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KEYWORDS extracellular vesicle (EV), exercise, myokines, exosomes, microRNA (microRNA) Editorial on the Research Topic Inter-organ crosstalk during exercise in health and disease: Extracellular vesicles as new kids on the block Within exercise physiology, the study of factors potentially mediating interorgan crosstalk during and after exercise is a fascinating field of research. As exercise activates a plethora of metabolic pathways in several tissues, organs and systems, examining the underlying biological mechanisms contributing to exercise related metabolic benefits is imperative. Since two decades, the skeletal muscle is known to secrete humoral factors into the circulation in response to exercise, originally described as "myokines" by Pedersen et al. (2003). These myokines are now well known and extensively studied in the field of exercise science (Pedersen and Febbraio, 2012). Interestingly, exercise also triggers other metabolic organs to release similar factors arising from the heart, liver, white and brown adipose tissue, and the nervous system (Chow et al., 2022). These "exerkines" (Safdar et al., 2016) have been recognized to comprise an extensive range of biologically active signalling molecules, including cytokines, lipids, metabolites and (noncoding) nucleic acids, as recently reviewed (Chow et al., 2022). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their role as carrier particles for molecular signals became of specific interest in the exerkine field, as EVs are considered (co-)drivers of exercise-induced interorgan crosstalk (Whitham et al., 2018; Vechetti et al., 2021). Differentiated by both their size and nature of vesicular biogenesis, EVs can be primarily classified as exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies although some overlap does exist between these classifications. EVs may enclose plenty of material, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (Théry et al., 2018). Indeed, pioneering EV-related exercise studies have shown an increase in the circulating number of EVs after a single bout of exercise (Brahmer et al., 2019; Frühbeis et al., 2015; Oliveira et al., 2018; Whitham et al., 2018), with recent in vivo research estimating about 5% of circulating, tetraspanin-positive EVs to be muscle-derived (Estrada et al., 2022). However, the frequent lack of rigorous characterization, purification and/or quantification of EVs (which ideally requires a combination of multiple methodologies) makes the understanding of the role of EVs in exercise physiology rather hard (Darragh et al., 2021) and argues for standard approaches and reporting on EV-related exercise science. Nevertheless, many points need to be clarified, but as the interest in EVs research from an exercise and health We sincerely thank all authors and reviewers who participated in the Research Topic.

This scoping review seeks to identify the specific inflammatory biomarkers implicated in tinnitus, explore the impact of short- and long-term exercise on these biomarkers, and evaluate the potential of exercise as a therapeutic approach for tinnitus.

Introduction Exercise training is strongly recommended as a therapeutic approach to treat individuals with heart failure. High-intensity exercise training modalities still controversial in this population. The study aims to preliminary assess the consequences of high-intensity exercise training modalities, aerobic interval training (HIIT) and progressive high circuit-resistance training (CRT), on primarily endothelial function and cardiorespiratory fitness, and secondly on muscle strength and physical performance in heart failure patients.Methods This preliminary multicentric randomized controlled trial comprised 23 heart failure patients, aged 56 10 years old, mainly New York Heart Association classification I and II (%), hemodynamically stable, who compromise at least 36 exercise sessions of a randomly assigned intervention (HIIT, CRT or control group). Endothelial function, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, muscle strength and physical performance were completed at baseline and post-intervention.Results Although no effects on endothelial function; both HIIT and CRT modalities were able to produce a positive effect on VO2 peak (HIIT = +2.16.5, CRT = +3.0 +/- 4.2 and control group = -0.1 +/- 5.3 mL/kg/min, time*group p-value1.8, CRT = +0.9 +/- 1.2 and control group = 0 +/- 1.6, time*group p-value55.8, CRT = 0.0 +/- 60.7 and control group = 1.6 +/- 57.6 Nm) matched p-value3.1, CRT = -3.3 +/- 3.2 and control group = -0.3 +/- 2.5 s, matched p-value

Natriuretic peptides have long been known for their cardiovascular function. However,a growing body of evidence emphasizes the role of natriuretic peptides in human substrate and energy metabolism, thereby connecting the heart with several insulin-sensitive organs like adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. Obesity may be associated with an impaired regulation of the natriuretic peptide system, also indicated as a natriuretic handicap. Evidence points towards a contribution of this natriuretic handicap to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic complications, although the causal relationship is not fully understood. Nevertheless, targeting the natriuretic peptide pathway may improve metabolic health in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review will focus on current literature regarding the metabolic roles of natriuretic peptides with emphasis on lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, it will be discussed how exercise and lifestyle intervention may modulate the natriuretic peptide-related metabolic effects. The research in the authors’ laboratories is funded by inter-nal resources from Maastricht University and Hasselt University.

Background Adults with obesity often experience cardiopulmonary abnormalities during maximal exercise testing such as chronotropic incompetence, compromised ventilatory mechanics or gas exchange efficiency, but also altered substrate utilisation. It remains to be studied in greater detail whether such cardiopulmonary and metabolic anomalies during exercise testing are already present in obese adolescents. Aim To examine cardiopulmonary and metabolic function during maximal exercise testing in obese vs. lean adolescents. We anticipate that cardiopulmonary and metabolic abnormalities can already be present in adolescence. Methods Thirty-six obese (BMI 35.0±5.0 kg/m², age 14.1±1.5 years, 15 boys) and 16 lean (BMI 18.8±1.9 kg/m², age 13.9±1.4 years, 8 boys) adolescents executed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test with comparison of cycling power output and cardiopulmonary (VO2, VCO2, VE, Vt, RR, HR, VO2/HR, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2, Vd/Vt, PETO2, PETCO2) and metabolic (RER) exercise parameters from 40% of Wpeak/VO2peak up to peak exercise effort. In addition, resting and peak exercise oxygen saturation and ECG variables were examined. Regression analysis was applied to examine relationships between anomalous cardiopulmonary parameters and subjects characteristics or ECG variables. Results Wpeak was significantly lower in obese adolescents (p