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International audience; Resistance breakdown has been observed following the deployment of plant cultivars resistant to pests. Assessing the durability of a resistance requires long-term experiments at least at a regional scale. We collected such data for melon resistance conferred by the Vat gene cluster to melon aphids. We examined landscape- level populations of Aphis gossypii collected in 2004–2015, from melonproducing regions with and without the deployment of Vat resistance and with different climates. We conducted demo-genetic analyses of the aphid populations on Vat and non-Vat plants during the cropping seasons. The Vat resistance decreased the density of aphid populations in all areas and changed the genetic structure and composition of these populations. Two bottlenecks were identified in the dynamics of adapted clones, due to the low levels of production of dispersal morphs and winter extinction. Our results suggest that (i) Vat resistance will not be durable in the Lesser Antilles, where no bottleneck affected the dynamics of adapted clones, (ii) Vat resistance will be durable in south-west France, where both bottlenecks affected the dynamics of adapted clones and (iii) Vat resistance will be less durable in south-east France, where only one of the two bottlenecks was observed.

International audience; Aphis gossypii is the only species of aphid colonizing melon, causing stunting and leaf curling and transmitting non-persistent viruses. We demonstrated previously by a map-based cloning strategy that a single CC-NBS-LRR gene, named Vat, confers the double resistance to A. gossypii colonization and to unrelated viruses when transmitted by this vector. We confirm here by complementation experiments, the double function mediated by the Vat gene. Two transgenes carrying the Vat gene under the transcriptional control of its own promoter or under the control of the CaMV-35S promoter respectively were inserted via Agrobacterium tumefaciens into the susceptible melon cultivar 'Védrantais'. Transgenic T2 plants were evaluated for their resistance to A. gossypii colonization and to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmission by this vector, in comparison with susceptible and resistant melon cultivars. Transgenic plants carrying both transgenes exhibited the Vat phenotype, restricting aphid colonization and CMV infection. The Vat gene under the control of its own promoter induced a high level of resistance, similar to the referent resistant cultivar 'Margot', whereas the gene under control of the CaMV-35S promoter induced a slightly weaker level of resistance.

International audience; Development of molecular markers has allowed the characterization of several host–aphid interactions. We investigated the usefulness of microsatellite markers to characterize the plant resistance interaction in the model Aphis gossypii/Cucumis melo. Six aphid clones, collected in different localities and years and belonging to two multilocus genotypes (MLGs) based on eight microsatellite markers, were phenotyped on a set of 33 melon accessions, some of them known to carry the Vat gene. Three parameters were used: acceptance of plant, ability to colonize the plant and resistance to virus when inoculated by aphids. Concordance and correlation analyses showed that aphid clones sharing a same MLG exhibited a very agreeable phenotype on the set of accessions for acceptance of plant and resistance to virus when inoculated by aphids. From host point of view, melon accessions were grouped into four clear categories, resistant to aphids of both MLGs, only resistant to the NM1 MLG, only resistant to the C9 MLG, susceptible to both MLGs and another group of unclear characteristics. The four categories revealed different patterns of virulence for NM1 and C9 MLGs that are likely controlled by a single avirulence gene in accordance with a gene for gene interaction. In contrast, the ability to colonize the plant appeared slightly variable among clones sharing a same MLG. We hypothesize it is due to the putative polygenic control of this aphid trait. Because the phenotypic variability of A. gossypii matched the genetic variability revealed by eight microsatellite markers, these markers could be used to infer the frequency of biotypes in field experiments and help to elucidate the allele diversity of melon resistance genes

National audience; The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, is a major pest of many crops. Molecular markers have revealed a host race organization of the species and 8 microsatellite markers have allowed the identification of 21 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among clones collected into colonies on Cucurbits. Aphid resistance have been identified in several melon accessions; it is controlled by a major gene, Vat, and some quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We built melon populations combining different loci of resistance, in a homogenous genetic background. They were cultivated in melon producing areas with contrasted aphid populations. Then, we showed a significant effect of the Vat gene on aphid density but non effect of the QTLs. One hundred and two MLGs were attributed to 2596 collected in trials, 54 MLGs were observed only once, five MLGs were only observed in the French West Indies, 19 MLGs were observed both in South eastern and South western France. Nevertheless, we did not observe a significant effect of the resistance loci on the diversity index of Shanon. Among clones collected into 125 colonies, we only identified 10 MLGs, five out of them were identified in clones collected on Vat-melon. The resistance loci might have an effect on the diversity of the South-eastern populations.; Aphis gossypii, puceron ravageur majeur des cultures, est structuré en race d’hôtes. Huit marqueurs microsatellite ont permis d’identifier 21 génotypes multilocus (MLG)parmi les individus développant des colonies sur les Cucurbitacées. De nombreuses sources de résistance ont été identifiées chez le melon, la résistance est contrôlée par un gène majeur, Vat, et des loci à effet quantitatif (QTL). Nous avons construit des populations de melon combinant différemment ces loci dans un fond génétique homogène. Elles ont été cultivées en plein champ dans trois zones de production du melon présentant des populations de pucerons très contrastées. Sur la densité des populations, nous avons observé un effet significatif du gène Vat mais aucun effet des QTL. Parmi les 2596 pucerons collectés dans les essais, 102 MLG ont été identifiées, dont 54 une seule fois. Dix-neuf MLG ont été observés dans le Sud-est et le Sud-ouest ; seulement cinq MLG ont été observés aux Antilles (non identifiées en métropole). On n'observe pas d’effet significatif du gène Vat et des QTL sur l’indice de diversité de Shanon. Parmi 125 clones échantillonnés dans des colonies, nous avons identifié seulement 10 MLG dont 5 dans des clones échantillonnées sur des melons porteurs du gène Vat. L’effet du gène Vat et des QTL sur la diversité des populations serait restreint à la région Sud-est.

National audience; The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, is a major pest of many crops. Molecular markers have revealed a host race organization of the species and 8 microsatellite markers have allowed the identification of 21 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among clones collected into colonies on Cucurbits. Aphid resistance have been identified in several melon accessions; it is controlled by a major gene, Vat, and some quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We built melon populations combining different loci of resistance, in a homogenous genetic background. They were cultivated in melon producing areas with contrasted aphid populations. Then, we showed a significant effect of the Vat gene on aphid density but non effect of the QTLs. One hundred and two MLGs were attributed to 2596 collected in trials, 54 MLGs were observed only once, five MLGs were only observed in the French West Indies, 19 MLGs were observed both in South eastern and South western France. Nevertheless, we did not observe a significant effect of the resistance loci on the diversity index of Shanon. Among clones collected into 125 colonies, we only identified 10 MLGs, five out of them were identified in clones collected on Vat-melon. The resistance loci might have an effect on the diversity of the South-eastern populations.; Aphis gossypii, puceron ravageur majeur des cultures, est structuré en race d’hôtes. Huit marqueurs microsatellite ont permis d’identifier 21 génotypes multilocus (MLG)parmi les individus développant des colonies sur les Cucurbitacées. De nombreuses sources de résistance ont été identifiées chez le melon, la résistance est contrôlée par un gène majeur, Vat, et des loci à effet quantitatif (QTL). Nous avons construit des populations de melon combinant différemment ces loci dans un fond génétique homogène. Elles ont été cultivées en plein champ dans trois zones de production du melon présentant des populations de pucerons très contrastées. Sur la densité des populations, nous avons observé un effet significatif du gène Vat mais aucun effet des QTL. Parmi les 2596 pucerons collectés dans les essais, 102 MLG ont été identifiées, dont 54 une seule fois. Dix-neuf MLG ont été observés dans le Sud-est et le Sud-ouest ; seulement cinq MLG ont été observés aux Antilles (non identifiées en métropole). On n'observe pas d’effet significatif du gène Vat et des QTL sur l’indice de diversité de Shanon. Parmi 125 clones échantillonnés dans des colonies, nous avons identifié seulement 10 MLG dont 5 dans des clones échantillonnées sur des melons porteurs du gène Vat. L’effet du gène Vat et des QTL sur la diversité des populations serait restreint à la région Sud-est.

Aphis gossypii, puceron ravageur majeur des cultures, est structuré en race d’hôtes. Huit marqueurs microsatellite ont permis d’identifier 21 génotypes multilocus (MLG)parmi les individus développant des colonies sur les Cucurbitacées. De nombreuses sources de résistance ont été identifiées chez le melon, la résistance est contrôlée par un gène majeur, Vat, et des loci à effet quantitatif (QTL). Nous avons construit des populations de melon combinant différemment ces loci dans un fond génétique homogène. Elles ont été cultivées en plein champ dans trois zones de production du melon présentant des populations de pucerons très contrastées. Sur la densité des populations, nous avons observé un effet significatif du gène Vat mais aucun effet des QTL. Parmi les 2596 pucerons collectés dans les essais, 102 MLG ont été identifiées, dont 54 une seule fois. Dix-neuf MLG ont été observés dans le Sud-est et le Sud-ouest ; seulement cinq MLG ont été observés aux Antilles (non identifiées en métropole). On n'observe pas d’effet significatif du gène Vat et des QTL sur l’indice de diversité de Shanon. Parmi 125 clones échantillonnés dans des colonies, nous avons identifié seulement 10 MLG dont 5 dans des clones échantillonnées sur des melons porteurs du gène Vat. L’effet du gène Vat et des QTL sur la diversité des populations serait restreint à la région Sud-est., The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, is a major pest of many crops. Molecular markers have revealed a host race organization of the species and 8 microsatellite markers have allowed the identification of 21 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among clones collected into colonies on Cucurbits. Aphid resistance have been identified in several melon accessions; it is controlled by a major gene, Vat, and some quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We built melon populations combining different loci of resistance, in a homogenous genetic background. They were cultivated in melon producing areas with contrasted aphid populations. Then, we showed a significant effect of the Vat gene on aphid density but non effect of the QTLs. One hundred and two MLGs were attributed to 2596 collected in trials, 54 MLGs were observed only once, five MLGs were only observed in the French West Indies, 19 MLGs were observed both in South eastern and South western France. Nevertheless, we did not observe a significant effect of the resistance loci on the diversity index of Shanon. Among clones collected into 125 colonies, we only identified 10 MLGs, five out of them were identified in clones collected on Vat-melon. The resistance loci might have an effect on the diversity of the South-eastern populations.

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; In agrosystems, pests are submitted to strong human-imposed selective pressures to which they sometimes adapt rapidly, either through selection of genotypes resulting from mutation and/or recombination events, or through phenotypic plasticity. Understanding how insects respond to such selective pressures is of great importance for sustainable pest management strategies, such as the use of resistant plants. In this study, we investigated the genetic and phenotypic variability of anholocyclic Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) strains, in response to the resistance gene Vat that is present in melon crops. Forty-nine aphid colonies were sampled on several melon crops in southern France, genotyped using 15 microsatellite loci, and tested in phenotypic experiments using Vat or non-Vat melons. The level of genetic polymorphism between these colonies was low, as only seven multilocus genotypes were detected. In contrast, the phenotypic variability for life-history and behavioral traits between colonies, including those sharing the same genotype, was unexpectedly high, with a continuum of response to the Vat gene from complete susceptibility to strong virulence. The low genetic polymorphism associated with a strong phenotypic variability highlights the high adaptive potential of A. gossypii and the major role of environmental cues in shaping phenotypic responses of this aphid to pest management strategies

International audience

International audience

International audience; Aphis gossypii is a major pest of Cucurbitaceae crops as much by causing primary damages (sap uptake) as by being an important vector of viruses. The Vat gene confers to the melon a resistance to the colonization by A. gossypii as well as a resistance to the not persistent viruses (CMV, WMV,..) transmitted by these aphids. It is however ineffective to block the transmission of the viruses carried by other aphid species. The use of Vat is thus generally coupled with aphicid treatments to limit the viral transmission by the not colonizing aphids. However, the progressive reduction of the usage of the phytosanitary products in the crop protection imposed by the evolution of the regulation (plan Ecophyto 2018) leads to look for new strategies integrating cultural practices and genetics for the management of the bioagressors. The bibliography suggests that the management of field margins (strips sown with non host grass or flower mixtures) could be an effective option to decrease 1) the aphid pressure (and thus the risk of bypassing Vat) by favoring the development of natural enemies and 2) the virus pressure by constituting a filter reducing the viral load of aphids before they reach the crop. The hypothesis tested in this project is that an adequate manipulation of the environment of the crop can contribute to regulate the populations of aphids and\or their viral load and therefore to reduce the risk of viral epidemics. The effect of three types of field margins (naked soil, grassy strips and flower strips) is evaluated on the efficiency of the Vat-mediated resistance.