oblique setae (Figs 39, 40); antenna 14-segmented (rarely 13 or 15) (Fig. 28), the mesoscutum coriaceous, without punctures (Fig. 31), all metasomal tergites with dense white setae laterally (Fig. 38) and the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium needle-like and very long (Figs 41, 43) (Pujade-Villar et al. 2015). More specifically in A. truncicolus the prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium is long and slender, 5.75–6.0 times as long as broad in ventral view, with relatively short setae (Figs 41, 43). It closely resembles A. conificus, from which differs for the following morphological characters described by Sottile et al. (2022). In A. truncicolus the body is blackish brown (Fig. 10), the head is more rounded in front view (Fig. 25) and the ratio between the transverse diameter of eye (measuring along the transfacial line) and the width of gena behind eye (measured at the same point)> 4.5 (Fig. 25), first abscissa of radius angled and projecting into radial cell (Fig. 35), metascutellum more than 3.2 times as high as height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum (Fig. 34), while in A. conificus (Figs 44–48) the body is reddish brown (Fig. 44), the head is trapezoid in front view (Fig. 45) and the ratio between the cross diameter of eye (measuring along the transfacial line) and the gena width behind eye (measured at the same point) A. megatruncicolus; however, in A. truncicolus the body is predominantly blackish brown, the head is more rounded in front view, 1.5 times as broad as long from above, 1.3–1.4 times as broad as high in front view, the ratio between the cross diameter of eye (measuring along the transfacial line) and the width of gena behind eye (measured at the same point)> 4.5, OOL 1.4 times as long as LOL, the diameter of the antennal torulus about 1.6 times as large as the distance between them (Fig. 25), the mesoscutellum rounded with more delicate sculpture towards the centre of scutellar disk (Fig. 31), scutellar foveae nearly rounded, the radial cell of the forewing 4.3–4.6 times as long as broad (Fig. 35) while in A. megatruncicolus, according to Tavakoli et al. (2008), the body is predominantly reddish brown, the head is less rounded, nearly trapezoid in front view, 2.0 times as broad as long from above, 1.5 times as broad as high in front view, the ratio between the cross diameter of eye (measuring along the transfacial line) and the gena width behind eye (measured at the same point) A. truncicolus resembles A. turcicus. In A. truncicolus the lower face is coriaceous, the malar space 0.4 times as long as height of eye, coriaceous, with numerous distinct strong striae radiating from clypeus and extending half the distance to lower edge of eye (Figs 25–27), F2 longer than F3 (Fig. 28), the mesoscutum coriaceous, scutellar foveae nearly rounded, as broad as high, with shiny, smooth bottom (Fig. 31), the radial cell of the forewing narrower, 4.3–4.6 times as long as broad (Fig. 35). In A. turcicus, according to Mutun et al. (2014), the lower face is uniformly delicately coriaceous, F2=F3, the malar space 0.2 times as long as height of eye, coriaceous, without striae, the mesoscutum uniformly and entirely reticulate, scutellar foveae transversely ovate, 2.2 times as broad as high, with delicately coriaceous bottom, the radial cell of the forewing 3.4 times as long as broad. A. truncicolus also resembles A. synophri Pujade-Villar, Tavakoli & Melika, 2015 from which it differs in having the body length around 4.0 mm, F1 longer than F2 (Fig. 28) and the metasomal terga without micropunctures (Fig. 38) while A. synophri, according to Pujade-Villar et al. (2015), is smaller in size, around 3.0 mm has F1 slightly shorter than F2, and with micropunctures on the metasomal terga. Description of sexual generation of Andricus truncicolus (Giraud, 1859) Figs 23, 24, 49–79 Diagnosis of the sexual form It closely resembles A. multiplicatus sexual (according to redescription given by Melika 2006); however, in sexual females of A. truncicolus, body predominantly reddish yellow, mesosoma never darker brown or black dorsally. Antennae reddish yellow slightly lighter than body; legs yellow-amber except for light brown Ts5 and dark brown tarsal claws. Lower face with striae radiating from clypeo-pleurostomal line nearly reaching eye but not present medially on the lower face and not reaching toruli (Figs 49, 52). Pronotum alutaceous without rugae (Figs 56, 57). Mesoscutum (Fig. 55) shallowly colliculate; as long as wide from above (width measured across base of tegulae); median mesoscutal line absent; antero-admedian line not impressed, very faintly visible in antero-dorsal view (Fig. 57), parapsidal lines absent. Mesoscutellum distinctly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae ellipsoidal 1.4– 1.5 times broader than high (Fig. 55), weakly delimited posteriorly. Mesopleuron (Figs 56, 59), mostly smooth, glossy, with or without very indistinct striae on anterodorsal and ventral part, essentially glabrous except very sparse short white setae close to the mesocoxal foramen and on anterodorsal part; acetabular carina delimiting a narrow smooth area laterally (Fig. 59). Metascutellum (Fig. 60) slightly narrower than height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum. Lateral propodeal carinae slightly curved outwards in the middle (Fig. 60). Radial cell of forewing 3.6–4.0 times as long as broad (Fig. 61); Rs+M extending to ½ distance between areolet and basal vein. Metasomal tergum 2 with sparse white setae in T2 antero-laterally (Fig. 63) without micropunctures, subsequent terga with band of very indistinct micropunctures. In females of A. multiplicatus sexual, body predominantly brown to light brown, usually mesosoma and metasoma darker or even black dorsally. In some specimens scutum, scutellum, propodeum and metasoma dorsally are black. Antennae and legs brown, slightly lighter than body. Lower face with striae radiating from clypeus nearly reaching toruli. Pronotum mainly coriaceous, with some strong wrinkles along antero-lateral edge. Mesoscutum finely uniformly rugose, slightly longer than broad (width measured across the basis of tegulae). Median mesoscutal line distinct, extending to 1/3–1/4 of scutum length; parapsidal lines distinct, reaching well above the level of the base of tegulae; antero-admedian line extending to half of scutum length. Mesoscutellum slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae nearly rounded, only slightly broader than high, posteriorly delimited by sculpture. Mesopleuron uniformly transversely striate, with dense patch of white setae postero-ventrally; acetabular carina delimiting a broad rugose area laterally. Metascutellum nearly 2.0 times as high as height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum; lateral propodeal carinae slightly curved outwards in the posterior 1/3. Radial cell of forewing 4.5–4.7; Rs+M extending to 2/3 of distance between areolet and basal vein. Metasomal tergum 2 with dense patch of white setae antero-laterally; all terga without micropunctures. In male of A. truncicolus, F1 excavated in basal half (Fig. 78); with or without very indistinct striae on anterodorsal and ventral part (Figs 72, 74), while in males of A. multiplicatus (according to redescription given by Melika 2006) F1 almost straight or only weakly curved, sometimes also weakly excavated; mesopleuron uniformly transversely striate. It closely resembles Andricus singularis Mayr, 1870; however, in females of A. truncicolus sex the body is mostly reddish yellow (Fig. 23), legs slightly lighter than body, the diameter of antennal torulus nearly 2.0 times as large as distance between them (Fig. 49), mesoscutum shallowly colliculate, mesoscutellum broader than long, reticulate-rugose around its limits, more delicate in the central part of disk, scutellar foveae subrectangular and not or very slightly delimited posteriorly with glossy, smooth bottom (Fig. 55), mesopleuron with or without very indistinct striae (Fig. 56), while in females of A. singularis the body is mostly dark brown to black, legs dirty brown, coxae darker, mid legs brown, the diameter of antennal torulus at least 3.0 times as large as distance between them, mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate, mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, uniformly rugose, with distinct sharp rugae, scutellar foveae rounded, as broad as high, well delimited around, with coriaceous bottom, mesopleuron entirely or partially longitudinally striate, sometimes with small non-striate area posteriorly. In the male of A. truncicolus the body is mostly reddish yellow (Fig. 24), legs slightly lighter than body, F1 1.3 times longer than F2 (Fig. 78), mesopleuron with or without very indistinct striae on anterodorsal and ventral part (Figs 72, 74), mesoscutellum rugulose, with more delicate sculpture towards the centre of disc (Fig. 71) while in males of A. singularis the body mostly reddish to black, F1 only 1.2 times as long as F2, mesopleuron finely striate in anterior 2/3, remainder of surface smooth and glossy, mesoscutellum alutaceous with glossy areas. Moreover, the sexual generation galls of A. truncicolus are indistinguishable from those of A. conificus while the inducers are easily differentiated. In sexual females of A. truncicolus body is predominantly reddish yellow, legs slightly lighter than body; frons, vertex, and occiput uniformly coriaceous. Mesopleuron with or without very indistinct striae; mesoscutellum broader than long, reticulate rugose around its limits, more delicate in the central part of disk with unemarginated posterior margin. Scutellar foveae subrectangular not or very slightly delimited posteriorly; mesoscutum shallowly colliculate. White setae on prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium few, long (about one and a half times the median diameter of the hypopygium in lateral view), curved, and slightly extending behind apex of spine. In females of A. conificus sex, body mostly dark brown to black, with yellow legs, except for proximal part of hind coxae being dark brown; frons, vertex, and occiput reticulate. Mesopleuron with very marked striae on; mesoscutellum as long as is broad, uniformly strongly areolate-rugose with distinct mainly longitudinal sharp rugae with emarginate posterior margin. Scutellar foveae subtriangular well-delimited posteriorly; mesoscutum deeply colliculate. White setae on prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium very few, short (approximately as long as the median diameter of the hypopygium in lateral view), erect, and not extending behind apex of ventral spine. In males of A. truncicolus body predominantly reddish yellow, legs slightly lighter than body. Diameter of torulus (including rims) equal to eye-torulus distance; eye-torulus distance nearly 3.0 times as large as distance between toruli. Frons and vertex coriaceous. Scutellar foveae subrectangular not or very slightly delimited posteriorly. Mesoscutellum around its limits, reticulate rugose, more delicate or coriaceous in the central part of disk, with unemarginate posterior margin. Mesoscutum shallowly colliculate; mesopleuron with or without very indistinct striae; ratio of breadth to height of metascutellum less than 1.5. In males of A. conificus body mostly dark brown to black, with yellow legs, except for proximal part of hind coxae being dark brown. Diameter of torulus (including rims) nearly 1.6 times eye-torulus distance; eye-torulus distance nearly 1.4 times as large as distance between toruli. Frons and vertex rugose. scutellar foveae subtriangular well-delimited posteriorly. mesoscutellum around its limits, strongly reticulate rugose, more delicate or colliculate in the central part of disk, with emarginate posterior margin. Mesoscutum deeply colliculate; mesopleuron with very marked striae; ratio of breadth to height of metascutellum more than 2.0. Description Sexual female. Body length 1.8–2.2 mm. Body with sparse white setae, predominantly reddish yellow, antennae slightly lighter than body, excluding the distal half which are darkened; eyes black; legs yellow-amber except for light brown Ts5 and dark brown tarsal claws. Mesosoma reddish yellow, in some specimens with 2–4 darker longitudinal stripes on mesoscutum. Metasoma lig, Published as part of Sottile, Salvatore, Cerasa, Giuliano, Massa, Bruno & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, The experimental life cycle closure of Andricus truncicolus (Giraud, 1859) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and taxonomic description of its sexual generation, pp. 210-232 in Zootaxa 5296 (2) on pages 216-229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7978102, {"references":["Giraud, J. E. (1859) Signalements de quelques especes nouvelles de Cynipides et de leurs Galles. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch- Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 9, 337 - 374.","Sottile, S., Cerasa, G., Massa, B. & Lo Verde, G. (2022) Andricus cydoniae Giraud, 1859 Junior Synonym of Cynips conifica Hartig, 1843, as Experimentally Demonstrated (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Insects, 13 (2), 200. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 13020200","Mutun, S., Dinc, S., Bozso, M., Melika, G. (2014) Four new species of Andricus Hartig oak gall wasp from Turkey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa, 3760 (2), 241 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3760.2.5","Pujade-Villar, J., Tavakoli, M., Melika, G. & Ferrer-Suay, M. (2015) Andricus synophri (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), a new species of oak gallwasp from Iran. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 1 (1), 1 - 10.","Tavakoli, M., Melika, G., Sadeghi, S. E., Penzes, Z., Assareh, M. A., Atkinson, R. S., Bechtold, M., Miko, I., Zargaran, M. R., Aligolizade, D., Barimani, H., Bihari, P., F ¸ lop, D., Somogyi, K., Challis, R., Preuss, S., Nicholls, J. & Stone, G. N. (2008) New species of oak gallwasps from Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 1699 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1699.1.1","Melika, G. (2006) Gall Wasps of Ukraine. Cynipidae. Vestnik zoologii, Supplement 21 (1 - 2), 1 - 300, 301 - 644.","Folliot, R. (1964) Contribution a l'etude de la biologie des cynipides gallicoles (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie, 12 (6), 407 - 564.","Askew, R. R. (1984) The Biology of gall wasps. In: Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (Ed.), Biology of gall insects. Edward Arnold, London, pp. 223 - 271.","Stone, G. N., Schonrogge, K., Atkinson, R. J., Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 633 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 47.091201.145247","Garbin, L., Diaz, N. B. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2008) Experimental study of the reproductive cycle of Plagiotrochus amenti Kieffer, 1901 (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Cynipidae), with comments on its taxonomy. Boletin de la Asociacion espanola de Entomologia, 32, 341 - 349.","Markovic, C. (2022) Survey of Cynipid Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Serbia. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 24 (2), 177 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.51963 / jers. v 24 i 2.2213","Kwast, E. (2012) A contribution to the fauna of Cynipidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) of Croatia with a description of an asexual female of Andricus korlevici (Kieffer, 1902) nov. Comb. Natura Croatica, 21, 223 - 245.","Katilmis, Y. & Kiyak, S. (2008) Checklist of Cynipidae of Turkey with a new genus record. Journal of Natural History, 42 (31 - 32), 2161 - 2167. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930802148981","De Stefani T. (1901) Contribuzione all'entomocecidiologia della flora sicula. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Memorie della Societa Botanica Italiana, 8, 440 - 556.","Massa, B., Cerasa, G. & Pagliano, G. (2021). Insecta Hymenoptera Cynipidae. In: Bologna, M. A., Zapparoli, M., Oliverio, M., Minelli, A., Bonato, L., Cianferoni, F. & Stoch, F. (Eds.), Checklist of the Italian Fauna. Version 1.0. Last update 31 May 2021. Available from: https: // www. lifewatchitaly. eu / en / initiatives / checklist-fauna-italia-en / checklist / (accessed 20 January 2023)"]}

Roeseliana azami (Finot, 1892) Figs. 1b, 3d, 5e, 5f, 7e, 8c, 11, 23h Finot, 1892. Bull. Soc. entomol. Fr., 61: xxxv (Platycleis azami); type locality and depository: France, between Cogolin and La Foux, Var (MNHN, Paris). Material examined. France, Var VI.1888, Azam (1♁, 1♀ syntypes) (MNCN); France, Var, Azam (1♁, 1♀) (NMW); France, Crau, Bouches du Rhone VI.1967, M. Descamps (1♁, 1♀) (MCR, coll. P. Fontana); France, Cogolin 14.IX.1906 (1♁, 1♀) (NMP); France, La Foux, Var, Delmas (1♁, 1♀) (MSNG); France, Gard, Le Cailar 5.VI.1993, A. Foucart (2♁, 3♀); France, between St. Gilles and Arles 5.VII.1987, Ponel (1♁) (CBGP); France, Lattes (Montpellier) 23.VI.2019, B. Nabkolz (2♁) (BMPC). Remarks. R. azami is characterized by the incision of the female subgenital plate. Nadig (1961), Harz (1969) and Massa et al. (2012) considered R. azami the nominate subspecies with minor as other subspecies, while Ĝtz (1969) moved it to subspecies of R. fedtschenkoi, Defaut (1999, 2001) followed Ĝtz’s opinion, Puissant & Voisin (1999), Voisin (2003) and Massa & Fontana (2011) considered it as a valid species. Male titillators have only few large spines in their half apical apex and their tip is less curved and stouter than that of R. azami minor and R. brunneri (Figs. 5e, 5f), the supragenital plate and the cerci of the male and the subgenital plate of the female are reported in Figs. 7e and 8c. The 10 th tergite of the male has a very long, broad and triangular processes (in R. brunneri processes are very large and separated by a wide incision), tooth of cerci short, rounded and placed in the last fourth (as in R. brunneri; in R. roeselii they are longer, placed in the last third and are more pointed); titillators of R. azami are similar to those of R. brunneri (folded as a hook), while those of R. roeselii show a very different shape (straight with apical spines) (cf. Fig. 5); in addition, the female subgenital plate of R. azami is as large as long, incised for half the length and its lobes are rounded (similarly to that of R. brunneri), while that of R. roeselii is laterally enlarged and its lobes are pointed (cf. also Massa & Fontana 2011). Fully-winged specimens are unknown. See also Tables 2 and 4. Distribution. Region du Var (Mediterranean France). Bardiani & Buzzetti (2010) recorded it from Liguria, but see below R. azami minor., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 363-364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886, {"references":["Nadig, A. (1961) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Orthopteren der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete: II. Neue und wenig bekannte Formen aus der insubrischen Region. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 34, 271 - 300.","Harz, K. (1969) Die Orthopteren Europas I. Series Entomologica, 5, 1 - 749. [http: // books. google. com / books? id = lK 5 NZrudROMC] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 2511 - 8 _ 1","Massa, B., Fontana, P. Buzzetti, F. M., Kleukers, R. & Ode, B. (2012) Fauna d'Italia. XLVIII. Orthoptera. Calderini ed., Bologna, 563 + CCXIV pp.","Defaut, B. (1999) La determination des Orthopteres de France. Materiaux Orthopteriques Entomocenotiques, 2, 1 - 83.","Defaut, B. (2001) Actualisation taxonomique et nomenclaturale du´Synopsis des orthopteres de France \". Materiaux Orthopteriques Entomocenotiques, 6, 107 - 112.","Puissant, S. & Voisin, J. F. (1999) Metrioptera (Bicolorana) bicolor (Philippi, 1830), espece nouvelle pour les Pyrenees- Orientales, son macropterisme, comparaison avec M. (Roeseliana) azami (Finot, 1892) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Bulletin Societe entomologique France, 104 (3), 263 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1999.16578","Voisin, J. - F. (Ed.) (2003) Atlas des Orthopteres et des Mantides de France. Patrimoines Naturels, 60, 1 - 104.","Massa, B. & Fontana, P. (2011) Supraspecific taxonomy of Palaearctic Platycleidini with unarmed prosternum: a morphological approach (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae). Zootaxa, 2837 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2837.1.1","Bardiani, M. & Buzzetti, F. M. (2010) Blattari e Ortotteri delle Riserve Naturali \" Agoraie di Sopra e Moggetto \" (Liguria, Genova) e \" Guadine Pradaccio \" (Emilia-Romagna, Parma) (Blattaria, Orthoptera). Bollettino Associazione romana Entomologia, 64 (2009), 69 - 90."]}

Genus Roeseliana Zeuner, 1941 Morphological analysis Characters of the genus Roeseliana The genus Roeseliana was described by Zeuner (1941), who named it after the Austrian entomologist August Johann R̂sel von Rosenhof. However, several authors preferred to maintain Roeseliana as subgenus of the genus Metrioptera Wesmael, 1838. More recently, Massa & Fontana (2011) carried out a revision of Platycleidini and raised again Roeseliana to generic level. According to previous authors (Zeuner 1941; Massa & Fontana 2011), these are the characters of the genus: head slightly broader than long, ratio maximum width/length of head (from vertex to clipeus): 1.2–1.3. Brachypterous, rarely holopterous, pronotum flat, just depressed, margins rounded, humeral excision just evident, keel present in the metazona; ♀ subgenital plate large, bilobate, at the sides not touching the ovipositor; ovipositor short and clearly curved, somewhat angular at 1/3 from the base; ♀ VIIth sternite modified or not; hind femora/pronotum length ♁: 2.7–3.5, ♀: 2.7–3.6; ♁ Xth tergite with very broad processes separated by an incision, long cylindrical cerci, with a pre-apical inner spine. Colour of lateral lobes of the pronotum greyish bordered with a whitish stripe. Diagnosis. Tenth tergite of male with very broad anal segment, rounded cerci and short ovipositor are useful characters to separate Roeseliana from Metrioptera and Bicolorana Zeuner, 1941; with the latter Roeseliana shares the female subgenital plate not touching the ovipositor. Ovipositor— Figs. 1–2, Table 2 The shape of the ovipositor is fairly variable, but we could find taxa/populations with fine ovipositor (R. pylnovi, R. roeselii, R. azami minor from Lombardy, Piedmont and Emilia-Romagna, R. ambitiosa), and those with deeper ovipositor (R. azami, R. azami minor from Tuscany and Marche, R. brunneri and R. bispina). However, the ovipositor angle resulted also variable in the different taxa/populations, smaller in R. pylnovi, R. oporina, R. azami, R. azami minor from Lombardy, Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany, R. brunneri and R. bispina, bigger in others, namely R. roeselii, R. azami minor from Marche and R. ambitiosa. Stridulatory file— Fig. 3, Table 2 We describe preliminary the stridulatory file of different taxa/populations, that are very similar in their structure (Fig. 3). The length is ca. 1.2 mm, while the depth may range from 0.20 to 0.35 mm. Stridulatory file is a little arched, the total number of teeth ranges between 40 and 80 (R. brunneri: ca. 70–80 with 15 central larger; R. azami minor from Tuscany: ca. 50 with 15 central larger; R. azami minor from Piedmont: ca. 40, with 15 central larger; R. azami: ca. 45, more or less of the same size; R. roeselii: ca. 50, with 12–13 central larger teeth; R. ambitiosa: ca. 50 with at least 40 teeth of more or less the same size and a few very small teeth in the proximal part; R. bispina: ca. 60, more or less of the same size; R. pylnovi: ca. 50, with 12–13 central larger). Generally, the stridulatory file in its proximal part bears very small teeth (about 15–20), dense, decreasing in size and evenly spaced, the central part is composed of ca. 12–15 widely spaced larger teeth (with some exceptions, like in R. azami, R. bispina and R. ambitiosa), the distal part is composed of about 8–10 very small teeth. The differences are noted in Table 2. Female subgenital plate— Figs. 8, 9, Table 2 The ratio length to width of the female subgenital plate resulted to be maximum in R. pylnovi (2.8), followed by that of R. roeselii (2.0–2.1), R. azami minor from Marche (2.1–2.2), R. oporina (1.8), R. azami minor from Lombardy, Piedmont and Emilia–Romagna (1.8–2.2), R. brunneri (1.7–1.9), R. azami (1.7), R. azami minor from Tuscany (1.7), R. bispina (1.7) and R. ambitiosa (1.5). However, other differences in the shape of the apical tips of the subgenital plate are evident., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 356-357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886, {"references":["Zeuner, F. E. (1941) The classification of the Decticinae hitherto included in Platycleis Fieb. or Metrioptera Wesm. (Orthoptera, Saltatoria). Transactions Royal entomological Society London, 91, 1 - 50, figs. 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1941. tb 03001. x","Massa, B. & Fontana, P. (2011) Supraspecific taxonomy of Palaearctic Platycleidini with unarmed prosternum: a morphological approach (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae). Zootaxa, 2837 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2837.1.1"]}

Roeseliana oporina (Bolívar, 1887) Figs. 2d, 5k, 6c, 8d, 10, 23g Bolívar, 1887. An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., 16: 108 (Platycleis oporina); type locality and depository: Spain, Cuenca, Uclés near Saelices, Castillo de Castillejo (MNCN, Madrid). Material examined. Spain, Uclés (lectotypus ♁) (MNCN). Remarks. R. oporina was described in Platycleis, but Zeuner (1941) moved it to Roeseliana; Harz (1969) listed it in Metrioptera, subgenus Roeseliana, Massa & Fontana (2011) in Metrioptera. Only recently R. oporina was rediscovered and described again by Gutiérrez-Rodríguez & García-París (2016), who established definitively that it is belongs to Roeseliana. Morphological characters suggest that it is related to R. azami, but not to R. roeselii. R. oporina has male titillators not much apically hooked, with only small apical spines, the female subgenital plate is similar to that of R. azami, but male cerci are a little similar to those of R. roeselii. The lectotype has tegmina covering the abdomen, while specimens depicted by Gutiérrez-Rodríguez & García-París (2016) are more brachypterous. See also Tables 2 and 4. Distribution. Cuenca region (Spain)., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on page 367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1887) Especies nuevas o criticas de Ortopteros. Anales Sociedad espanola Histpria natural, 16, 89 - 114. [http: // bibdigital. rjb. csic. es / ing / Libro. php? Libro = 1152]","Zeuner, F. E. (1941) The classification of the Decticinae hitherto included in Platycleis Fieb. or Metrioptera Wesm. (Orthoptera, Saltatoria). Transactions Royal entomological Society London, 91, 1 - 50, figs. 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1941. tb 03001. x","Harz, K. (1969) Die Orthopteren Europas I. Series Entomologica, 5, 1 - 749. [http: // books. google. com / books? id = lK 5 NZrudROMC] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 2511 - 8 _ 1","Massa, B. & Fontana, P. (2011) Supraspecific taxonomy of Palaearctic Platycleidini with unarmed prosternum: a morphological approach (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae). Zootaxa, 2837 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2837.1.1","Gutierrez-Rodriguez, J. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2016) Rediscovery of the ghost bush-cricket Roeseliana oporina (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in Central Spain. Journal Insect Conservation, 20, 149 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10841 - 016 - 9846 - 1"]}

Roeseliana n. sp. Lemonnier-Darcemont & Darcemont, in press. Figs. 22d, 23d Lemonnier-Darcemont & Darcemont, in press. Zoosystema; type locality and depository: Mazarakia, Epirus, Greece (MNHN, Paris). Remarks. The description of this species has been proposed when we finished our revision and we were not able to examine specimens; however, thanks to the courtesy of Michèle Lemonnier-Darcemont it was possible to examine some photographs and to provide biometrics. Measurements. Male. Body length: 19.5; pronotum: 6.5; tegmina: 9.5; hind femur: 17.5. Female. Body length: 24.5; pronotum: 6.5; tegmina: 7.5; hind femur: 21; ovipositor: 8.5. Male differs from Roeseliana oporina by the shape of cerci and of titillators, from R. bispina by the width of the base of the apical tooth of the cerci, from R. ambitiosa and R. azami by the shape of titillators and the arrangement of their spines, from R. brunneri by the shape of the last tergite. By their last tergite largely indented with narrow and pointed lobes at their extremity, they are however close to R. azami, to R. oporina and to R. ambitiosa. The internal tooth of the male cerci is short and placed at ¾ of the cerci, it is barely wider at its base than at the apex as R. ambitiosa, R. brunneri, R. oporina and R. azami. The shape of titillators is similar to that R. bispina, but with a different number and arrangement of spines. The shape of the female subgenital plate is intermediate between that of R. oporina and R. azami but with a much shallower incision and a less pronounced central keel (Lemonnier-Darcemont & Darcemont in press)., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on page 366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886

Roeseliana fedtschenkoi (Saussure, 1874) Figs. 6e, 10 Saussure, 1874. Mém. Soc. Sci. nat. Antrop. Ethnogr. Univ. Moscou, 11: 45 (Decticus (Platycleis) fedtschenkoi); type locality and depository: Uzbekistan, Maracanclam et prope Bairakum ad flumen Jaxartem (Samarkand, Syr Daria) (syntypus, ZMUM). Found near Samarkand on June 8, 1869 (larva) and May 17, 1871 in Bayrakum. Brown-green or yellowish-green color. The head is wide, smooth; the top of vertex is broad and blunt, on its sides above the eyes there is a horizontal brown stripe, separated or bordered by a yellowish line, extending from the eyes; vertex is decorated with three pale longitudinal lines, from which the lateral lines follow the edges of the brown stripes. The antennae are dark, green at the base. Mesothorax width the same as its length; the upper surface of mesothorax is wide, flat, slightly convex at the front end, slightly concave in the middle; the middle lobe is very weakly expressed, the lateral lobes are blunt; the rear edge is cut off, slightly turned upwards; the folded edge comes onto the lateral lobes of pronotum; the latter is bordered by a whitish stripe and decorated with irregular brown spots (or the area along the lobes and along the edges of the lobes is brown); rear part of side lobes of pronotum is blunt cut. The colour is green-brown or yellow-green. The head is broad and smooth; the apex of the head is broad and obtuse; on the sides, above the eyes, there is a horizontal brown stripe which divides a yellowish stripe or surrounds it, there are three pale lines running along the brown stripe, of these, the lateral ones reach the ends of the brown stripe. Width of the front part of the thorax equal to the length; the upper surface is broad and flat, slightly convex in the fore margin and slightly concave in the middle; the lobe of the middle is not very pronounced, the lateral lobes are a little obtuse, the hind edge is truncated, slightly raised; this raised edge joins with the lateral keels; in the anterior part of the pronotum there is a pale line with irregular brown flecks; the posterior edge of the lateral keels is cut obtusely at the point where they go towards the posterior side of the anterior part of the pronotum. Tegmina red-yellow, rounded at the apex, cover the entire abdomen except its three posterior segments; the veins of the elytra are brown, with the exception of a green “shoulder” vein, which is arcuately curved and gives five brown branches near its middle. The tympanum is poorly developed, the stridulatory file is poorly developed and is covered in the anterior part by the pronotum; the mirror is not closed, it has only the outer vein. The wings are rudimentary. The legs and body are concolourous. The hind femora are adorned with a longitudinal brown stripe. The ventral side of abdomen is pale. The supra-anal plate is incised with an oblong impression in the form of A on its surface; this depression is narrow, rounded-blunt at the apex, surrounded by hairs, has prominent sharp edges; the supra-anal plate is deeply incised at the apex. This notch has almost the same shape as the depression on the surface of the plate; the corners of the edges of the notch continue into triangular tongue-like spines. The cerci are long, somewhat protruding from the stylet-like processes of the subgenital plate; on their apical third, they are each armed with one sausage-like process, which apex is black. The subgenital plate is large, with an impression at its base, equipped with three strongly developed ribs, rounded at the free edge and incised in the form of V. The cerci are long, a little protruding from the plate cavity, in the distal third there is a black spine. Remarks. Saussure (1874) wrote that tegmina cover the entire abdomen, excluding three posterior segments, tegmina of the syntypes cover only one third of abdomen (Fig. 10). In addition, Saussure (1874) compared the species with Platycleis brevipennis (Charpentier, 1825) (currently synonym of R. roeselii), pointing out that R. fedtschenkoi is larger, has shorter tegmina, supra-anal plate of different shape and less developed tympanum. Later, Stshelkanovtzev (1907) recorded another male from Sossyur (Turkmenistan) and described the female from Lake Balkhash (Turkmenistan), pointing out that it was similar to R. roeselii, with tegmina apex less obtuse, shorter ovipositor, bigger size, but the subgenital plate very similar to that of R. roeselii. Thanks to the kindness of A. Gorochov, O. Korsunovskaya, V. Savitsky, and A. Ozerov we were able to examine the photo of the supra-anal plate of the syntype (Figs. 6e, 10), finding that it is very similar to that of R. pylnovi, including the male titillators, apically hooked, but different from R. roeselii, whose titillators are differently shaped. All authors agree with the validity of this taxon, with the exception of Heller (1988), who has considered it synonymous with R. roeselii (see above, R. roeselii). Tarbinsky (1932) considered R. pylnovi synonym of R. fedtschenkoi; indeed, in many museums there are specimens from Caucasian area identified as R. fedtschenkoi. According to Ĝtz (1969), R. fedtschenkoi (vasilii included), R. pylnovi, R. ambitiosa, R. azami, and R. minor constitute a ‘Rassenkreis’, a ring of neighbouring populations that exhibit a pattern of geographical replacement of one type by another. However, he treated vasilii, pylnovi, ambitiosa, minor and azami as subspecies of fedtschenkoi, without having studied specimens of true R. fedtschenkoi. Stolyarov (2005) followed the same arrangement. More recently, Chobanov & Mihajlova (2010) and Iorgu et al. (2013) treated R. fedtschenkoi as a subspecies of R. roeselii. See R. roeselii, Tables 2 and 4. The song of R. fedtschenkoi is presently unknown. Distribution. This species has been described from Uzbekistan, later it was collected in Turkmenistan, and probably it is restricted to the East Asia, while in West Asia and North Europe it is replaced by R. pylnovi and R. roeselii. According to Stolyarov (2005) it should be present also in Azerbaijan, Dashkesan, but specimens from this country could eventually belong to R. pylnovi., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 362-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886, {"references":["Saussure, H. de. (1874) Orthopteres. In: Voyage au Turkestan de A. P. Fedtschenko. Tome II. Recherches zoogeographiques, Vme partie. Memoires Societe imperiale amis des Sciences naturelles, d'Anthropologie et d'Ethnographie attache a l'Universite de Moscou, 11, pp. 1 - 52. [in Russian]","Stshelkanovtzev, J. P. (1907) Orthopteres recueillis sur les rives du lac Balkhash et du fleuve Ili par l'expedition envoyee au lac Balkhasch en 1903 [in Russian]. Annuaire Musee zoologique Academie des sciences St. Petersbourg, 12, 373 - 387. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 36241 # page / 535 / mode / 1 up]","Heller, K. - G. (1988) Bioakustik der europaischen Laubheuschrecken. Okologie Forschung Anwendung, 1, 1 - 358.","Tarbinsky, S. P. (1932) A contribution to our knowledge of the orthopterous insects of U. S. S. R. Bulletin Leningrad Institute Controlling Farm Forest Pests, 2, 181 - 205. [in Russian, with English descriptions]","Stolyarov, M. V. (2005) New data on distribution and taxonomy of the Orthoptera from Caucasus. 1. Stenopelmatoidea and Tettigonioidea. Trudy Russkago Entomologicheskago Obshchestva [= Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae], St. Petersburg, 76, 62 - 71.","Chobanov, D. P. & Mihajlova, B. (2010) Orthoptera and Mantodea in the collection of the Macedonian Museum of Natural History (Skopje) with an annotated check-list of the groups in Macedonia. Articulata, 25 (1), 73 - 107. [http: // www. dgfo-articulata. de / articulata / 2010 _ 25 - 1 / Articulata _ 25 - 1 % 20 Chobanov-Mihajlova. pdf]","Iorgu, I. S., Stahi, N. & Iorgu, E. I. (2013) The Orthoptera (Insecta) from middle and lower Prut River Basin. Travaux Museum national Histoire naturelle´Grigore Antipa \", 56 (2), 157 - 171. [http: // www. travaux. ro / web / pdf / 56 % 282 % 29 - TMNHNGA- 157 - 171. pdf] https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / travmu- 2013 - 0012"]}

Roeseliana fedtschenkoi vasilii (Götz, 1969) Ĝtz, 1969. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 45: 157 (Metrioptera fedtschenkoi vasilii); type locality and depository: Romania, Negresti, Moldau (SMTD, Dresden). Remarks. Ĝtz (1969) described this taxon from Romania as subspecies of R. fedtschenkoi, and considered it related to pylnovi, ambitiosa, minor and azami. Examination of the drawings of the titillators and the female subgenital plate of this taxon by Ĝtz (1969) shows that it is undoubtedly related to R. roeselii, but the female subgenital plate is similar to that of R. ambitiosa. Distribution. Romania; according to Ĝtz (1969) in Bulgaria a mixed population roeselii-vasilii may be found., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886

Roeseliana bispina (Bolívar, 1899) Figs. 1d, 3d, 5n, 7f, 8f, 11 Bolívar, 1899. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, 43: 602 (Platycleis roeseli variety bispina); type locality and depository: Turkey, Marach (MNCN, Madrid). Material examined. Turkey, Marach (holotype ♁) (MNCN); Turkey, Kilia (1♀); Turkey, Smyrne, Brunner (1♁); Turkey, Smyrne, Kordelia, Brunner (3♀) (NMW); Turkey, Kütahya, Ikizhüyük (950 m) 21.VII.2003, M. Ünal (1♁, 1♀) (MUPC). Remarks. R. bispina was described by Bolívar (1899) as Platycleis roeseli var. bispina, characterized by stout head and differences in the subgenital plate of the female, which has a broad concavity. Zeuner (1941) raised the taxon to species level within Roeseliana. This was followed by Harz (1969) and Massa & Fontana (2011). Heller (1988) considered it as synonymous with R. roeselii and Ünal (1999, 2006, 2018) listed it as Metrioptera (Roeseliana) bispina, recording some new localities from north Turkey. Morphological characters (see also Table 2 and 4) allow to separate it from other eastern (like R. fedtshenkoi, R. pylnovi) and western taxa (like R. brunneri, R. azami minor and R. azami). Male titillators are little curved, slender and nearly unarmed, with only few small apical spines (Fig. 5n). Distribution. Turkey, recorded from north Macedonia by Karaman (1975)., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 374-375, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1899) Orthopteres du voyage de M. Martinez Escalera dans L'Asie mineure. Annales Societe entomologique Belgique, 43, 583 - 607. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 110227 # page / 589 / mode / 1 up]","Zeuner, F. E. (1941) The classification of the Decticinae hitherto included in Platycleis Fieb. or Metrioptera Wesm. (Orthoptera, Saltatoria). Transactions Royal entomological Society London, 91, 1 - 50, figs. 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1941. tb 03001. x","Harz, K. (1969) Die Orthopteren Europas I. Series Entomologica, 5, 1 - 749. [http: // books. google. com / books? id = lK 5 NZrudROMC] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 2511 - 8 _ 1","Massa, B. & Fontana, P. (2011) Supraspecific taxonomy of Palaearctic Platycleidini with unarmed prosternum: a morphological approach (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae). Zootaxa, 2837 (1), 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2837.1.1","Heller, K. - G. (1988) Bioakustik der europaischen Laubheuschrecken. Okologie Forschung Anwendung, 1, 1 - 358.","Unal, M. (1999) Notes on Orthoptera of western Turkey, with description of a new genus and four new species. Journal Orthoptera Research, 8, 243 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503441","Unal, M. (2006) Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) from Turkey and the Middle East. Transactions american entomological Society, 132 (1 - 2), 157 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [157: TOFTAT] 2.0. CO; 2","Unal, M. (2018) Tettigoniinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Turkey with key to genera and description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4432 (1), 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4432.1.1","Karaman, M. S. (1975) Taksonomska, zoogeografska i ekoloska studija Ortopteroidea skopske kotline. M. S. Karaman Edition, Pristina, 156 pp."]}

Roeseliana roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822) Figs. 1a, 3e, 4, 5i, 5j, 6b, 8b, 10, 22h, 23c, 24a, 24b, 24c, 24d Hagenbach, 1822. Symbola faunae insectorum Helvetiae exhibentia vel species novas vel nondum depictas, 39 (Locusta roeselii); type locality and depository: Basel, Switzerland (lost?). Material examined. Check Republic, Král Sneznik 17.VIII.1951 (1♁, 4♀ holopterous); Check Republic, Horni Lipka, Hormale 31.VIII.1951 (6♁); Check Republic (80♁, 120♀); Austria, Car. Maria Rain 15.IX.1956, J. Mucha (3♁, 3♀) (NMP); Check Republic, Zabrodi 6.VIII.1952, Cejchan (1♁); same data 4.VIII.1960 (1♁, 1♀); Check Republic, H. Vlitaviche, Sum VIII.1951, Cejchan (1♀); Slovenia, Ljublyana 23.VII.1065, F. Willemse (1♁, 1♀); Switzerland, Strada, San Niclà (1400m) 26.IX.1961 (1♁, 1♀); Bosnia and Erzegovina, Gacko, Tientiste 30.VIII.1975, A. Messina (2♁, 10♀); Bosnia and Erzegovina, Gacko, Camerno 28.VIII.1975, A. Messina (2♁, 3♀); Bosnia and Erzegovina, Partizanske Vode, Titovo U. 31.VII.1975, A. Messina (1♁); Romania, Sibiu, Scoreiu 6.VIII.1975, A. Messina & V. Nobile (6♁, 2♀); Romania, Caransebes, Muntele 12.VIII.1975, A. Messina (4♁, 5♀); Slovenia, Postumia 13.IX.1980, F. Lombardo (15♁, 16♀); Italy, Friuli, Tarvisio 11.VIII.1968, Sichel (3♁, 18♀); France, Lyon, Pontaneveaux 18.VIII.1966, V. Nobile (2♀); France, St. Aventin, Luchon 15.VIII.1977, A. Messina (1♁) (MSNM, coll. M. La Greca); Slovenia, Podravska, Pesnica, Vukovje 17.VI.2010, M. Bardiani (1♁) (CNBFVR); USA, Vermont, Stowe Valley 23.VIII.1988, B. Baccetti (2♁, 3♀); USA, Vermont, Bolton Valley 21–22.VIII.1988, B. Baccetti (4♁, 3♀); Germany, Titisee 23.VIII.1991, B. Baccetti (1♁, 1♀); Poland, Bialowicza 5.VII.1990, B. Baccetti (1♁, 3♀); Switzerland, Graecken 25.VIII.1959, D. Guiglia (2♁, 3♀); Poland, Polnisch Neudorf bei Steinkirche Schles 4.IX.1894, Brunner (1♁, 1♀); Netherlands, Kerkrade 1940, C. Willemse (1♁, 1♀); Finland, Åland Is., Al Finstrom, Pålsböle 24.VIII.1943, H. Lindberg (1♁); Italy, Trentino, Folgaria 16.VIII.1962, A. Galvagni (5♁, 6♀) (MSNG); Italy, Trentino, Costa di Folgaria 9.VI.1968, A. Galvagni (1♁, 1♀); Italy, Trentino, Folgaria, Torbiera Echen 24.VII.1995, P. Fontana (1♁, 1♀); Italy, Trentino, Val Pusteria, Gais 17–22.VII.1994, B. Massa (7♁, 5♀); Italy, Trentino, Sesto 20.VII.1992, B. Massa (1♀); Austria, Lienz 17.VII.1992, B. Massa (1♀); Check Republic, Bohemia Kocourov 27.VII.2003, K. Svec (1♀ holopterous); Germany, Bayreuth-Gees 25–27.VII.2022, B. Massa (2♁, 3♀) (BMPC); Italy, Friuli, Tarvisio, Camporosso 16.VII.1993, P. Fontana (5♁, 5♀, 1 ♁ holopterous); Italy, Friuli, Foresta di Tarvisio 26.VIII.1982, A. Battisti (1♀); Italy, Trentino, Folgaria, Torbiera Echen 30.VII.1994, P. Fontana (3♁, 4♀); Italy, Trentino, Passo Stelvio (Bolzano) 2.IX.1998, P. Fontana (1♀ holopterous); Hungary, Matra Mts, Kekes 1.IX.1995, P. Fontana (1♀) (MCR, coll. P. Fontana); Italy, Veneto, Asiago (1315m) 1.VIII.2018, F. Marangoni (2♁, 3♀ holopterous, 1♀ brachypterous) (FMPC); Italy, Trentino, Tarvisio, Torbiera Sochezza 2.IX.2001, G. Colombetta (1♀); same data 8.VII.2001, A. Cogo & F. Buzzetti (1♁ holopterous); Italy, Veneto, Padola (Belluno) 21.VII.2002, P. Fontana & P. Tirello (1♁, 1♀) (MCR, Coll. F. Buzzetti); Italy, Trentino, Piana del Preval, Zegla (Cormons, Gorizia), (52m) 22.VI.2014 (3♁, 3♀), F. Tami (FTPC); France, Savigny sur Orge (1♁); France, Bagnères de Luchon 19.VIII.1888 (1♁); France Saumur 18.VII.1888 (1♀); France, High Pyrenées (1♁); France, Pyrenées, Luchon (3♁, 1♀); France, Corrèze VII.1986, J. Cools (1♁, 5♀); France, St. Agnant 3.IX.1980 (1♁); France, Planaseau 15.IX.1982 (1♁); France, High Rhine, Thannenkirch 4.IX.1983 (1♁); France, High Rhine, Horodberg 7.IX.1983 (1♀); France, Cantal Mandailles-St. Julien Benech (978 m), J. Cools (10♁, 7♀); France, Puy de Dome VIII.1922 (1♁ holopterous, 1♀ holopterous); Switzerland, Breitenbach 5.IX.1983 (1♁); Switzerland (1♁); Austria (1♁, 2♀); Germany (3♁, 2♀); Slovenia, Maribor 29.VII.1967, L. Allaer (1♁) (RBINS). Remarks. When Hagenbach (1822) described R. roeselii from a female specimen from Basel (Switzerland) (Fig. 4), he wrote that tegmina were 1/3 long as abdomen. However, R. roeselii occurs with holopterous males and females with a variable frequency, mainly in the north of its distribution; e.g., Szanyi et al. (2014) found a high frequency (≤ 53%) of holopterous individuals of R. roeselii in some meadows surrounded by forests of Hungary. R. roeselii is the most easily diagnosable species from a morphological point of view. It is the only species with titillators without arched tips with small apical spines and a narrow male supragenital plate (Figs. 5i–5j, 6b); in addition, the female subgenital plate is very deeply incised with two sharp apices (Fig. 8b; see also Ĝtz 1969). Male cerci and female subgenital plate are more similar to those of R. pylnovi than to those of south European taxa. In particular the shape of cerci shows a long apically pointed part and an inner backwards and pointed spine (Fig. 6b). The south European taxa of Roeseliana differ clearly from R. roeselii. According to Heller (1988), R. fedtschenkoi is synonymous with R. roeselii. See also R. fedtschenkoi. However, according to Heller et al. (1998) while the South European forms formerly included in Metrioptera fedtschenkoi belong to R. roeselii, this may be not true for all of the South East European and especially the Caucasian and central Asian forms. However, most authors agree with the validity of the two taxa R. fedtschenkoi and R. roeselii and consider both polytypic species. We were able to examine only the photos of the syntype of R. fedtschenkoi, and we found that the latter is different from R. roeselii. However, authors who have cited R. fedtschenkoi really examined specimens collected in countries different from the typical area of the species (Uzbekistan-Turkmenistan) and this may be the reason of some misinterpretation. For characters of R. roeselii see also Tables 2 and 3. Distribution. Wide areas of the Palaearctic region (Galvagni 2001); it has been introduced in Canada, Montreal and Ville St. Laurent in 1950; since then its range has increased in Ontario and Quebec, and into the United States as far as Illinois (Vickery et al. 1975, Capinera et al. 2004), where now it is rather frequent. It also has spread in North Europe; according to Kaňuch et al. (2013), due to the limited ability of R. roeselii to cross geographical barriers through active dispersal, it is very much probable that transport of eggs potentially occurred with agricultural products, and consequently at least some of the isolated populations originated from human-mediated introductions rather than natural dispersal. It is present from lowland to high elevations., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 358-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886, {"references":["Hagenbach, J. J. (1822) Symbola faunae insectorum Helvetiae exhibentia vel species novas vel nondum depictas. Societas Naturalis Scrut. Helvetica Sodali, 1, I - VI + 1 - 48, 15 pls. [http: // publikationen. ub. uni-frankfurt. de / opus 4 / frontdoor / deliver / index / docId / 15803 / file / Hagenbach. pdf] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66054","Szanyi, S., Nagy, A., Racz, I. A. & Varga, Z. (2014) Contrasting patterns of macroptery in Roesel's bush cricket Metrioptera roeselii (Orthoptera, Ensifera). Estonian Journal Ecology, 63, 299 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.3176 / eco. 2014.4.07","Heller, K. - G. (1988) Bioakustik der europaischen Laubheuschrecken. Okologie Forschung Anwendung, 1, 1 - 358.","Heller, K. - G., Korsunovskaya, O., Ragge, D. R., Vedenina, V., Willemse, F., Zhantiev, R. D. & Frantsevich, L. (1998) Check-List of European Orthoptera. Articulata, 7, 1 - 61. [http: // www. zobodat. at / pdf / Articulata-BH _ 7 _ 0001 - 0061. pdf]","Galvagni, A. (2001) Gli Ortotteroidei della Val Venosta, detta anche Vinschgau (Alto Adige, Italia settentrionale) (Insecta: Blattaria, Mantodea, Orthoptera, Dermaptera). Atti Accademia roveretana Agiati, a. 251, IB, 67 - 182.","Vickery, V. R. & Kerr, G. E. (1975) Additional records of Ensifera (Gryllotpera) in Ontario. Proceedings entomological Society Ontario, 105, 96 - 100.","Capinera, J. L., Scott, R. D. & Walker, T. J. (2004) Field Guide to Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Crickets of the United States. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, vi + 249 pp.","Kanuch, P., Berggren, A. & Cassel-Lundhagen, A. (2013) Colonization history of Metrioptera roeselii in northern Europe indicates human-mediated dispersal. Journal Biogeography, 40, 977 - 987. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 12048"]}

Roeseliana pylnovi (Uvarov, 1924) Figs. 1e, 1f, 3h, 6d, 8a, 10 Uvarov 1924. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London, 71(3–4): 534 (Metrioptera pylnovi); type locality and depository: Caucasus (UMO, Oxford). Material examined. Armenia, Tavush, Dilijan 6.VII.2005, M. Kalashian (5♁, 6♀) (BMPC); Georgia, Caucasus, Bakuriany 5–10.IX.1912, E. Konig (1♁, 1♀ paratypes) (NHM) (photographed by R. Felix); Georgia, Lake Bazeleti 29.VI.2003, P. Fontana, F. Buzzetti & B. Massa (1♁); Georgia, Ananouri 20.VI.2003, P. Fontana, F. Buzzetti & B. Massa (1♁) (BMPC). Remarks. Described in the genus Metrioptera by Uvarov (1924), it was transferred to the genus Roeseliana by Zeuner (1941). Following Tarbinsky (1932) it is synonymous with R. fedtschenkoi, but Zeuner (1941) listed it as valid species. Ramme (1951) considered R. pylnovi and R. fedtschenkoi different taxa, with different shape of wings. Ĝtz (1969) pointed out that the subgenital plate of female is more incised than that of R. fedtschenkoi, but he did not list specimens of the latter species. It seems that R. pylnovi is much related to R. fedtschenkoi and R. roeselii. However, titillators are different from those of R. roeselii (Fig. 6). Instead, the supra-anal plate and cerci of the male are a slightly similar to those of R. roeselii (Fig. 6d), however, differences may be detected with the female subgenital plate, which in R. roeselii is laterally more rounded (Figs. 8a and 8b). See also Tables 2 and 4. Distribution. Caucasian region., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on page 363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7859886, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1924) Notes on the Orthoptera in the British Museum, 3. Some less known or new genera and species of subfamilies Tettigoniidae and Decticinae. Transactions Royal entomological Society London, 71 (3 - 4), 492 - 537.","Zeuner, F. E. (1941) The classification of the Decticinae hitherto included in Platycleis Fieb. or Metrioptera Wesm. (Orthoptera, Saltatoria). Transactions Royal entomological Society London, 91, 1 - 50, figs. 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1941. tb 03001. x","Tarbinsky, S. P. (1932) A contribution to our knowledge of the orthopterous insects of U. S. S. R. Bulletin Leningrad Institute Controlling Farm Forest Pests, 2, 181 - 205. [in Russian, with English descriptions]","Ramme, W. (1951) Zur Systematik, Faunistik und Biologie der Orthopteren von Sudost-Europa und Vorderasien. Mitteilungen Zoologischen Museum Berlin, 27, 1 - 431, 39 pls. [1950] https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 4830270108"]}

Cerroneuroterus apenninus (Trotter, 1923) comb. n. Figs 6���41 Neuroterus sp. Trotter, 1903 (gall). Marcellia, 2(1): 16 Neuroterus apenninus Trotter, 1923 (gall). Marcellia, 20: 100 Study material. NEOTYPE ♀: ITALY: Emilia-Romagna, Bagno di Romagna, lago Pontini ex galls on Quercus cerris, 28.X.2017, 43��50���29.3���N 12��00���12.5���E, 770m, emerged 15.XII.2018 (sample N. 3427), S. Sottile leg. (MSNG). Other material: 2♀ with the same labels as the holotype, but ���em. 28.XII.2018 ��� (N. 3423) and (N. 3424), S. Sottile leg. (GCPC); 1♀ with the same labels as the holotype ���(N. 3425)��� S. Sottile leg.; 3♀ with the same labels as the holotype, but ���em. 15.XII.2019, 2♀ preserved in ethanol, (N. 3428) and 1♀ mounted on microscope slide in Hoyer���s liquid, (N. 3429) S. Sottile leg.; 1♀ with the same labels as the holotype, but ���em. 05.01.2019 ���, (N. 3426) S. Sottile leg. (SSPC). Additional material (Collected galls) ITALY: Emilia-Romagna, Bagno di Romagna, lago Pontini ex galls on Quercus cerris, 15.IX.1998 and 6.IX.2014, 43��50���29.3���N 12��00���12.5���E, 770m, G. Pezzi leg. (GPPC and SSPC); ITALY: Campania, Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Sanza (Salerno), galls on Quercus cerris, 10.VIII.2015, 40��14���13.9���N 15��27���21.5���E, 870m, S. Sottile leg. (SSPC). Diagnosis. Asexual females of C. apenninus comb. n. resemble the asexual females of C. gyulaigaraiae and C. lanuginosus from which it differs in having transscutal articulation partially lacking and reduced to a straight short median line in dorsal view (Figs 21���23, 31); mesoscutellum rounded, not elongated, as long as broad in dorsal view (Fig. 22) while in C. gyulaigaraiae and C. lanuginosus transscutal articulation is totally lacking and mesoscutellum is elongated, longer than broad in dorsal view (Figs 43, 45). In addition, C. apenninus comb. n. differs from C. gyulaigaraiae by having metascutellum broad, nearly 2.0 times as broad as high, equal or slightly higher than height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum in posterodorsal view (Fig. 40); forewing 1.8 times as long as body; antenna with 12 flagellomeres nearly equal to body length while in C. gyulaigaraiae metascutellum is narrow, nearly as high as broad and 3.0���4.0 times as high as height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum (Fig. 44); forewing is slightly longer than body; antenna with 13 flagellomeres slightly longer than half of body. Finally, adult females of the asexual generation of C. apenninus comb. n. are 1.6���1.8 mm; frons and vertex delicately alutaceous; propleuron alutaceous, smooth and glossy and latero-median and median area of pronotum alutaceous while in C. lanuginosus asexual generation adults are 2.6���3.0 mm in length; frons and vertex uniformly coriaceous; propleuron coriaceous with distinct irregular wrinkles, latero-median and median area of pronotum coriaceous. Description. ASEXUAL FEMALE. Head dark brown, mandibles light brown, maxillary palps and labial palps yellowish; antennae brown; eyes black. Mesosoma brown, legs yellow-amber except for brown coxae, femura, Ts5 and tarsal claws. Metasoma dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins yellow-brown to brown. Body length 1.6���1.8 mm. Head nearly 1.2 times as broad as high in anterior view, 2.5 times as broad as long in dorsal view; frons and vertex delicately alutaceous, except for interocellar area delicately coriaceus, with very rare white setae and small impression below median ocellus, eyes long with very rare minute setae. Lower face coriaceous with scattered piliferous point only on the central part, covered by sparse setae, with elevated median area; malar space delicately coriaceous, without malar sulcus and striae (Fig. 15). Clypeus small, smooth, rounded, slightly sinuous, trapezoid ventral margin projecting over mandibles, marked by prominent epistomal sulcus, and with sparse setae or with piliferous point (Fig 18); anterior tentorial pits and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, shallow, ventrally emarginated and deeply incised medially. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in front view, covered in sparse setae. Occiput alutaceous to delicately coriaceous with few white setae; postgena alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with rare white setae; area around occipital foramen impressed, devoid of setae. Postocciput around occipital foramen impressed; posterior tentorial pits large, ovate, deep; occipital foramen very slightly shorter than height of postgenal bridge, which is nearly 1.3 times shorter than length of oral foramen; gula smooth, glossy, narrowed in lower half; gular sulci weakly impressed, touching one another in the lower half of gula and curved outwards in the upper half (Fig. 17); median sulcus of postgenal bridge with very delicate longitudinal striae. Malar space short, 0.2 times as long as height of compound eye. Transfacial distance 1.0���1.1 times as long as height of eye and 1.6 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and tip of clypeus); diameter of torulus slightly greater than the distance between them; distance between torulus and inner margin of eye nearly 1.6 times diameter of torulus. Ocelli elliptical in shape, elevated over dorsal margin of head; POL 1.1 times as long as OOL; OOL 2.6 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4 times as long as LOL. Inner margins of eyes nearly parallel. Labial palpus 3���segmented, maxillar palpus 4���segmented. Antenna filiform, with 12 flagellomeres (Fig. 16), nearly equal to body length, with dense long white setae on scape, pedicel and first eight flagellomeres gradually shorter in the last four segments; pedicel as long as broad, antenna increasing in thickness from F1 to F12, pedicel and scape 3.3 times broader than F1, 2.5 times than F2���F5, 2.0 times than F6���F8, 1.7 times than F9���F12; scape + pedicel nearly equal in length than F1, which is 1.2���1.3x longer than F2; F2���F4 nearly equal in length; F4 1.2x longer than F5; F5 slightly longer than F6 or F7; subsequent flagellomeres F8��� F11 gradually decreasing in length; F12 1.7���1.8x longer than F11; placodeal sensilla present on F3���F12. Mesosoma very high, only 1.1���1.15 times as long as high. Pronotum glossy, with very few long white setae along antero-lateral edge and near pronotal spiracle, rare in other parts; anterior rim of pronotum narrow, emarginate; transverse pronotal sulcus present, deep with very few delicate striae near posteroventral corner of pronotum; posterolateral pronotal area, latero-median and median area of pronotum alutaceous without rugae (Figs 25���26, 28). Propleuron alutaceous, smooth, glossy with sparse setae slightly concave in mediocentral part. Mesoscutum smooth, glossy, with rare white setae along its lateral margin and rare adnotaular setae; 1.15 times as broad as long from above (width measured across base of tegulae); notauli complete, deeply impressed posteriorly and superficial in anterior half (Figs 21, 23); median mesoscutal line absent; antero-admedian line not impressed, faintly visible in antero-dorsal view of mesosoma, parapsidal lines absent; parascutal carina narrow, anteriorly reaching notauli, mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus not sculptured. Transscutal articulation reduced to a short and straight superficially median line; mesoscutum fused with the mesoscutellum with boundary between these structures that does not follow the transscutal articulation but slightly curved (Figs 21���22). Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae), nearly as long as broad from dorsal view, rounded, not elongated, emarginated laterally and posteriorly, entirely and uniformly smooth and glossy, with sparse long white setae, slightly overhanging metanotum; the part which overhangs metanotum is areolate-rugose along lateral and posterior sides (visible in posteroventral view in Fig. 32). Scutellar foveae in a form of narrow transverse groove anteriorly, more impressed than disk of mesoscutellum separated by a very weak central carina with smooth and glossy bottom with very few delicate wrinkles (Fig. 22). Mesopleural triangle glossy with some delicate irregular short wrinkles and few white setae. Mesopleuron and speculum entirely smooth, glossy and glabrous with very rare short white setae concentrated only close to the mesocoxal foramen. Pleurosternum smooth, glossy, with very delicatee short wrinkles near mesocoxal foramina; acetabular carina indistinct, epicnemia broad, finely alutaceous-imbricate (Fig. 27). Metapleural sulcus distinct reaching mesopleuron in the upper 1/3 of its height; preaxilla smooth and glossy with few delicate rugae; dorsal axillar area smooth and glossy with sparse long setae, lateral axillar area smooth, glossy without setae; axillar carina broad, with longitudinal striae; axillula ovate smooth to delicate alutaceous and glossy without setae; subaxillular bar broad, smooth and glossy, at posterior end 1.5 times higher than height of metanotal trough; propodeal spiracle very slightly elevated, ovate. Metascutellum trapezoidal, smooth and glossy, equal or slightly higher than height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum, which is smooth; metanotal trough smooth, glossy, without setae. Lateral propodeal carinae hardly traceable, indicated by some fragmented carinae curved outwards in the middle (Figs 31���33), central propodeal area glabrous, smooth, glossy, without median propodeal vertical carina and with very few and delicate short wrinkles only near dorsal propodeal margin; lateral propodeal area smooth, glossy, with delicate irregular wrinkles and sparse white setae; nucha very short. Forewing pubescent, hyaline, very weakly clouded around veins, 1.8 times as long as body, with distinct brown veins and very long marginal cilia; radial cell open, 6.2 times as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin and extending along it; first abscissa of radius (2r) strongly curved, 2r���m straight; areoles distinct, triangular and large; 2r���m not extending along M vein; Rs + M distinct, reaching basal vein in the lower half (Fig. 29). Hindwing, pubescent, hyaline, with very long marginal cilia and narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for around 1/2 of its length (Fig. 30). All tarsal segments longer than broad, Ts1 the longest one; hind tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe; fore tarsomere I (Ts1) to V (Ts5) length ratio as 1.0:0.4:0.3:0.2:0.4; tibial spur long, curved inward, bifid at apex, nearly 0.35 times as long as basitarsus of foreleg (Fig. 37). Metasoma nearly 1.3 times shorter than mesosoma and nearly 1.6 times shorter than head+mesosoma. Metasoma strongly compressed laterally, 0.7 times as long as high in lateral view, smooth, glossy, with rare and scattered white setae in T2 antero-laterally (Fig. 34), all metasomal tergites and hypopygium without micropunctures; T2 occupying nearly 1/2 length of metasoma; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium extremely short, as long as broad ventrally (in some specimens very short, 2.0 times longer than broad in ventral view), with long white setae, extending beyond apex of spine but never forming a tuft (Figs 35���36). Gall (Figs 6, 8���14, 54���60). [Original description by Trotter 1903, translated from Italian] ������ This is to be considered among the most curious leaf galls of this oak (���he was referring to Quercus cerris). On the lower page of the leaf at first, you can see only a very dense felt or fluff more or less extensive, consisting of hairs of a very characteristic color, red-wine, with some fawn shades. Looking more closely, or rather to rummage through these hairs, you can see numerous, small, yellowish galls, very close to each other, ovoids transversely, at most 1 mm long, with very thin and fragile walls which are covered by the fluff mentioned above. These galls adhere to the foil, and indeed affect its entire thickness, appearing even slightly from the side of the upper page in the manner of minute brown callosity, a little wrinkled, with a diameter of just over 0.5 mm. These galls at their base, when detached, are attenuated in a very short peduncle. The hairs that cover the galls are cylindrical, twisted, very thin (20���25\x thick) attenuated at the apex, multicellular, sometimes a little strangled at the septa, or even made up of cell segments of unequal thickness (fig. 7). The hairs are about 3���5 mm long, therefore much more than the gall. Even if these galls had already been collected for several years, it was not possible for me to observe the producer, which I certainly ascribe to the cynipids and probably, for reasons of analogy, to the gen. Neuroterus. A Chiusdino (Tuscany) September 26, 1895, G. Cuboni; Leonessa, September 1895 C. Rodriguez���. In addition, we have counted from 80 to 200 small galls coalescent in the ���islands��� of fluff in a single leaf, most of which generally without larvae; the wall of the larval chamber is thick at the beginning of development (Fig. 13) and becomes thinner to maturity (Fig. 14) as the nutritive tissue is consumed. The long cylindrical multicellular hairs with a diameter greater at the septa (Figs 59, 60) cover the single galls and keep them together piled up on the leaf lamina. At the same time, they protect the galls from the attack of inquilines and parasitoids, as done by accessory and defensive structures present in the galls of other cynipids. Similar galls. Asexual generation galls of Cerroneuroterus apenninus comb. n. belong to the group of ���cotton or woolly gall��� (e.g. Andricus quercusramuli (Linnaeus, 1761) sexual generation and also Cynips korsakovi Belizin, 1961 asexual generation) whose larval chambers are coalescent in the ���islands��� of fluff and completely hidden among the hair. The only similar galls of C. apenninus comb. n. are the galls of Cynips korsakovi Belizin, 1961, but differ in the spherical shape of the larval chambers, which are instead pyriform in C. korsakovi; in addition, the galls of C. korsakovi develop on Quercus section oaks. Galls of similar species. The galls of the similar species C. lanuginosus and C. gyulaigaraiae belong to the group of ���spangle gall��� (e.g. Neuroterus numismalis ag. and C. gyulaigaraiae) due to their flattened shape and to the presence of a navel in the center of the gall, and differ from C. apenninus comb. n. galls by the characters listed in Table 2. Biology. Only the asexual generation of C. apenninus comb. n. is known. The galls begin to develop on Q. cerris probably in early summer and during the first half of October, after completing their development, fall slightly before leaf fall so ensuring a covering of leaves and a more suitable microclimate for diapausing insects. Our data show that adults emerge one year after the full development of their galls and it could be hypothesised that a sexual generation can develop on oaks of the Quercus sect. Cerris, probably on buds or twigs. Distribution. Currently known only from Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Latium and Campania regions in Italy. The species probably occurs throughout the Apennine mountains., Published as part of Cerasa, Giuliano, Sottile, Salvatore, Massa, Bruno & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2021, Rediscovery of Cerroneuroterus apenninus (Trotter, 1923) (Hymenoptera Cynipidae: Cynipini) a valid species from Italy with description and neotype designation, pp. 399-414 in Zootaxa 4941 (3) on pages 403-411, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4941.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4595406, {"references":["Trotter, A. (1923) Miscellanee Cecidologiche VII. Le galle di Neuroterus apenninus Tr. ed il commensale Sapholytus Haimi Mayr., Marcellia. Rivista internazionale di Cecidologia, 20, 97 - 103.","Trotter, A. (1903) Nuovi Zoocecidii della Flora italiana. Marcellia. Rivista internazionale di Cecidologia, 2 (1), 7 - 20","Melika, G. (2006 b) Gall Wasps of Ukraine. Cynipidae. Vestnik zoologii, Supplement 21 (1 - 2), 1 - 300, 301 - 644.","Melika, G. (2006 a) A new species of Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 from Syria (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 67, 199 - 206."]}

Key to the Western Palaearctic Dryocosmus species 1 Females............................................................................................. 2 - Males............................................................................................. 11 2 Mesoscutellum entirely smooth and glossy or at least the central area of mesoscutellar disc up to the area proximal to the foveae always smooth and glossy; at most a very narrow strip laterally and posteriorly along emarginated edges sculptured....... 3 - Mesoscutellum entirely and uniformly coriaceous or rugose.................................................... 6 3 Scutellar foveae more or less distinct, separated by distinct median carina (Fig. 36)................................. 4 - Scutellar foveae absent, anteriorly only a transverse impression present (Fig. 38)........................... D. tavakolii 4 All metasomal tergites without micropunctures, mesopleuron without striae marking transepisternal line; axillula delicately coriaceous........................................................................................... 5 - All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures, mesopleuron with very few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line not surpassing 1/2 of mesopleuron length; axillula strongly sculptured especially at posterior end (Fig. 15); hindwing with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 24)................................................. D. destefanii, sexual 5 Pedicel and scape 1.5���1.7 times broader than flagellomeres (Fig. 37); all flagellomeres nearly of the same width; scutellar foveae subtriangular, separated by wide and short median carina, with diverging sides, this short median carina occupies 1/8 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 36)......................................................... D. destefanii, asexual - Pedicel and scape at least 2.2���2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres towards the apex broadened, F8���F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as preceding flagellomeres (Fig. 39); scutellar foveae subquadrangular, separated by distinct narrow median carina with non-diverging sides, this long median carina occupies 1/4 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 40)...... D. caspiensis 6 Gena not or inconspicuously broadened behind eye, not visible in anterior view.................................... 7 - Gena strongly broadened behind eye, easily visible in anterior view (Fig. 41).................... D. cerriphilus, asexual 7 Entire body reddish brown to light yellowish brown.......................................................... 8 - Entire body black or brownish black...................................................................... 9 8 Eye large, silvery, transfacial distance nearly equal to height of eye, body uniformly light brown to yellowish...... D. mikoi - Eye small, black, transfacial distance longer than height of eye; head and mesosoma reddish brown, metasoma darker (Fig. 42)........................................................................................ D. jungalii 9 All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk reaching mesoscutum in the center, very narrow anterior scutellar depression present only on both sides of this attachment point (Fig. 43)................................................................................................... D. kuriphilus - All metasomal tergites, including 2nd, without micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk never reaching mesoscutum; broad complete transverse anterior scutellar depression present across mesoscutellum...................................... 10 10 Mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, rugose to coriaceous, elongate, sides nearly parallel, with narrow median carina reaching mesoscutum and dividing medially smooth glossy broad anterior scutellar depression; body usually black or dark brown........................................................................................ D. mayri - Mesoscutellum as long as broad or only slightly longer than broad, dull rugose, without median carina, with rugose anteriorscutellar depression; body usually brown to reddish brown...................................... D. cerriphilus, sexual 11 Body entirely yellow, except dark brown or black head...................................................... 12 - Body black or dark brown............................................................................. 13 12 Mesoscutellum smooth, glossy, without sculpture; head black.......................................... D. jungalii - Mesoscutellum uniformly coriaceous, head brown..................................................... D. mikoi 13 Mesoscutellar disk alutaceous or very delicately coriaceous; mesopleuron uniformly smooth glossy or delicately alutaceous................................................................................................... 14 - Mesoscutellar disk uniformly coriaceous to rugose; mesopleuron smooth glossy, with delicate longitudinal striae in medioanterior part................................................................................... D. cerriphilus 14 Diameter of lateral ocellus about equal to or slightly greater than OOL (Fig. 30); all metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; malar space very short, 0.11-0.12 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 28); metasomal petiole longer than wide; hindwing with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 29)............................................. D. destefanii - Diameter of lateral ocellus at least twice OOL; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures; malar space extremely short, 0.06-0.07 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 27); metasomal petiole as long as broad......................... D. mayri, Published as part of Cerasa, Giuliano, Verde, Gabriella Lo, Caleca, Virgilio, Massa, Bruno, Nicholls, James A. & Melika, George, 2020, Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle, pp. 359-374 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 362-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3754879

Description of sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii Cerasa & Melika Figs 1���6, 8���26, 28���35 Material examined. 3 females: Italy: Sicily, Cefal�� (PA), loc. C.da Campella, ex galls on Quercus suber, 19.IV.2016, 38��1���19.06���N 13��59���15.49���E, 200m, ex pepper shaped gall, em[erged]. 20���21.IV.2016 (sample 6021), G. Cerasa leg. One specimen is deposited in the collection of Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana, Palermo, Italy, one is deposited at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ���Giacomo Doria���, Genoa, Italy, and the third in the collection of the Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (curator G. Melika). 2 males: Italy: Sicily, Cefal�� (PA), loc. C. da Campella, ex galls on Quercus suber, 19.IV.2017, 38��1���19.06���N 13��59���15.49���E, 200m, ex gall shaped pepper, em. 20���21.IV.2017 (sample 6560), G. Cerasa leg. (one deposited in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ���Giacomo Doria���, Genoa, Italy; one at the Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary); 1 male with the same label, but ���(N. 6557) G. Cerasa leg.��� (collection Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana (Palermo) Italy). Description. SEXUAL FEMALE. Head dark brown, except for brown lower face; mandibles light brown, maxillary palps and labial palps yellowish; antennae light brown, except amber scape, pedicel and F1���F2 amber to brown; eyes black. Mesosoma light brown to brown, legs yellow-amber except for dark brown Ts5 and tarsal claws. Metasoma dark brown, T2 dorsally and laterally brown, subsequent tergites dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins yellow-brown to brown. Body length 2.1���2.4 mm. Head nearly 1.2 times as broad as high in anterior view (Fig. 8), 2.3 times as broad as long in dorsal view (Fig. 14); frons, vertex and interocellar area alutaceous, with rare white setae and small impression below median ocellus, eyes long with sparse minute setae mainly located on the outer margin (Figs 8, 10). Lower face alutaceous, covered by dense setae, with elevated median area and with striae radiating from clypeo-pleurostomal line, more diffuse medially on the face and reaching the ventral margin of the antennal toruli where they are stronger; malar sulcus absent. Clypeus small, smooth, rounded, slightly sinuous, ventral margin projecting over mandibles, marked by prominent epistomal sulcus, and with rare setae; anterior tentorial pits and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, shallow, ventrally emarginated. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in front view, covered in sparse setae. Occiput alutaceous to delicately coriaceous with few white setae; postgena alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with rare white setae; area around occipital foramen impressed, devoid of setae. Postocciput around occipital foramen impressed; posterior tentorial pits distinct, elongate, deep; occipital foramen very slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge, which is nearly 1.9 times shorter than length of oral foramen; gula narrowed in lower half with very few and delicate longitudinal striae; gular sulci weakly impressed, touching one another in the lower half of gula and curved outwards in the upper half (Fig. 9). Malar space short, 0.3 times as long as height of compound eye. Transfacial distance 1.0���1.1 times as long as height of eye and 1.4 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and tip of clypeus); diameter of torulus slightly greater than the distance between them; distance between torulus and inner margin of eye nearly equal to the diameter of torulus. Ocelli elliptical in shape, elevated over dorsal margin of head; POL 1.3 times as long as OOL; OOL 3.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 2.0 times as long as LOL. Inner margins of eyes parallel. Labial palpus 3���segmented, maxillar palpus 4���segmented. Antenna filiform (Fig. 12), with 12 flagellomeres, nearly equal to body length, with short and sparse setae on all flagellomeres; pedicel as long as broad, pedicel and scape slightly (not more than 1.2���1.3 times) broader than F1���F12; scape + pedicel 1.2���1.3 times longer than F1, which is slightly longer than F2 or F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, which is 1.1���1.2 times longer than F5; F5 slightly longer than F6 or F7; subsequent flagellomeres F7��� F11 gradually decreasing in length; F12 1.7���1.8 times longer than F11; placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres and arranged in one row, hardly detectable on F1. Mesosoma very high, only 1.1���1.15 times as long as high. Pronotum glossy, with few long white setae along antero-lateral edge, rare in other parts; anterior rim of pronotum narrow, emarginate; transverse pronotal sulcus present, deep, areolate-rugose (Figs 17���18); posterolateral pronotal area with some short rugae, longer and more pronounced in the posteroventral corner of pronotum (Fig. 18); latero-median and median area of pronotum alutaceous without rugae. Propleuron alutaceous, smooth, glossy with sparse long setae, concave in mediocentral part (Fig. 20). Mesoscutum smooth, glossy, with rare white setae along its lateral margin and rare adnotaular setae; slightly broader than long from above (width measured across base of tegulae); notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line absent; antero-admedian line not impressed, faintly visible in antero-dorsal view of mesosoma (Fig. 17), parapsidal lines absent; parascutal carina broad, anteriorly reaching notauli, mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus not sculptured. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae), nearly as long as broad from dorsal view, rounded, not elongated, marginated, smooth and glossy in the central part and with few wrinkles along margins only, with rare long white setae; raised and emarginated only along lateral edges, slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae subtriangular-ellipsoidal (Fig. 13), distinctly delimited posteriorly and separated by narrow, weak central carina, deep with smooth and glossy bottom. Mesopleural triangle glossy with some delicate irregular short wrinkles and few white setae. Mesopleuron, smooth, glossy, with few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line (Figs 15, 16), anterodorsal part of mesopleuron and speculum smooth, glossy; essentially glabrous except very rare short white setae mostly concentrated close to the mesocoxal foramen. Pleurosternum smooth, glossy, with colliculate sculpture near mesocoxal foramina; acetabular carina delimiting a very narrow area laterally and with very delicate and short wrinkles adjacent to it (Fig. 20). Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in the upper 1/3 of its height with some wrinkles; preaxilla smooth and glossy; dorsal axillar area alutaceous with a few delicate rugae and sparse setae, lateral axillar area smooth, glossy with short wrinkles and without setae; axillar carina broad, with longitudinal striae; axillula strongly sculptured in posterior end; subaxillular bar triangular, narrow, smooth and glossy, at posterior end shorter than height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum trapezoidal, smooth or very delicately sculptured, straight inferiorly, equal or slightly higher than height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum, which is smooth; metanotal trough smooth, glossy, without setae, with rare very weak wrinkles, without setae. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct and percurrent, strongly curved outwards in the middle (Figs 19, 21), central propodeal area glabrous, smooth, glossy, without median propodeal vertical carina and with complexrugulose sculpture near lateral carinae; lateral propodeal area coriaceuos with irregular wrinkles and sparse white setae; nucha very short, with delicate longitudinal sulci dorsolaterally and laterally. Forewing pubescent, hyaline, very weakly clouded around veins, 1.3���1.5 times as long as body, with distinct brown veins and long marginal cilia; radial cell open, 4.5 times as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin and extending along it, Rs for more than half its length; 2 r slightly curved; areoles distinct, triangular and large; 2r-m not extending along M vein; Rs + M distinct, reaching basal vein in the lower half (Fig. 22). Hindwing, pubescent, hyaline, very weakly clouded around veins with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 24). All tarsal segments longer than broad, Ts1 the longest one; tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe; fore tarsomere I (Ts1) to V (Ts5) length ratio as 1.0:0.4:0.3:0.2:0.5; tibial spur long, curved inward, bifid at apex, nearly 0.4 times as long as basitarsus of foreleg (Fig. 32). Metasoma as long as mesosoma, about 0.8 times as long as length of head + mesosoma. Metasoma strongly compressed laterally, 0.8 times as long as high in lateral view, smooth, glossy, with rare and scattered white setae in T2 and T8 antero-laterally (Fig. 23), present at moderate density on T9 forming moderate tuft; all metasomal tergites, except T2, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, nearly 2.0���2.5 times longer than broad in ventral view, with long white setae, extending beyond apex of spine but never forming a tuft (Figs 23, 25, 26). MALE. Similar to female, but head and mesosoma completely dark brown; compound eyes bigger than in female (Fig. 28); malar space extremely short, 0.11���0.12 times as long as height of eye, transfacial distance 0.7 times as long as height of eye and nearly equal to height of lower face; diameter of toruli 1.8 times as large as distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye about half the diameter of torulus. Ocelli bigger than in female (Fig. 30); POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; OOL 0.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL. Antenna slightly longer than body, with 13 flagellomeres, F1 distally broadened, excavated in basal half (Fig. 11). Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae) elongated, 1.3 longer than broad in dorsal view, trapezoid. Hindwing similar to female with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 29). Metasoma with long petiole, longer than wide (Figs 31, 33). Body length 2.3���2.5 mm. Gall (Figs 2, 4, 5). The gall is located on apical or lateral buds of young shoots. It is plurilocular, elongate and approximately shaped like a bell pepper fruit (Fig. 2); the surface of young galls is green, smooth, glossy and sticky with apical white pale hairs and frequently has a reddish tinge. The color turns from green and plum to brown as the gall matures. Mature galls have a finely warty, non-sticky surface (Fig. 5) and are approximately 6���8 mm in length and up to 5 mm in width. Inside the gall, the ovate and yellow larval chambers (2.3���2.7 mm) are surrounded with spongy tissue which later hardens and have their major axis arranged roughly parallel to the major axis of the gall (Fig. 4). Sexual generation galls of D. destefanii are similar to the galls of D. mayri but differ in having an elongate shape rather than being approximately spherical. In addition, D. mayri galls are monolocular, sometimes gregarious, individual galls are 5���7 mm in diameter, but often form irregularly shaped clusters 15���20 mm across. Biology. Sexual generation gall development on Quercus suber begins late March and the first days of April, concomitant with the release of new leaves; the galls complete their development during the first half of April and the adults emerge during the last 10 days of the same month. As reported by Cerasa et al. (2018), the asexual generation galls begin development in May on the same host plant species, and adults emerge in August and the first half of September. Diagnosis. Sexual D. destefanii most closely resemble D. mayri. In D. destefanii sexual females, the striae radiating from clypeus are more diffuse medially on the face and reach the ventral margin of the antennal toruli where they are stronger; LOL is nearly half of OOL, malar space is short, 0.26���0.27 times as long as the height of the eye; mesopleuron with few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line; mesoscutellum rounded, not elongated, smooth and glossy in the central part; scutellar foveae subtriangular-ellipsoidal in shape; forewing 1.3���1.5 times as long as body, R1 and Rs reaching and extending along the wing margin (Rs for more than half its length); all metasomal tergites, except T2, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures. In contrast, in D. mayri sexual females the striae radiating from clypeus never reach the antennal toruli; LOL is slightly shorter than OOL; malar space very short, 0.16���0.17 times as long as height of the eye; mesopleuron without striae marking transepisternal line; mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, elongated, quadrangular or trapezoid, rugose to coriaceous in its central part; scutellar foveae rectangular; forewing longer than body, R1 nearly reaching wing margin, Rs extends slightly along margin; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures. In D. destefanii males the diameter of lateral ocellus is about equal to or slightly greater than OOL; POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; malar space very short, 0.11���0.12 times as long as height of eye; metasomal petiole longer than wide; all metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures while in D. mayri males the diameter of lateral ocellus more than twice OOL; POL 2.8 times as long as OOL; malar space extremely short, 0.06���0.07 times as long as height of eye; metasomal petiole as long as broad; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures. Distribution. Currently known only from Sicily, Italy (Cerasa et al., 2018). The sexual generation decribed here was collected from the same locality as the asexual generation described in Cerasa et al. (2018). Molecular results. A 433 base pair fragment of cytb was obtained for just the female sexual generation individual. This individual had a haplotype only one base pair different from that previously published for the asexual generation. A 544 base pair fragment of ITS2 was successfully sequenced from both sexual generation individuals and the one asexual generation individual. This gene was invariant among the three individuals. These very low levels of variation are typical of within-species variability in oak gallwasps (e.g. Nicholls et al. 2012, 2018a, Tang et al. 2016a, 2016b), and provide confirmation of the match between the sexual generation of D. destefanii described herein and the asexual generation of this species previously described by Cerasa et al. (2018). All new sequences are deposited in GenBank, accessions MN184638 ��� MN184641., Published as part of Cerasa, Giuliano, Verde, Gabriella Lo, Caleca, Virgilio, Massa, Bruno, Nicholls, James A. & Melika, George, 2020, Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle, pp. 359-374 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 363-370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3754879, {"references":["Cerasa, G., Lo Verde, G., Caleca, V., Massa, B., Nicholls, J. A. & Melika, G. (2018) Description of Dryocosmus destefanii new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Quercus suber L. in Italy. Zootaxa, 4370 (5), 535 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4370.5.5","Nicholls, J. A., Challis, R. J., Mutun, S. & Stone, G. N. (2012) Mitochondrial barcodes are diagnostic of shared refugia but not species in hybridising oak gallwasps. Molecular Ecology, 21, 4051 - 4062. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2012.05683. x","Nicholls, J. A., Melika, G., DeMartini, J. & Stone, G. N. (2018 a) New species of Dryocosmus Giraud gallwasps from California (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) galling Chrysolepis Hjelmq. (Fagaceae). Zootaxa, 4532 (3), 407 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4532.3.6","Tang, C. - T., Miko, I., Nicholls, J. A., Schweger, S., Yang, M. - M., Stone, G. N., Sinclair, F., Bozso, M., Melika, G. & Penzes, Z. (2016 a) New Dryocosmus Giraud species associated with Cyclobalanopsis and non- Quercus host plants from the Eastern Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 53, 77 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 53.9890","Tang, C. - T., Sinclair, F., Hearn, J., Yang, M. - M., Stone, G. N., Nicholls, J. A., Schweger, S. & Melika, G. (2016 b) Eight new species of Cycloneuroterus Melika & Tang gallwasps from Taiwan and mainland China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 4088 (4), 451 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4088.4.1"]}

Key to the Western Palaearctic Dryocosmus species 1 Females............................................................................................. 2 - Males.............................................................................................. 10 2 Mesoscutellum entirely smooth, glossy; at most a very narrow strip laterally and posteriorly along emarginated edges sculp- tured; disk of mesoscutellum always smooth, glossy.......................................................... 3 - Mesoscutellum entirely and uniformly coriaceous or rugose.................................................... 5 3 Scutellar foveae more or less distinct, separated by distinct median carina (Fig. 16)................................. 4 - Scutellar foveae absent, anteriorly only a transverse impression present (Fig. 32).......................... D. tavakolii 4 Pedicel and scape 1.5–1.7 times broader than flagellomeres (Fig. 15); all flagellomeres nearly of the same width; scutellar foveae subtriangular, separated by median carina wider and shorter, with diverging sides, this short median carina occupies 1/8 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 16).......................................................... D. destefanii n. sp. - Pedicel and scape at least 2.2–2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres towards the apex broadened, F8–F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as preceding flagellomeres (Fig. 30); scutellar foveae subquadrangular, separated by distinct narrow median carina with non diverging sides, this long median carina occupies 1/4 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 31)...... D. caspiensis 5 Gena not or inconspicuously broadened behind eye, not visible in anterior view................................... 6 - Gena strongly broadened behind eye, easily visible in anterior view (Fig. 33).................... D. cerriphilus, asexual 6 Entire body reddish brown to light yellowish brown......................................................... 7 - Entire body black or brownish black...................................................................... 8 7 Eye large, silvery, transfacial distance nearly equal to height of eye, body uniformly light brown to yellowish..... D. mikoi - Eye small, black, transfacial distance longer than height of eye; head and mesosoma reddish brown, metasoma darker (Fig. 34)............................................................................................ D. jungalii 8 All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk reaching mesoscutum in the center, very narrow anterior scutellar depression present only on both sides of this attachment point (Fig. 35)................................................................................................... D. kuriphilus - All metasomal tergites, including 2nd, without micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk never reaching mesoscutum; broad com- plete transverse anterior scutellar depression present across mesoscutellum....................................... 9 9 Mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, rugose to coriaceous, elongate, with nearly parallel sides, with narrow median carina reaching mesoscutum and dividing medially smooth glossy broad anterior scutellar depression; body usually black or dark brown.................................................................................... D. mayri - Mesoscutellum as long as broad or only slightly longer than broad, dull rugose, without median carina, with rugose anterior scutellar depression; body usually brown to reddish brown.................................... D. cerriphilus, sexual 10 Body entirely yellow, except dark brown or black head..................................................... 11 - Body black or dark brown............................................................................. 12 11 Mesoscutellum smooth, glossy, without sculpture; head black......................................... D. jungalii - Mesoscutellum uniformly coriaceous, head brown...................................................... D. mikoi 12 Diameter of lateral ocellus more than distance between ocellus and margin of eye; mesopleuron uniformly smooth glossy or delicately alutaceous; mesoscutellar disk alutaceous or very delicately coriaceous............................ D. mayri - Diameter of lateral ocellus less than distance between ocellus and margin of eye; mesopleuron smooth glossy, with delicate longitudinal striae in medioanterior part; mesoscutellar disk uniformly coriaceous to rugose............... D. cerriphilus

Dryocosmus destefanii Cerasa & Melika new species Figs 1–4; 9–27 Type material. HOLOTYPE female: ITALY: Sicily, Cefalù, loc. Campella, ex Quercus suber, 09.VI.2016, 38°1'19.06"N 13°59'15.49"E, 200m, ex small leaf galls, em[erged]. 07–15.VIII.2016, (N. 6051), G. Cerasa (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ‘ Giacomo Doria’, Genoa, Italy). PARATYPES: two females with the same labels as the holotype, but “em. 20–22.VIII.2016, (N. 6 044) G. Cerasa (Collection Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana (Palermo) Italy); two females labelled Italy, Sicily, Cefalù (PA) loc. Campella 9.VI.2016 on Quercus suber em. 20–22.VIII.2016 (N. 6044) G. Cerasa (Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary). Description. ASEXUAL FEMALE (holotype). Head amber, except for dark brown to black occiput and vertex; mandibles brown, maxillary palps and labial palps yellowish; antennae amber, last 5–6 flagellomeres amber to brown; eyes dark brown to black. Mesosoma amber, legs yellow-amber; tarsal claws brown. Metasoma dark brown, T2 dorsally and laterally light brown, subsequent tergites dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins yellow-brown to brown. Body length 1.1–1.3 mm. Head nearly 1.2 times as broad as high in anterior view, 2.1–2.2 times as broad as long in dorsal view; glabrous and smooth except for a few short and indistinct or very weak striae irradiating from clypeus, more pronounced near antennal foramen. Gena very slightly broadened behind eye in anterior view. Clypeus projected over mandibles. Lower face and malar space alutaceous, with a few scarce and short white setae; frons glabrous, with impression under central ocellus. Malar space short, 0.3–0.4 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial distance 1.3–1.4 times as long as height of eye and 2.1 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and tip of clypeus); diameter of torulus nearly equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.8 times as large as diameter of torulus. Ocelli slightly elevated over dorsal margin of head; OOL slightly shorter or equal to POL; OOL 4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.8 times as long as LOL. Inner margins of eyes slightly converging ventrally. Clypeus small, trapezoid, delicately coriaceous, with strongly elevated central area, anterior tentorial pits, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, shallow, ventrally emarginated. Frons, vertex and occiput smooth, glossy, without surface sculpture. Labial palpus 3–segmented, maxillar palpus 4–segmented. Antenna filiform, with 12 flagellomeres, 1.4–1.5 times as long as body length, with long and sparse hairs; pedicel as long as broad, 0.5 times as long as scape; pedicel and scape slightly broader than flagellomeres, not more than 1.5–1.7 times broader than flagellomeres; F1–F12 nearly equal in breadth, F5–F12 very slightly broader than F2–F4; scape 1.3 times as long as F1; F1 slightly longer than F2, F3–F9 distinctly longer than broad; F10–F11 only slightly longer than broad and F10 nearly equal in length to F11; F12 nearly equal in length to F1; placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres, hardly traceable on F1. In some specimens an indistinct suture appears on the last antennomere. Mesosoma very high, only 1.1 times as long as high, smooth, glossy, without pubescence, except some scattered white setae along notauli and lateral edges, on mesopleural triangle and mesoscutellum. Pronotum smooth, glossy, with delicate striae in posterodorsal part and with scattered white setae along anterolateral edge; emarginated along ventrolateral edge, with distinct striae along the impressed emarginated anterior rim; anterior rim of pronotum narrow, amber to brown; propleuron amber, delicately coriaceous, concave in mediocentral part with a few scattered white setae. Mesoscutum slightly broader than long in dorsal view (largest width measured at the level of the base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, well impressed along all its length, converging at the posterior end; parapsidal lines and anterior parallel lines absent, median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina distinct. Mesoscutellum, rounded, nearly as long as broad from dorsal view; smooth, glossy, without surface sculpture, emarginated along lateral and posterior edges, slightly overhanging metanotum; the part which overhangs metanotum is areolate-rugose along lateral sides and with wrinkles posteriorly (visible in posteroventral view on Fig. 19). Scutellar foveae subtriangular, deep, with smooth glossy bottom, separated by median carina with diverging sides, wider and shorter, 1/8 of mesoscutellum length. Mesopleural triangle with sparse and short white setae and some wrinkles. Mesopleuron smooth, glossy, without striae, acetabular carina delimiting a very narrow area laterally. Preaxilla delicately coriaceous, glossy; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glossy, with sparse short white setae; axillar carina narrow, without longitudinal striae; axillula smooth, glossy, without setae or with rare and scattered white setae; subaxillular bar triangular, narrow, coriaceous, glossy, at most posterior end as high or slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus straight, reaching mesopleuron slightly above 1/3 of its height (Fig. 17). Metascutellum trapezoid, irregularly sculptured, slightly curved inferiorly, nearly 1.5 times as broad as high; equal or slightly higher than height of smooth, minutely wrinkled ventral impressed rim of metanotum; metanotal trough alutaceous, without setae. Central propodeal area smooth, glossy, with numerous delicate irregular wrinkles; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, with rare white setae; lateral propodeal carina strongly curved outwards in the middle. Nucha very short, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles dorsolaterally and laterally. Forewing pubescent, hyaline, much longer than body, with very long marginal cilia (marginal cilia length/ forewing width=0.12); radial cell open, 4.5 times as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin, R1 imperceptibly extending along wing margin and Rs slightly extending along wing margin; 2 r almost straight, only slightly curved; areolet distinct, triangular, large; Rs + M reaching basal vein in its lower half. All tarsal segments longer than broad, T1 the longest one, tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe; fore leg tarsomere I to V ratio as 1.0:0.5:0.4:0.3:0.6; tibial spur of foreleg very long, curved inward, bifid at apex, nearly 0.6 times as long as basitarsus. Metasoma strongly compressed laterally, higher than long in lateral view; slightly shorter than head + mesosoma; slightly larger than mesosoma; metasomal tergite 2 occupying nearly half the length of metasoma in dorsal view; all tergites smooth, glossy, without setae and micropunctures or with rare and scattered white setae anterolaterally on metasomal tergite 2. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, less than 1.6 times as long as broad, with long and scattered white setae reaching beyond apex but never forming apical tuft. Gall (Figs 1–4). Asexual generation. Gall is 1–3 mm in diameter, subsphaerical to ellipsoid in shape, with the longest axis parallel to the leaf surface. Young growing galls are red, with warty surface covered with translucent tiny blister-like humps (Figs 2–3); when mature they turn reddish-brown. Galls are fixed to the median or lateral veins of lower leaf surface through a short, whitish stalk; typically 3–8 or even more galls can be found on one leaf (maximum number observed is 17 galls on a leaf). The gall wall is thin (Fig. 4), spongy on its inner surface and slightly woody externally. A single larval chamber is present in each gall. Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, and induces tiny subspherical leaf galls on Quercus suber L. This is the only oak host known for this species, with no records from other sympatric section Cerris oaks, Quercus cerris L. or Quercus gussonei (Borzì) Brullo. Galls develop in May, complete their development whilst remaining fixed to the leaf on the tree and adults emerge in August and the first half of September. The biology of other Dryocosmus species suggests that a sexual generation, if one exists, should be found on the same oak host. The new species has emergence in August, which is unusual for asexual females compared with other oak gall wasp species with heterogonic life-cycles. In other species associated with Q. suber, the asexual females never emerge in late summer, but instead in late winter or the early spring of the year following gall induction. It is possible that the new species has a life history similar to that of D. kuriphilus and D. zhuili, i.e., it does not have a sexual generation and only reproduces asexually (cf. Zhu et al., 2015). Alternatively, the differences in the adult emergence period between the new species and other heterogonic congeners are due to the peculiar climatic conditions of Sicily. Etymology. The species is named in honor of the distinguished Italian entomologist Teodosio De Stefani Perez (1853–1935) for his contributions to the study of cecidology and systematics of Hymenoptera. Diagnosis. The new species most closely resembles Dryocosmus caspiensis Melika, Sadeghi, Atkinson, Stone & Barimani, in which the pedicel and scape are very broad, at least 2.2–2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres broadened towards the apex, F8–F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as the first few flagellomeres; the mesoscutum distinctly broader than long in dorsal view; the mesoscutellum quadrangular, elongated, with nearly parallel lateral sides, 1.5 times as long as broad from dorsal view; the scutellar foveae are subquadrangular, separated by a distinct long and narrow median carina, median carina occupying 1/4 of the mesoscutellum length; the metapleural sulcus is curved; metascutellum alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, very short, only slightly higher than the height of the ventral impressed area of metanotum, which is smooth, glossy, without wrinkles; the metanotal trough alutaceous, with very few short white setae; R1 not reaching the wing margin while Rs nearly reaching it; the ventral spine of the hypopygium with very few short white setae, not extending beyond the apex of the spine. In contrast in D. destefanii new species, the pedicel and scape are slightly broader than flagellomeres, not more than 1.5–1.7 times broader than flagellomeres; F1–F12 nearly equal in breadth, F5–F12 very slightly broader than F2–F4; the mesoscutum slightly broader than long in dorsal view; the mesoscutellum rounded, nearly as long as broad from dorsal view; the scutellar foveae are subtriangular, separated by short median carina with diverging sides, wider and shorter, median carina occupying 1/8 of the mesoscutellum length; the metapleural sulcus is straight; the metascutellum trapezoidal, irregularly sculptured, slightly curved inferiorly, broad, nearly 1.5 times as broad as high, equal or slightly higher than the height of the ventral impressed rim of metanotum; which is smooth, with minute wrinkles; the metanotal trough alutaceous, without setae; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin (Fig. 15), R1 imperceptibly extending along wing margin and Rs slightly extending along wing margin; the ventral spine of the hypopygium with long and scattered white setae reaching beyond the apex of spine (Figs 23–24). It also somewhat resembles Chilaspis israeli (Sternlicht) and C. nitida (Giraud), but has scutellar foveae are separated by a median carina and distinctly delimited posteriorly, whereas the scutellar foveae in the latter species are not separated by a median carina and are not distinctly delimited posteriorly. In addition, the asexual generation of C. nitida antenna has 11 flagellomeres and the female of the sexual generation of C. israeli has antennae with 13 flagellomeres and central tarsomeres (Ts2–Ts4) that are very short, strongly transverse (Fig. 6 in Pujade-Villar et al. 2003). In D. destefanii new species, the antenna has 12 flagellomeres (Fig. 15) and tarsomeres are of normal length (Fig. 25). Finally, adult females of the sexual generation of C. nitida are 2.3–2.8 mm in length while in D. destefanii adults are 1.1–1.3 mm in length. D. destefanii and C. nitida were also reported from the same localities in Sicily. Similar galls. The overall form of the gall is similar to the asexual generation of Dryocosmus caspiensis. In D. destefanii new species the surface of the gall is warty, covered in translucent hairs with clubbed tips; the galls are fixed to the leaf through a short and thin peduncle, while in D. caspiensis the surface of the gall is covered in dense brownish hairs with pointed tips and the peduncle is a little longer and thicker (Fig. 8). Distribution. Currently known only from Sicily (Italy). Comments. A 433 base-pair fragment of the cyt b gene was successfully amplified for 24 individuals representing 10 species (GenBank accession numbers KY655905 - KY655925). Variation within species was minimal, ranging from 0 to 1.3% (Table 2; values on diagonal). The cyt b sequence for D. destefanii new species was most similar to the complex containing D. caspiensis, D. mayri and D. tavakolii (divergences between 4.1% and 6.3%; Table 2). The observed divergence between D. destefanii new species and the morphologically very similar D. caspiensis is approximately the same or greater than the divergence seen between other recently described Iranian/European species pairs: Andricus schoenroggei Melika & Stone from Iran and A. sieboldi (Hartig) from Europe (4.7%), A. csokai Melika & Tavakoli from Iran and A. quercusradicis (Fabricius) from Europe (6.8%), A. chodjaii Melika from Iran and A. seckendorffi (Wachtl) from Europe (2.3%), and A. megatruncicolus Melika from Iran and A. truncicolus (Giraud) from Europe (2.3%; Tavakoli et al. 2008). These divergence values are consistent with those expected for within- and between-species variation both in gallwasps (Nicholls et al. 2012) and among insects in general (Hebert et al. 2003), supporting the distinctiveness of the newly described D. destefanii.

Prionotropis rhodanica Uvarov, 1923, resurrected status http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 42808 Material examined. France, Rhone delta VII. 1920 (♂ holotype, 3 ♀ paratypes); France, Rhone delta, Crau VI. 1919, P. Marchal (8 ♀); France, Rhone delta, Crau VI. 1921, P. Marchal (2 ♀); France, Rhone delta, La Crau VII. 1949, C. de Vichet (9 ♂, 8 ♀); France, Rhone delta, La Crau VII. 1947, Delmas (1 ♂, 1 ♀); France, Rhone delta 28.VII. 1953, A. Rambier (2 ♂, 1 ♀); France, Rhone delta, St. Martin de Crau 22.VI. 1990 and 22.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (2 ♂, 2 ♀) (MNHN); France, Rhone delta, 12.VII. 1991, A. Foucart (3 ♂, 3 ♀) (CBGP); France, Crau Dist., Bouches du Rh��ne, P.R. Fowe (1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes); France, Bouches du Rh��ne, Martin de Crau 24.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (4 ♂, 5 ♀) (NHM); France, Crau, ex Delmas (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (MSNG). Remarks and distribution. The distribution of P. rhodanica is very interesting because it covers a very narrow area of the Rhone river (Crau), ca. 50 km from the area of Var, where the other taxon P. a z am i lives (see below). When they were discovered, both P. rhodanica and P. az a m i were considered to be disjoint populations of the Balkanic P. h ys t ri x (Chopard 1922). However, Uvarov (1923) found differences between the two populations and named them P. hystrix azami and P. hystrix rhodanica respectively, but later he raised P. rhodanica to species level, and maintained azami as subspecies of hystrix (Uvarov 1943). Also Harz (1975) followed this arrangement, while Foucart (1995), finding a wide variability within the populations of the three taxa, proposed to consider again azami and rhodanica subspecies of P. h ys t ri x, as in the initial view of Uvarov (1923). The same arrangement has been maintained by Streiff et al. (2002, 2005). Finally, Defaut & Morichon (2015) have proposed to consider the specific taxon P. rhodanica, with two subspecies, rhodanica and azami. Morphological differences between P. rhodanica and P. a z ami . P. rhodanica is clearly more dorsoventrally compressed, and its pronotal carina is less raised than in P. az a m i. This produces a shorter projection of fore margin of the pronotum and a less pronounced angle of hind margin of the pronotum in P. rhodanica, compared to P. a z am i. Tegmina of males of P. rhodanica exceed the 3 rd tergite, females the 2 nd tergite, while those of males of P. az a m i just exceed the 2 nd tergite, and females just cover the 1 st tergite. In addition the spines of abdominal tergites of P. rhodanica are shorter than spines of P. az a m i, every spine covering only �� in P. rhodanica, and 1 / 3 of the following tergite in P. az a m i. In this respect, P. rhodanica and P. hyst rix are more similar than with P. a z am i. Both P. rhodanica and P. a z am i have less evident spines on the upper margin of the hind femora, compared to P. hystrix. Concerning the genitalia, they are very similar, both in the shape of the epiphallus and penis valves; in P. rhodanica pseudolophi of epiphallus are more disorderly placed, while in P. azami are more regularly placed (Figs 6, 7, 14, 15, 22, 23, 30, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 46, 47, 54, 55). From the genetic point of view, Streiff et al. (2005) found that genetic diversity at eight microsatellite loci was highly structured, indicating substantial isolation of populations of the two taxa living in the area of the Rhone delta; genetic drift was the major force involved in the genetic structure, with very little gene flow at the regional scale, consistent with both the limited dispersal of this flightless species and the patchy configuration of its habitat. The authors were unable to find significant differences in the extent of genetic diversity and concluded that the two taxa have to be considered as subspecies of P. hystrix. However, Streiff et al. (2005) gave information on the population genetic structure, they worked on microsatellites, that did not give phylogenetical information, but only information on relationships among individuals, and consequently on the structure and distance among groups and populations. They found the presence of shared loci and alleles between the two taxa, but this does not provide information about taxa identification. Thus, as significant morphological differences were found during our research both between distant (e.g., P. hystrix and P. a z am i) and near populations (e.g., P. az a m i and P. rhodanica) we consider that raising them to the species level is justified. Based on the considerations reported above, we propose to consider P. rhodanica a valid species, separated from both P. az a m i and P. h ys t ri x. Measurements. see Table 1. Biometric ratios of males resulted different from all other species, while those of females lie within the group azami / hystrix / flexuosa, with the exclusion of the ratio length of tegmina of males/length of tegmina of females for the latter (Figs 65���68). Conservation of the taxon. This taxon is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2012, is protected by French Legislative text of 3 rd August 1979 (Protection of Insects in France), and its distribution area lies within the Coussouls de Crau Nature Reserve since 2004 (Foucart 1995, Foucart et al. 1999). Considering it a species will have quite strong consequences for its conservation and ongoing conservation projects., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on pages 508-509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1923) Sur les races geographiques du Prionotropis hystrix Germ. (Orth. Acrididae). Annales Societe entomologique France, 91, 245 - 248.","Chopard, L. (1922) Faune de France. Orthopteres et Dermapteres. 3. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 212 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 1093568 (Accessed 18 Dec. 2015)","Uvarov, B. P. (1943) The tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae, and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 93 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1943. tb 00429. x","Foucart, A. (1995) Prionotropis rhodanica Uvarov, 1923 (Acridoidea Pamphagidae Akicerinae), acridien protege de la Crau (Bouches-du-Rhone, France). Ecole pratique hautes etudes & Cirad-Gerdat-Prifas, Montpellier, 109 pp.","Streiff, R., Mondor-Genson, G., Audiot, P. & Rasplus, J. - Y. (2002) Microsatellite DNA markers for a grasshopper: Prionotropis hystrix rhodanica (Orthoptera, Pamphagidae). Molecular Ecology Notes, 2, 265 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1471 - 8286.2002.00218. x","Streiff, R., Audiot, P., Foucart, A., Lecoq, M. & Rasplus, J. - Y. (2005) Genetic survey of two endangered grasshopper subspecies, Prionotropis hystrix rhodanica and Prionotropis hystrix azami (Orthoptera, Pamphagidae): within- and between population dynamics at the regional scale. Conservation Genetics, 7, 331 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 005 - 9043 - 3","Defaut, B. & Morichon, D. (2015) Faune de France 97. Criquets de France (Orthoptera Caelifera). Vol. 1 a. Federation Francaise des Soxiete de Sciences Naturelles, Paris, 695 pp."]}

Prionotropis appula (O.G. Costa, 1836) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 42811 Material examined. Italy, Basilicata, Campomaggiore (Potenza) 14.VII. 1974 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Italy, Campania, Naples (ex Costa) (2 ♀); Italy, Apulia, Otranto (ex Costa) (1 ♂, 2 ♀) (MNCN); Italy, Campania, Naples (ex Costa, ex Brunner, 1891, ex Pantel) (2 ♂, 2 ♀); Italy (coll. Azam) (4 ♂, 2 ♀); Italy, Apulia, Mt. S. Angelo 28.VII. 1929, C. Confalonieri (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Italy, Basilicata, Matera 18.VI. 2003, Delobel (2 ♂, 1 ♀) (MNHN); Italy, Apulia, Mt. S. Angelo 28.VII. 1929, C. Confalonieri (23 ♂, 23 ♀); Italy, Apulia, Manfredonia 29.VII. 1929, C. Confalonieri (3 ♂, 2 ♀); Italy, Apulia, Altamura VI. 1909, A. Andreini (2 ♂, 2 ♀); Italy, Apulia, Foggia VII. 1917 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Italy, Apulia, Otranto 12.VI. 1929, C. Confalonieri (6 ♂, 2 ♀); Italy, Basilicata, Melfi (1 ♀) (MSNG); Italy, Calabria 1892 (1 ♂); Italy, Apulia, Masseria Resecata 12.VI. 2007, B. Massa (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Italy, Apulia, Manfredonia 14.VI. 2007, B. Massa (1 ♂); Italy, Apulia, Altamura 12.VI. 2007, B. Massa (1 ♂); Italy, Apulia, Alberobello 6.VII. 1970 (1 ♀); Italy, Molise, Macchiav. Fontane (Campobasso) 30.VI. 1997, Mancini (1 ♀) (BMCP). Remarks. P. appula differs from P. hystrix by the pronotal shape, the colour of the hind tibia and inner side of the hind femur and the length and the shape of the wings (Figs 8, 10, 16, 18, 24, 26, 32, 34); differences from P. willemsorum n. sp. are reported below. The epiphallus has a longer apex than in P. willemsorum n. sp., but penis valves are very similar (Figs 37, 39, 44, 46, 52, 53). Distribution. P. appula occurs in Latium, Molise, Campania, Apulia, Basilicata and Calabria (Fontana et al. 2005, Massa et al. 2012). It was recorded from Greece by Brunner von Wattenwyl (1882), and recovered in the area of Epirus (Ioannina) by Foucart & Ponel (1999) and Willemse & Willemse (2008). Previous authors did not find differences between Italian and Greek specimens, but a more careful comparison allowed us to find unique characteristics in the Greek population, and we describe it here as a new taxon (see below). In particular, in P. appula the pronotum and tegmina are shorter and posterior edge of epiphallus is longer than in P. willemsorum n. sp. Measurements. see Table 1. Biometric ratios show that the two species of Italy and Greece are related, and we may consider the Italian P. appula of transjonian origin (Figs 65���68)., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on pages 515-517, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Fontana, P., La Greca, M. & Kleukers, R. (2005) Insecta Orthoptera. In: Ruffo, S. & Stoch, F. (Eds.), Checklist e distribuzione della Fauna italiana (with cd Rom). Memorie Museo civico Storia naturale Verona, 2 a Series (Scienze della Vita), 16, pp. 137 - 139","Foucart, A. & Ponel, P. (1999) Redecouverte de Prionotropis appula en Grece occidentale (Orth. Pamphagidae). Bulletin Societe entomologique de France, 104, 465 - 465.","Willemse, F. & Willemse, L. (2008) An annotated checklist of the Orthoptera-Saltatoria from Greece including an updated bibliography. Articulata, 13, 1 - 91."]}

Prionotropis flexuosa (Serville, 1838) Prionotropis flexuosa var. pereezi Bol��var, 1921 n. syn. Prionotropis flexuosa var. sulphurans Bol��var, 1921 n. syn. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 42789 Material examined. (flexuosa) Spain, Ucles (5 ♂, 5 ♀); Spain, Aranjuez (1 ♂); Spain (1 ♂, 6 ♀); Spain, Madrid (9 ♂, 2 ♀) (coll. Azam); Spain, San Ildefonso 1893 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Spain, Sierra de Sagra VII. 1993, A. Foucart (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (MNHN); Spain, Sierra de Sagra VII. 1993, A. Foucart (3 ♂, 2 ♀) (CBGP); Spain, Albarracin, Predota, 1700 m 2.VII. 1927 (3 ♂); Spain, Azam (det. as Prionotropis azami) (1 ♂) (NMW); Spain, Montarco (Madrid) VI. 1934, I. Bolivar (1 ♂); Spain, Colmenar, Viejo, J. Abojo (1 ♀) (det. V. Llorente, 1993) (AİB��EM); (sulphurans) Spain, Muela de S Juan (1 ♀ lectotype, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ paralectotypes of Prionotropis flexuosa sulphurans); Spain, Albarracin (1 ♂ lectotype); (pereezi) Spain, Brunete (1 ♂ syntype); Spain, Madrid (1 ♂ syntype); Spain, Madrid, Brunete, 1878 (1 ♀ neotype of Prionotropis flexuosa perezii) (MNCN). Remarks. P. flexuosa has a remarkable sexual dimorphism, with males fully winged and females squamipterous. Among the known species of the genus Prionotropis, only P. flexuosa (Spain) and P. maculinervis (Turkey) show this kind of dimorphism; it is noteworthy that these species cover the extremes West and East distribution of the genus. Bol��var (1921) described two varieties (pereezi and sulphurans), that Uvarov (1943) raised to subspecies level. They differ from the typical flexuosa by colour of hind legs (cf. Presa & Llorente 1983, Llorente del Moral & Presa Asensio 1997); in addition, even if measurements overlap, according to Llorente del Moral & Presa Asensio (1997) sulphurans is of bigger size. However, the distribution map shows that they overlap (see Llorente del Moral & Presa Asensio 1997). In addition, only three localities of sulphurans are known. Specimen analysis did not allow us to find any peculiar character other than the colour of the hind legs. Thus, we consider that the three taxa lie within the chromatic variability range of the species, that consequently has to be considered monotypical. The male of P. flexuosa is macropterous, wings exceed the abdomen, whereas the female is micropterous, and shows the well-spined abdominal tergites. The epiphallus is similar to that of other species (with the exception of P. hystrix), penis valves are long and narrow (Figs 42, 49, 53), similar to those of P. maculinervis, P. hystrix, P. appula and P. willemsorum n. sp. Measurements. See Table 1. On average it is the smallest species of the genus Prionotropis and biometric ratios lie within the group maculinervis / azami / hystrix / appula / willemsorum (males) and rhodanica / azami / hystrix (females), while the ratio length of tegmina of males/length of tegmina of females is in common only with P. maculinervis (Fig. 68). Distribution. Spain (see Llorente del Moral & Presa Asensio 1997)., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on pages 502-503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1921) Observaciones sobre ortopteros espanoles. In: Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Tomo Extraordinario. Puublicado Con Motivo Del 50. º Aniversario De Su Fundacion. Museo Nacional De Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, pp. 446 - 460. Available from: http: // bibdigital. rjb. csic. es / ing / Libro. php? Libro = 1414 (Accessed 18 Dec. 2015)","Uvarov, B. P. (1943) The tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae, and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 93 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1943. tb 00429. x","Llorente del Moral, V. & Presa Asensio, J. J. (1997) Los Pamphagidae de la Peninsula Iberica (Insecta: Orthoptera: Caelifera). Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 248 pp."]}

Genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 Diagnosis. Vertex sloping obliquely towards the apex of the fastigium, more or less concave, eyes oval, shorter than the subocular furrow, antennae with 17���18 segments, the last 3���4 more thickly spotted, apical segments as long as both the previous ones. Frontal ridge deeply furrowed. Median carina of the pronotum arched or almost flat (mainly in females), prozona and mesozona tectiform, metazona flattened laterally (minute or even absent in females). The transverse sulcus lies about in the mid of the pronotum or just before it; sometimes also the first sulcus notches the dorsum of the prozona. Fore and hind angles of the pronotum rounded or acute, metazona long with a deeply angular hind margin. Prosternum just raised anteriorly. Mesosternal space in males ca. 2 times wider than long, in females 2.5���3.0 times wider than long. Males macropterous to sub-brachypterous, females squamipterous. Hind wings slightly shorter than tegmina, with embossed, curved 1 st and 2 nd anal veins (characters in common with the other Thrinchinae). Median carina of the abdomen projecting tooth-like at the end of tergites (mainly in males, less in females) with more or less long terminal spines. Dorsal carina of hind femora with some spines or finely denticulate. Mid tibia denticulate on upper margin (character in common with the other Thrinchinae). Opening of tympana not covered or partially covered by tegmina. Krauss��� organ with fine tubercles or transverse rows. Epiproct of the male rectangular, pointed on the hind margin and with a longitudinal furrow, which has light carina at each side, in females long with transverse suture and a longitudinal furrow. Male cerci slender or only with a slender apical part, slightly incurved, in females triangular, pointed and incurved apically. Sub-genital plate of the male with a slightly transverse proximal suture, pointed or truncated or incised apically, that of the female with a triangular lobe in the middle. Epiphallus with short ancorae, pseudolophi present (��nal 2014), valves of penis up-curved or straight. Ovipositor short, stout, wide. Species belonging to the genus Prionotropis developed some specializations for stridulation, namely: 1) mid tibiae have the upper margin wrinkled and during flight they rub the lower side of their modified and wrinkled anal veins of the hind wings, like the bow of a violin (Pantel 1896, Bol��var 1921, Uvarov 1943); all the species, both sexes (also the females, which have micropterous wings), show this specialization (Figs 1���5), that characterizes the subfam. Thrinchinae; 2) the inner side of the hind femora bear minute rounded tubercles that could rub on Krauss��� organ (Krauss 1878, Saussure 1888); it was found in both P. hystrix and P. rhodanica, but it is a specialization of most Thrinchinae (Foucart 1995, Popov 1997, ��nal 2007 a, Massa 2012); 3) a tegmino-alar stridulation has been described for P. rhodanica by Foucart (1995) and for P. appula (Massa et al. 2012), and probably occurs in other species of the genus and of the subfam. Thrinchinae, as well as in many species belonging to the subfam. Pamphaginae (e.g., Johnsen 1972, L��pez et al. 2008, K��hler & Friedrich 2013). The genus Prionotropis covers isolated areas of Mediterranean region, in Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece and Turkey., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on pages 500-501, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Unal, M. (2014) A new species of Paranocarodes Bolivar, 1916 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae) from Turkey. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 2 (10), 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2014.2.12","Pantel, J. (1896) Notes orthopterologiques V. Les orthopteres du \" Sitio \" dans la Sierra de Cuenca. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 25, 59 - 118. Available from: http: // bibdigital. rjb. csic. es / ing / Libro. php? Libro = 1170 (Accessed 18 Dec. 2015)","Bolivar, I. (1921) Observaciones sobre ortopteros espanoles. In: Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Tomo Extraordinario. Puublicado Con Motivo Del 50. º Aniversario De Su Fundacion. Museo Nacional De Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, pp. 446 - 460. Available from: http: // bibdigital. rjb. csic. es / ing / Libro. php? Libro = 1414 (Accessed 18 Dec. 2015)","Uvarov, B. P. (1943) The tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae, and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 93 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1943. tb 00429. x","Krauss, H. (1878) Die Orthopteren-Fauna Istriens. Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, I, 78, 451 - 542.","Saussure, H. de (1888) De quelques orthopteres pamphagiens du genre Xiphocera. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 6 (8), 155 - 160. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 34142 page / 161 / mode / 1 up (Accessed 18 Dec. 2015)","Foucart, A. (1995) Prionotropis rhodanica Uvarov, 1923 (Acridoidea Pamphagidae Akicerinae), acridien protege de la Crau (Bouches-du-Rhone, France). Ecole pratique hautes etudes & Cirad-Gerdat-Prifas, Montpellier, 109 pp.","Popov, G. B. (1997) Arabian grasshoppers (Orthoptera): Families Pamphagidae (Eumastacoidea) and Pyrgomorphidae (Acridoidea). Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 16, 111 - 168.","Unal, M. (2007 a) Revision of the genus Glyphotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1951 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae). Zootaxa, 1581, 1 - 36.","Johnsen, P. (1972) Alar-notal and tegmino-alar sound production in the African Glauia and Acinipe Acridoidea: Pamphagidae), with notes on other behaviour. Natura Jutlandica, 16, 59 - 80.","Lopez, H., Garcia, M. D., Clemente, E., Presa, J. J. & Oromi, P. (2008) Sound production mechanism in pamphagid grasshoppers (Orthoptera). Journal of Zoology, 275, 1 - 8.","Kohler, G. & Friedrich, E. (2013) Observations on a sound-producing female of Orchamus gracilis (Brunner, 1882) from Cyprus (Caelifera: Pamphagidae). Articulata, 28 (1 / 2), 51 - 57."]}

Prionotropis azami Uvarov, 1923 new status http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 472689 Material examined. France, Broves (♂ holotype, 1 ♂, 5 ♀ paratypes); France, Broves 2.VII. 1906 (coll. Azam) (5 ♂); France, Broves 2.VIII. 1906 (1 ♂); France, Broves 1924, Berland (1 ♂); France, Broves VII. 1905 (5 ♀); France, Broves 5.VII. 1964 (1 ♀); France, Var, Les Arc, G. de Vichet (1 ♂); France, Plan des Canjuers VII. 1947, Delmas (1 ♂, 1 ♀); France, Plan des Canjuers 14.VII. 1907 (coll. Azam) (8 ♂, 3 ♀); France, Plan des Conjuers 29.VII. 1962, G. Colas (2 ♂); France, Plan des Conjuers, Aiguines 8.VII. 1955 (7 ♂, 3 ♀); France, Plan des Conjuers, Aiguines 18.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (2 ♂, 4 ♀); France, Rhone delta, Mt St Victoire, Col des Perves 15.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (8 ♂, 10 ♀) (MNHN); France, Rhone delta, Mt St Victoire 16���18.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (5 ♂, 7 ♀) (CBGP); France, Broves 14.VII. 1907 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes) (NHM); France, Var, North of Pzin, Poumiels 15.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (2 ♂); France, Var, Plan des Conjuers, Aiguines VI. 1991, A. Foucart (2 ♂, 5 ♀); France, Bouches du Rh��ne, Vicraine 18.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (6 ♂, 1 ♀); France, Bouches du Rh��ne, Sambuc 16.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (2 ♂, 5 ♀); France, Bouches du Rh��ne, Panves 16.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (3 ♀); France, Var, Riani 15.VI. 1991, A. Foucart (1 ♂) (NHM). Remarks and distribution. See also P. rhodanica. This taxon differs from the nearby occurring P. rhodanica by pronotum shape, tegmina shape and length, and spines of abdominal tergites, both in males and females. Actually, we believe that P. a z am i, P. rhodanica, P. hystrix, P. appula and P. willemsorum n. sp. constitute a group of related species, very probably of Balkanic origin. Measurements. see Table 1. Biometric ratios lie in the group hystrix / flexuosa / maculinervis, but the ratio length of tegmina of males/length of tegmina of females is similar only to that of P. hystrix and P. rhodanica (Figs 65���68). For the considerations reported above, we think that P. az a m i is not really related to P. hystrix and may be considered a valid species, well separated from the nearly cohabiting P. rhodanica., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on pages 512-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1923) Sur les races geographiques du Prionotropis hystrix Germ. (Orth. Acrididae). Annales Societe entomologique France, 91, 245 - 248."]}

Prionotropis willemsorum Massa et ��nal, new species http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 472690 Material examined. Greece, Epirus, Ioannina, 4 km W Aristi (700 m) 29.VI. 1986, F. Willemse (1 ♂ holotype, 4 ♀ paratypes) (NBC); Greece, Epirus, Ioannina, Aristi 10.VI. 1997, P. Ponel (1 ♂ paratype) (MNHN). Description. Male. General coloration brown with blackish spots, hind tibia reddish, inside hind femora blue. Cuticle of whole body granulate. Fastigium of the vertex projecting forward, rounded, dorsum of head concave with obtuse-angular anterior part, raised margins, so that a shallow groove is formed; frontal ridge with shallow sulcus, interrupted at the ocellus level. 17���18 antennal segments, apical longer than basal ones. Prosternal process reduced to a small collar. Pronotum laterally compressed, with a raised carina (Fig. 11); anterior margin of carina elongated, projecting above part of the head. Carina arcuate and interrupted by two sulci. Tegmina reaching the epiproct, tips evenly rounded. Hind wings shorter than tegmina. Fore and mid femora unarmed. Upper margin of hind femur with 8���10 spines. Fore and mid tibiae ventrally with double rows of 6���8 yellow spines; hind tibiae with double rows of several stout spines and a pair of larger stout spurs on each side. Krauss��� organ with fine tubercles or transverse rows. Hind apex of abdominal tergites with a spine covering ca. 1 / 3 of the following tergite. Male epiproct rectangular, pointed on the hind margin and with a longitudinal furrow; cerci stout, pointed and longer than epiproct. Subgenital plate with sharp median concavity. Epiphallus with short posterior edge, penis valves long and divided into two portions (Figs 43, 50, 57). Female: Similar to male, but much larger and more stout, with shorter wings. Supra-anal plate elongate with median groove. Epiproct long with transverse suture and a longitudinal furrow. Cerci very short and thick with broadly rounded tips. Ovipositor valves cream coloured, stout with slightly curved black tips. Sub-genital plate rectangular, with a triangular lobe in the middle. Etymology. This species is dedicated to the late Fer Willemse and to his son Luc Willemse, who have widely contributed to the knowledge of Orthopterofauna of Greece. Morphological differences between P. appula and P. willemsorum n. sp. P. willemsorum is clearly related to P. appula and until now considered to belong to the same taxon (but see Uvarov 1923). The most evident difference between these two species is the longer metazona of the pronotum in P. willemsorum compared to P. appula, mainly in males; however, males of P. willemsorum have a more projecting fore margin of pronotum than P. appula, which in turn has a more projecting anterior margin of lateral lobes of the pronotum than P. willemsorum (compare Figs 10, 18 with 11, 19). P. willemsorum is larger than P. appula (Table 1); in addition tegmina of males of P. willemsorum are longer than those of P. appula, and reach the epiproct, while in P. appula they reach the 5 th abdominal tergite, leaving exposed the terminal part of abdomen; tegmina of females of P. willemsorum have a more pointed apex than those of P. appula (compare Figs 26, 34 with 27, 35). The epiphallus has a shorter posterior edge than in P. appula, while penis valves are very similar, long and divided into two portions (compare Figs 41, 48, 56 with 43, 50, 57). Measurements. See Table 1 and Figs 65���68. Distribution. Greece, Epirus (Foucart & Ponel 1999, Willemse & Willemse 2008, see material examined)., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on page 517, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1923) Sur les races geographiques du Prionotropis hystrix Germ. (Orth. Acrididae). Annales Societe entomologique France, 91, 245 - 248.","Foucart, A. & Ponel, P. (1999) Redecouverte de Prionotropis appula en Grece occidentale (Orth. Pamphagidae). Bulletin Societe entomologique de France, 104, 465 - 465.","Willemse, F. & Willemse, L. (2008) An annotated checklist of the Orthoptera-Saltatoria from Greece including an updated bibliography. Articulata, 13, 1 - 91."]}

Prionotropis maculinervis (St��l, 1878) Prionotropis urfensis Ramme, 1933 new synonym http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 42784 Material examined. Turkey, Kahramanmaraş (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (MNCN); Turkey, Diyarbakır, Bismil, Kezban ��esmesi 6.VI. 1961 (2 ♂); Turkey, Diyarbakır (mountain) 6.VI. 1961, M. Donskoff (1 ♂); Turkey, Oued Diyarbakır 5. 1VII. 1959, G. Remaudi��re (1 ♀) (identified as P. m. maculinervis) (MNHN); Turkey, Urfa, Eshref Bey (1 ♂); Turkey, [Urfa], S��verek [Siverek], 1914, Pietschmann (1 ♀); Turkey, Elazığ 29.VI. 1952, ��.K. G��len (1 ♂, 2 ♀) (det. Uvarov); Turkey, Erzincan, K.M. Guichard & D.H. Harvey (5 ♂, 1 ♀) (cf. Karabağ 1963); Turkey, Antitaurus, Maraş, G��ksun, between Yalak and foot of Binboğa Dağ, 1500 m, in steppe 14.VII. 1952, P.H. Davis (3 ♀) (cf. Karabağ, 1963) (NHM); Turkey, Amasia [Amasya], Staudinger (2 ♂ syntypes) (MfN); Turkey, [Diyarbakır], Heine [Hani] (1 ♀); Turkey, Malatia [Malatya], (2 ♂ syntypes); Turkey, Amasia (1 ♂); Turkey, [Elazığ], Kharput [Harput] 1914 (1 ♀ nymph) (NMW); Turkey, West Anatolia, Gebirge b. Malatia [Malatya], Yokarbanassiya (1600 m) 6��� 7.VII. 1937, W. Ramme (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Turkey, Erzurum, Pazaryolu, 14 km W. ��atakbah��e K��y�� (1312 m) 40.25. 129 N, 40.42. 592 E, 17.VII. 2013, M. ��nal & A. Erden (1 ♂); Turkey, Erzurum, Pazaryolu (1280 m) 17.VII. 2013, M. ��nal & A. Erden (6 ♀); Turkey, Diyarbakır, Bismil, Kezban ��eşmesi, 6.VI. 1961 (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (AİB��EM); Turkey, Elazığ, Harput, 13.VII. 1952, ��.K. G��len (1 ♂) (A��ZM); Turkey, Diyarbakır, Bismil, Kezban ��eşmesi, 6.VI. 1961 (13 ♂, 1 ♀) (NTM); Turkey, Mesopotamia, Urfa 1931, Sureya (1 ♂ holotype of P. urfensis, 1 ♀ allotype of P. ur f en s i s, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes of P. urfensis) (MfN); Turkey, [Urfa], Siverek, 1914, Pietschmann (2 ♀) (NMW). Remarks. P. m a cu l i n er v i s has a very prominent sexual dimorphism, males are fully winged, while the tegmina of females just cover the 1 st tergite (Figs 13, 21, 29, 37). The pseudolophi of the epiphallus are few and small and parabolically placed; penis valves are straight and thin (Figs 44, 51, 58). Ramme (1933) describing Prionotropis urfensis, separated it from P. maculinervis by the shape of the male pronotum which should be more robust, more arched and convex, coarser tubercles and a steeper typical sulcus in lateral view and by the coloration of the hind legs, of which hind femur has a discoloured inner side (instead of blackish), hind tibia pale orange instead of reddish-yellow to red. However, Uvarov (1943) considered the morphological differences of P. urfensis small and moved it at subspecies level of P. maculinervis, because of the coloration of the hind legs. Ramme (1951) agreed with Uvarov���s opinion and treated P. urfensis as a subspecies of P. maculinervis. Later, all the authors used the characters given in the original description and reported this taxon as a subspecies of P. maculinervis (Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko 1951, Karabağ 1958, Weidner 1969, Demirsoy 1977). However, the material we examined showed that the coloration of the hind legs is quite variable as well as the shape of the pronotum. There is no morphological stability in accordance with the geographical distribution of each morph. For example, the hind tibia of maculinervis is red, but the specimens found in Diyarbakır province close to the type locality of urfensis have a red hind tibia; in addition, some specimens found in Northern Turkey, geographically much closer to the type locality of maculinervis, have an orange hind tibia. Hind legs colouration cannot be used to separate maculinervis from urfensis, as this may vary in different shades of red, orange and yellow. Similar variations are also present in the coloration of the inner side of the hind femora and the shape of the pronotum. There is no difference in the male phallic complex of the specimens examined. Finally, it is not possible to consider maculinervis and urfensis as subspecies, because their distribution is overlapping. In view of the above listed reasons, we propose that P. urfensis has to be considered as junior synonym of P. maculinervis. 1. This specimen was recorded by Descamps & Donskoff (1965). Measurements. See Table 1 and Figs 65���68. Distribution. Eastern half of Turkey., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on pages 518-519, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Ramme, W. (1933) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der palaearktischen Orthopterenfauna (Tettigon. et Acrid.) II. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologie Museum in Berlin, 18 (3), 416 - 434. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19320180308","Karabag, T. (1963) Some interesting Acridoidea (Orthoptera) from Turkey. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (13), 677 - 682. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936308651414","Uvarov, B. P. (1943) The tribe Thrinchini of the subfamily Pamphaginae, and the interrelations of the Acridid subfamilies (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 93 (1), 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1943. tb 00429. x","Bey-Bienko, G. Ya & Mistshenko, L. L. (1951) Fauna of the U. S. S. R. Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U. S. S. R. and Adjacent Countries. Part 1. Zoological Institute of the U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, 38, 1 - 400.","Karabag, T. (1958) Turkiye'nin Orthoptera faunasi (The Orthoptera Fauna of Turkey). Ankara Universitesi Fen Fakultesi yayinlari, Ankara, 81, 1 - 198.","Weidner, H. (1969) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Feldheuschrecken (Caelifera) Anatoliens. Mitteilungen des zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 66, 145 - 226. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02027743","Demirsoy, A. (1977) Turkiye Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) faunasinin tesbiti ve taksonomik incelenmesi (1). Ataturk Unviversitesi, Fen Fakultesi yayinlari, Erzurum, 80, 1 - 252."]}

Prionotropis hystrix (Germar, 1817) Prionotropis hystrix sontiaca Uvarov, 1923, confirmed synonym http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName: 42772 Material examined. Croatia, Krk Is. 29.VII. 1998, A. Foucart (13 ♂, 7 ♀) (MNHN); Croatia, Krk Is. 29.VII. 1998, A. Foucart (2 ♂, 2 ♀) (CBGP); Slovenia, Col de Brod, Azam (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (MNCN); Dalmatia (1 ♀); Slovenia, Carniola (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Bosnia (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Croatia, Fiume (3 ♂, 1 ♀); Croatia, Istria, ex Brunner (4 ♀); Slovenia, Veliki Dol VI. 1909 (2 ♀) (identified as P. s o nt i a c a) (MNHN); Croatia, Grobnik III. 1877, Krauss (1 ♀); Croatia, Pola [Pula] III. 1877, Krauss (1 ♂); Croatia, Pola (2 ♂, 1 ♀); Croatia, Rovinj, Kaltenbach (1 ♂); Croatia, Zengg [Senj] (3 ♀); Croatia (1 ♀ nymph); Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mostar (1 ♂) (NMW); Croatia, Senj (Adria), VIII. 1929, W. Ramme (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (AİB��EM); Italy, "��sterreichisches K��stenland", G��rzer Karst 1909, Ebner (1 ♂ holotype, 3 ♀, 1 ♀ nymph paratypes of P. hystrix sontiaca Uvarov, 1923) (NMW); Italy, Carso Triestino VII. 2012, P. Fontana (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (BMCP); Italy, Gabrovizza (Carso Triestino) 9.VIII. 1929, Stolfa (5 ♂, 5 ♀); same locality 16.VII. 1958, Solari (1 ♂); Italy, Duino (Trieste) 12.VII. 1936, A. Schatzmayr (1 ♂, 2 ♀); Italy, Mt. San Michele (Carso Triestino) 5.VII. 1936, F. Capra (1 ♂); Italy, Monfalcone, loc. Redipuglia (Gorizia) VII. 1958 (1 ♂); Italy, Sistiana (Trieste) 15.VIII. 1930 (1 ♂, 1 ♀); Croatia, Rovigno 17.VI. 1929, A. Schatzmayr (1 ♂); Slovenia, Comeno 17.VII. 1926, A. Schatzmayr (1 ♀) (identified as P. hystrix sontiaca) (MSNG). FIGURES. 6���9. Lateral view of males of Prionotropis azami (6), P. rhodanica (7), P. hystrix (8) and P. sontiaca (9); the latter is here synonymized with P. h y s t r i x. Remarks. P. hystrix was described from specimens collected in the Veglia Is., actually Krk Is. Even if it was not possible to examine the type, we were able to study a long series from the type locality, collected by A. Foucart. Specimens from the "G��rzer Karst" (= Carso Goriziano; see above and Uvarov 1923) were described as a separated subspecies, P. hystrix sontiaca Uvarov, 1923, that we consider synonym of hystrix. The tegmina of males exceed the 3 rd tergite, their maximum width lies before the centre, tegmina of females exceed just the 1 st tergite and are rounded and apically cut. According to Uvarov (1923), tegmina of males of ��� sontiaca ��� exceed the 2 nd tergite, those of the females reach just the 1 st tergite and have parabolic apex and hind margin convex. However, female tegmina of " sontiaca " specimens examined by us clearly exceed the 1 st tergite and lie within the variability of hystrix (Figs 24, 25, 32, 33); indeed Harz (1975) synonymized it with the latter taxon. The epiphallus is rather different from that of the other species, it is short and pseudolophi are parabolically placed, the posterior edge is clearly raised (Figs 38, 45); penis valves are of intermediate length between those of P. appula / P. willemsorum n. sp. and P. rhodanica / P. az a m i (Figs 52, 54, 55, 56, 57). More recently Ingrisch & B��hme (2011), examining the photo of a female specimen collected about 20 km North-West of Trieste (Carso Triestino), found a shorter tegmina than conspecific from Dalmatian area, and proposed detailed studies of more material to solve the question of synonymy proposed by Harz (1975). We compared also the phallic complex of specimens from Carso Triestino and found the same characteristics of specimens originating from Krk Is., namely the parabolic position of pseudolophi, the raised posterior edge and the shape of the penis valves. Although P. hystrix is smaller in size than " sontiaca " (Table 1; no statistical differences were found), from the biometrical point of view, " sontiaca " lies within the range of hystrix (Figs 67 a, 67 b). We highlight that the comparison between hystrix and " sontiaca " corresponds to that of insular and continental populations; small differences in size are quite normal in such cases. Thus, we confirm the synonymy of P. hystrix sontiaca with P. hystrix hystrix; the species consequently is monotypical. Measurements. see Table 1. Biometric ratios lie within the group flexuosa / maculinervis / azami / appula / willemsorum (males) and rhodanica / azami / flexuosa (females), and do not show any important sexual dimorphism in the length of tegmina (Fig. 68). Distribution. It is a Balkanic species present in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia (including several islands) and reaching Italy province of Trieste and Gorizia (Carso Triestino and Goriziano) (Fontana et al. 2005, Ingrisch & B��hme 2011; see material examined)., Published as part of Massa, Bruno, ��nal, Mustafa & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2015, Revision of the genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Thrinchinae), pp. 499-524 in Zootaxa 4059 (3) on pages 503-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4059.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/235553, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1923) Sur les races geographiques du Prionotropis hystrix Germ. (Orth. Acrididae). Annales Societe entomologique France, 91, 245 - 248.","Ingrisch, S. & Bohme, W. (2011) Rediscovery of Prionotropis hystrix (Germar, 1817) (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae) in NE Italy after 90 years. Articulata, 26, 131 - 134.","Fontana, P., La Greca, M. & Kleukers, R. (2005) Insecta Orthoptera. In: Ruffo, S. & Stoch, F. (Eds.), Checklist e distribuzione della Fauna italiana (with cd Rom). Memorie Museo civico Storia naturale Verona, 2 a Series (Scienze della Vita), 16, pp. 137 - 139"]}

The genus Prionotropis Fieber, 1853 is revised. It is distributed in scattered areas of the Mediterranean region from Turkey in the East to Spain in the West. Overall, seven species are listed, namely P. maculinervis (Stål, 1878) (Turkey; P. urfensis Ramme, 1933 is here considered its synonym), P. willemsorum n. sp. (Greece, Epirus; previously considered P. appula), P. appula (O.G. Costa, 1836) (South Italy), P. hystrix (Germar, 1817) (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, North-East Italy; P. hystrix sontiaca is here synonymized), P. rhodanica Uvarov, 1923 resurrected status (France, Crau, Rhone delta; here considered a valid species), P. azami Uvarov, 1923 n. status (France, Var region; here considered a valid species), and P. flexuosa (Serville, 1838) (Spain; the ssp. pereezi Bolívar, 1921 and sulphurans Bolívar, 1921 are here considered its synonyms). A key to species is presented., B. Massa benefited from the Synthesys Project (http://www.synthesys.info/) which is financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Programme at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales of Madrid (CSIC).

The fig wasp Odontofroggatia galili is reported for the first time from Malta. Odontofroggatia is a non-pollinating fig wasp genus associated with a narrow range of host plant species, among them Ficus microcarpa, a widespread ornamental tree native to Asia., peer-reviewed

The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Aphalaridae), is an Australian native sap-sucking insect pest of eucalypts that has been first reported for the West Palaearctic Region in 2008 and, in 2010, it has been found also in Italy. Subsequently its primary parasitoid, Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), was also detected within the main European and North African infested areas, where no release of the parasitoid was ever performed. This study, carried out in 30 Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations located along the coast, on the hills and the mountains in Mediterranean climatic areas of Sicily (Italy), aimed to determine the influence of environmental parameters on the incidence of both, the psyllid infestation level and the parasitization activity. P. bliteus reached highest average levels in summer samplings and resulted widespread in Sicily at all detected altitudes without statistically significant differences. P. bliteus parasitization is the main factor lowering G. brimblecombei infestation; this result, together with the accidental and contemporaneous arrival of the host and its parasitoid, could explain the absence of high damage level on eucalypts in Sicily. The most significant metric factors positively influencing G. brimblecombei infestation are the percentage of daily hours above 80% of relative humidity and the average maximum temperature, obviously related to other, but less significant climatic factors. The altitude affects both infestation and parasitization, but single sites could explain significantly more, so that the local conditions where the samplings were carried out have to be considered as the main responsibles for the variability in the obtained results. In any sampled Sicilian site, from sea level to 540 m a.s.l., both the psyllid and its parasitoids show a good adaptation to climatic conditions, confirming that areas fitting for E. camaldulensis growth fit also for P. bliteus activity, and proving that Mediterranean climate, differently from some inland areas of California, does not obstacle its parasitic activity.

A review is reported in the present paper on invasive alien insects introduced in Sicily on Eucalyptus trees, together with unpublished results from recent surveys. As to the latter ones, observations were conducted especially on Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Carpintero & Dellapé) (Hemiptera, Thaumastocoridae), the most recently introduced species. Overall, eight alien insect pests have been accidentally introduced in the island on Eucalyptus, belonging to the orders Hemiptera (Aphalaridae, 2 spp.; Thaumastocoridae, 1 sp.), Coleoptera (Cerambycidae, 2 spp.; Curculionidae, 1 sp.) and Hymenoptera (Eulophidae, 2 spp.). Two encyrtid parasitoids, Avetianella longoi Siscaro and Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek, obtained from Phoracantha spp. and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore respectively, and Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) attacking Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead), are also reported. Details on current distribution, host plants, morphological and biological remarks are given for each species.