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We presented analysis of the influence of spring wheat seeds sowing qualities on the yield. Experimental studies were carried out in 2010-2017 in Altai Krai. The seed divided into fractions in the air stream differs significantly in its characteristics. The ratio of fractions significantly depends on the conditions of the year and has a significant impact on the formation of the potential yield of spring wheat. Seeds isolated at an air speed of 8 m/s are a highly significant limiting factor in achieving the maximum yield of spring wheat. An increase in their share for every 10% in the seed can lead to a yield shortfall of up to 5.5 c/ha. Sowing should be carried out with the most complete seed fractions, with a 1000 grain weight of 31.8-38.0 g, obtained at an air flow rate of 9 m/s. Their share in the seed used by the farms of the region is 34.8 - 52.7%. Key words: spring wheat, seed structure, yield, Altai Krai References Barysheva, N.N., Belyaev, V.I., Baryshev, D.D., Pronin, S.P. (2019). Experimental study of the electrophysical properties of wheat seeds, divided into fractions by aerodynamic properties. Bulletin of Altai State Agrarian University, 9 (179), 136-139 (In Russian). Beletskiy, S.L., Gusakova, L.P., Priyaikin, N.S., Arkhipov

In this article we present the results of the comparative assessment of agro-climatic potential for agricultural areas in the vicinities of Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan), Barnaul (Russia, Altai Krai) and Novokuznetsk (Russia, Kemerovskaya Oblast). The proposed approach for comparing of agricultural territories with the precipitation and heat supply indexes takes considered the relationship between heat and moisture supply, allows to assess the agroclimatic potential and economic values of agricultural lands.

Increasing of crop yields mainly caused by modern technology, use of mineral fertilizers and plant protection products. Therefore, developing of zonal agricultural technologies will ensure the rational use of soil agroclimatic potential and increase grain production profitability. Because of economic needs, the broad use of mineral fertilizers, including liquids with minor nutrient elements was applied in Altai Krai. Therefore, the justification of doses and sorts of fertilizers and minor nutrient elements is especially relevant here. The aim of our study was to increase the efficiency of granular and liquid mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of spring wheat in the steppe zone of Altai Krai. The experiment was done in LLC “Russia” in Novichikhinsky district of Altai Krai. We presents seven fertilizer variants for cultivating the spring wheat using the No-Till technology in the steppe zone of Altai region. We also assessed the quality of sowing, soil water regime, yield structure and grain quality, and presented the general patterns of crop formation and technical and economic evaluation of these fertilizer variants. Key words: mineral fertilizers, No-Till technology, spring wheat, sowing quality, soil water regime, yield structure, grain quality, economic efficiency References Alexandratos, N. and Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome, FAO. Bakaeva, N.P, Saltykova, O.L., Korzhavina, N.Yu. and Prikazchikov, M.S. (2019). Economics of spring wheat production in the Middle Volga. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 315, 022056. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/315/2/022056. Belyaev, V.I. (2018). The effectiveness of the use of granular and liquid mineral fertilizers with microelements in the cultivation of spring wheat in the Kulunda steppe of the Altai Territory. All-Russian Sc. Conf. “Prospects for the introduction of innovative agricultural technologies in the cultivation of agricultural crops”. (November 23, 2018). Barnaul. RIO Altai State Agrarian Univerity (in Russian). Belyaev, V.I., Mainel, T., Grunwald, L., Schmidt, G., Bondarovich, A.A., Rudev N.V. (2016). The water regime of the soil and the yield of agricultural crops with various cultivation technologies in the Kulunda steppe of the Altai Territory. Bulletin of the Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology. Ecology, 24(2), 531-539. Belyaev, V.I., Makarov, G.A. (2018). Agronomic efficiency of the use of mineral fertilizers in the Eastern zone of the Altai Territory. Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University, 10(168), 32-39 (in Russian). Belyaev, V.I., Meinel, T., Grunewald, H., Sokolova, L.V., Kuznetsov, V.N., Matsyura, A.V. (2018). Influence of spring soft wheat, peas and rape cultivation technology on soil water regime and crop yield. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(1), 873–879. Belyaev, V.I., Rudev, N.V., Maynel, T., Kozhanov S.A., Sokolova L. V., Matsyura, A.V. (2017b). Effect of sowing aggregates for direct sowing, sowing seeding rates and doses of mineral fertilizers on spring wheatyield in the dry steppe of Altai Krai. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(4), 145-150. Belyaev, V.I., Sokolova, L.V. (2012). Yield of spring soft wheat depending on the variety and dose of fertilization. Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University, 12(98), 21-24 (in Russian). Belyaev, V.I., Sokolova, L.V. (2018). The influence of the seeding rate of seeds and the dose of fertilization on the yield of spring wheat in the conditions of the Altai Ob region. Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University, 9(167), 10-22 (in Russian). Belyaev, V.I., Vol'nov, V.V., Sokolova, L.V., Kuznecov, V.N., Matsyura, A.V. (2017a). Effect of sowing techniques on the agroecological parameters of cereal crops. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(2), 130-136. Clay, D.E., Carlson, C.G. (2010). Fertilizers used in wheat production. In: Clay, D.E., C.G. Carlson, and K. Dalsted (eds). iGrow Wheat: Best Management Practices for Wheat Production in South Dakota. South Dakota State University, South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, Brookings, SD. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283515466_Fertilizers_Used_in_Wheat_Production_1_Fertilizers_Used_In_Wheat_Production#fullTextFileContent/ Schierhorn, F., Faramarzi, M., Prishchepov, A.V., Koch, F.J. and Daniel Muller, D. (2014). Quantifying yield gaps in wheat production in Russia. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 084017. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084017 Zimnyakov, V.M., Varlamova, E.N. (2020). Wheat production in Russia. Niva Povolzhya, 1(54), 12-21. doi:10.36461/NP.2020.54.1.003 (in Russian).

The long-term field experience has been carried out in the LLC Farm Enterprise “Partner”, Mikhailovsky District of the Altai Region, one of the basic sites of the “Kulunda” project. The field experience was founded in 2013, implemented over the next four years in a similar way; the alternation of crops was carried out in accordance to the crop rotation. In total, there were four sets of experiments in eight variants in triple number of replications. There were four variants of row spacing implemented: 25.0 cm, 33.3 cm, 37.5 cm, and 50.0 cm. We also used two seeding rates for every crop: spring wheat - 75 and 120 kg/ha; rapeseed – 2 and 4 kg/ha; peas – 140 and 180 kg/ha. The sowing was made with an expimental grain seeder “Cornor-DMC” with chisel-shaped copying coulters, the “Amazone” company production. Combine harvesters “Lexion” (peas and rapeseed) and “Sampo” (wheat) carried out harvesting in August-September. As an object of research, the technological process of cultivation of agricultural crops in the crop rotation of spring wheat–pea–spring wheat–rape was considered. The influence of the row spacing and the seeding rate on the yield was evaluated. An increase in row spacing from 25 cm to 50 cm leads to an almost linear decrease in the yield of crops. The increasing of the seeding rate in the studied limits leads to the yield enhancement. The obtained data will allow substantiating the rational row spacing, design of the sowing complex and seeding rate. This is extremely important for introducing the “No-Till” technology in the arid steppe of the Altai Region. Key words: Row spacing; Seeding rate; Crop yield; “No-Till” technology; Agriculture References Belyaev, V.I., Meinel, T., Kozhanov, S.A., Tissen, R., Belyaev, V.V., Kozhanov, N.A. (2014). International project "Kulunda": the rationale for innovative machinery and technology systems for the cultivation of crops for the steppe zone of the Altai Region. Agrarian Science for Agriculture. Proceed. IX Int. Sc. Conf. Barnaul (in Russian). Belyaev V.I., Meinel T., Grunwald L., Schmidt G., Bondarovich A.A., Shcherbinin V.V., Ponkina E.V., Matsyura A.V., Stefan E., Illiger P., Kozhanov N.A., Rudev N.V. (2016). The water regime of the soil and the yield of agricultural crops under various cultivation technologies in the Kulunda steppe of the Altai Region. News of Dnepropetrovsk University. Biology. Ecology, 24(2), 531-539. (in Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15421/011672 Belyaev V.I., Bondarovich A.A., Ponkina E.V., Shcherbinin V.V., Schmidt G., Matsyura A.V., Kozhanov S.A., Rudev N.V. (2017a). The temperature regime of air and soil according to the meteorological and soil-hydrological monitoring network in the Kulunda plain during the vegetation periods of 2013-2016. Bulletin of the Altai State Agricultural University, 3(149), 30-36. (in Russian). Belyaev, V.I., Sokolova, L.V., Kuznecov, V.N., Matsyura, A.V. (2017b). Effect of sowingaggregates on sowing quality of spring soft wheat (the case of moderate dry-forest steppe, Altay region). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(3), 258-263. (in Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15421/2017_77 Belyaev, V.I., Rudev, N.V., Maynel, T., Kozhanov S.A., Sokolova L. V., Matsyura, A.V. (2017c). Effect of sowing aggregates for direct sowing, sowing seeding rates and doses of mineral fertilizers on spring wheat yield in the dry steppe of Altai Krai. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(4), 145-150. (in Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15421/2017_77

We performed field research with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the technology of spring soft wheat, pea and rape cultivation in the GPR “Timiryazevsky” in the Mamontovsky District of the Altai Territory within the framework of the international research project "Kulunda" in 2013-2016. The technological process of crop cultivation in the rotation of wheat-pea-wheat-rape was chosen as an object of research. The subject of the study was the interrelation of technology of cultivation of crops, water regime of soil and yield. Variable factors in the experiment for each culture were the methods of autumn soil cultivation, pre-sowing treatment and sowing aggregates. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, a tendency has been found to reduce the specific consumption of moisture with a decrease in the intensity of autumn soil cultivation, as well as variants of agricultural technologies with a maximum crop yield of the studied crops has been found.

This chapter presents a concept and practicable solutions for effective and environmentally sound cereal-based cropping systems in Siberia. The work behind this was carried out in the framework of the international research project “KULUNDA, how to prevent the next global dust bowl?” We start with an analysis of the socio-economic and bio-climatic conditions and current practice for cereal cropping in Siberia. The climatic conditions of West Siberia were compared with those in the steppe regions of Canada. The adaption of current cropping practices based on South Canadian experiences, such as minimum tillage and direct seeding, seems to be promising for Siberia too. More reliable machinery for soil and crop management, exact seeding and spraying machinery in particular, will help to establish more robust crops which provide higher yield stability and better water use efficiency, and maintain soil fertility by protecting the soil against wind erosion. We designed and conducted field trials on three experimental sites in the Altai Krai of Siberia. These trials represent the outcomes of our analysis by combining the local expertise of Siberian scientists and farmers with experience from Canadian and Kazakh cropping practices and with proven and newly developed German technology for their realisation. The focus is on innovative technologies for soil conservation tillage operations and direct drill seeders. On 70 randomised plots, most modern no-till methods were compared with other variants such as modernized and conventional agricultural machinery, and with extremely out-dated methods of conventional technology. The latter variants include practices still dominating in Siberia: no crop protection and fertilisation as well as cereal monoculture and fallow. The initial results under very dry weather conditions confirm our concepts that conservation practices perform better when considering all aspects of soil protection, the performance of machinery, plant establishment and yield. Wider crop rotation can give higher economic stability and will help to get the cropping systems closer to natural conditions. Soils can be protected from wind erosion in an effective way using no-till systems, and the yield can be stabilized. Most modern seeding machines with wide row spacings and narrow, single depth-adjusted hoe opener systems are able to carry out shallow tillage in the seeding furrow only and to place the seed and fertiliser exactly at the adjusted depth. The running experiments will deliver more detailed data about crop management and yields, soil fertility and micro-economy in the coming two years. Though those more detailed data are still required, we may already conclude that our new approaches seem to confirm our hypotheses. They are soil conserving, practicable and effective, and have great potentials for broader application in Siberian agriculture.

Using the mathematical model of the Black Sea hydrogen sulphide zone ecosystem [Belyaev and Sovga, 1992] its further investigation is carried out. The influence of horizontal water exchange and seasonal boundary conditions on the vertical profiles of ecosystem characteristics are investigated. Also the influence of the hydrogen sulphide zone ecosystem components on the vertical sulphate distribution and the formation of the turbid layer is estimated.

The principles of logical-information modelling of complex ecological economic systems, constituting the groundwork for simulating environmental management, are developed. The simulation system enables expertise in decisions taken for the purpose of management of economic activities affecting the environment and of control of natural resources in a region.

A mathematical model of the marine shelf zone affected by overregulated river discharge, pollution and fisheries is presented. Hydrodynamical and ecological system component fields (concentrations of phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophytic algae, fiih, nutrients, suspended and dissolved organic matter, oxygen and carbonic acid, and of hydrooptical characteristics) are calculated from aggregated and averaged system components. Subsequent hierarchical decomposition takes into account their dependence on spatial coordinates.

The possibility of a sloping disposition of slots with respect to a main waveguide's wide wall plane was considered. It reduces a thickness of a waveguide's wall, and remains the electrical length of a slot equal to /spl pi//2.

A generalized mathematical model has been constructed for the marine coastal ecosystems containing macrophytes. The model has been expressed in the form of a system of integro-differential equations describing the concentration of consumed substrates, population and biomass of macrophyte species and their distribution functions with respect to age in the form of functions of space coordinates and time. A particular case of the model has been analyzed and constants corresponding to the changes of biomass were calculated.

Approaches helping to overcome the difficulties in marine system simulation problems are discussed which rest upon the aggregation of components, presentation of the model in the form of a stochastic graph and design of logical information models. The simulation techniques are exemplified with their applications to forecast problems for marine shelf ecological system behaviour.

Summary The described method of modelling of marine ecosystems is based on their decomposition into hierarchial structure of subsystems each of them may be considered separately. As a result of this the simplified qualitative correlations are established between the values of their input and output variables. The inputs and outputs of subsystems models are connected through the randomizing modules taking into account the description accuracy of real object by the corresponding model. In the complete form the mathematical model of complex ecosystem is a stochastic graph, which is investigated by the method of random trajectories. On the base of analysis of complex ecosystem models the limiting and loading variables are revealed, for which it is possible then to compose the simple models, describing the characteristic peculiarity of their behaviour. This principle is used for creation of the scheme of pollution action on marine ecosystems.

Publisher Summary The study of the migration of tagged particles in physiological systems is useful for the investigation of biological transport and metabolism. The biological objects may be cells, tissues, organs, or individuals in the population; from the mathematical point of view, they form a dispersional system together with the medium. To describe such a system, the Lagrangian representation of the kinetic equations in phase space of states is an effective method. This kind of approach was applied for modeling of exchange processes of radioactive particles between organism and medium. The method of modeling may be applied for studying the metabolism in fishes. The physiological and biochemical approach to the study of the fish state contributes to the utilization of sensitive indices for its definition and forecasting at all periods of the vital cycle under different inhabitation conditions. Such indices may be the parameters characterizing intermediate tissue metabolism, dynamics of chemical compounds, etc. The investigation of transport of different elements, the calculations of parameters that determine the kinetics may be useful means to study the physiological processes of the organism. This chapter discusses the material and methods of experiments and also presents the description of the results of tracer investigations.

In modelling complex ecological systems 1. (i) a new theory of diffusion of non-conservative particles, 2. (ii) procedures for aggregation and averaging of ecosystem components with subsequent hierarchical decomposition and for 3. (iii) joint analysis of dynamic and logical informational models were developed and shortly described. Numerical procedures support the elaboration of prognoses about the behaviour of men-controlled ecological systems. Some results in modelling the North-West Black Sea shelf ecosystem are demonstrated.