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Introduction. In a series of studies, patients with intermittent testicular torsion (ITT) have a 29% to 50% chance of gonad loss. The «bell clapper» type testicular fixation abnormality is a predisposing factor for TT. In cases of ITT, episodes of hemiscrotal pain attack are not a sufficient reason to scrotal revision, which makes it important to develop imaging techniques to document the presence of anatomical preconditions for ITT.Objective. To find a methodology beneficial in solving the problem of documenting the anatomical preconditions for ITT.Materials & methods. To diagnose anatomical preconditions of ITT, we have developed a method of ultrasound. Ultrasound can be used to prove the presence of a “bell clapper» deformity by visualizing the spermatic cord proximal to the testis surrounded by fluid. Fix the testis with a slight traction in a caudal direction while moving the fluid inside the sheaths upward. Place the transducer over the spermatic cord in a horizontal position. The fluid is displaced abnormally high along the spermatic cord within the peritoneal vaginal sheath and surrounds the spermatic cord on all sides, allowing good visualization of the spermatic cord above the testis within the testicular sheaths. If we continue with the bell analogy, the resulting ultrasound picture can be called «bell clapper rod» symptom. A patient with an ultrasound-derived «bell clapper rod» symptom can be diagnosed with a testicular fixation anomaly that creates anatomic conditions for intermittent testicular torsion. The ultrasound arguments obtained allow us to confidently form indications for testicular fixation.Results. Eight patients were examined according to the described method, all of them showed the symptom of ‘bell clapper rod’, and testicular fixation was recommended. The average age of the patients was 12.4 years. The average time after scrotal pain resolution was 8 hours (from 1 to 18 hours). All eight patients had intraoperative verification of abnormal testicular fixation of the ‘bell clapper rod’.Conclusion. A patient with the acute hemiscrotal pain and then its spontaneous disappearance with the ultrasound-derived «bell clapper rod» symptom can be diagnosed with a testicular fixation anomaly that creates anatomic conditions for ITT. Preoperative diagnosis based on ultrasound combined with clinical data transforms the ITT from a diagnosis of exclusion to a diagnosis based on proven anatomical preconditions for testicular torsion. The ultrasound arguments obtained allow us to confidently form indications for testicular fixation.

During the study of algal diversity in pyroclastic deposits of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Chlorella-like green algae strains VCA-72 and VCA-93 were isolated from samples collected from along the Baydarnaya river bed on the Shiveluch volcano in 2018 and at the outlet of thermal vapors along the edge of the caldera on the southern slope of the Gorely volcano in 2020. Identification of the strains was carried out within the framework of an integrative approach using microscopic and molecular genetic methods, including preliminary taxon identification, obtaining nucleotide sequences of the small subunit and the internal transcribed spacer rRNA, reconstruction of phylogenetic trees and secondary structures of the ITS1 and ITS2 rRNA regions. On the phylogenetic tree, strain VCA-93 was clustered in the Micractinium thermotolerans species clade. No differences were found when comparing the helical domain models of ITS1 and ITS2 in M. thermotolerans. Strain VCA-72 occupied a basal position in the M. inermum clade. The secondary structure patterns of the helices of strain VCA-72 were generally similar to those of M. inermum, but intraspecific variability was noted, mainly due to substitutions in the apical and lateral loops. Five hCBC substitutions were found in the helical regions of the studied M. inermum strains, while no CBC substitutions were found. A detailed analysis of morphology and life cycle allowed us to identify the characteristics of the cells in aging cultures: their size was significantly higher than in vegetative ones and they were pear-shaped, oval, and ellipsoidal with a shallow, wide constriction in the center. In addition, cells with colorless lipid droplets were detected in aging cultures of both species. The ability to synthesize and accumulate lipids indicates the great potential of the strains for the production of biodiesel fuel. A review of the habitats of previous and new findings allowed us to note the ecological plasticity of the studied species. The results obtained complement the information on the biogeography of the species: this is the first record of M. inermum for the territory of Russia, and that of M. thermotolerans, for the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The article considers the understanding of the nature of public life as some integrity in Russian religious philosophy. It is shown that the main specificity of the way of thinking of Russian philosophers is to distinguish between the empirical reality of social life, which is the “scratching of war” of various subjects and the deep spiritual basis, historically formed and gaining mystical status in people’s minds. Attention is drawn to the fact that its content, according to the considered views of Russian thinkers, includes the spiritual foundations of the family, religious beliefs and the consciousness of the community of historical fate, which make up the meaning of cathedral life in their unity. This way of understanding the integrity of public life eliminates the orientation towards its revolutionary transformation inherent in the collectivist paradigm, since historically formed spiritual foundations oppose such aspirations and, instead of planned improvements in public integrity, can entail severe social consequences. Accordingly, rationally justified partial reforms, the orientation of which is due to the individualistic paradigm, must be consulted with those meanings that have historically developed and form the spiritual basis of social life. The category expressing the way of thinking of Russian philosophers on the integrity of public life is universalism.

Background.In the absence of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, seasonal influenza vaccination during the pandemic contributed to lowered COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. The study was aimed to assess the state of post-influenza vaccination immunity, pneumonia frequency and severity in medical workers after using various flu vaccination regimens, between the 1st and 2nd peaks of COVID-19 epidemic rise.Materials and methods.Comparatively analyzed data on the levels of antibodies against influenza virus strains and pneumonia incidence in 487 medical workers was carried out: 1st group — unvaccinated in 2020–2021 (n = 281), 2nd group — vaccinated against influenza (Sovigripp), (n = 98), 3rd group — received combined vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus (Prevenar 13), (n = 108).Results.6 months after vaccination, the highest rates of influenza virus were detected in the A(H3N2), the level of seroprotection (≥ 1:40) ranged from 49.0% in unvaccinated (1st group) to 53.4–53.2% in those who received combined vaccination (group III), as well as influenza alone (2nd group), p 0.05; for strain A(H1N1) the level of seroprotection in 1st group is 24.5%, lower (p 0.04) than in 2nd group — 32.7%, but does not differ from the levels of 40.4% in group III; for strain B the level of seroprotection is the lowest ranging from 19.4% in the group of unvaccinated subjects up to 22.4% in 2nd group and 23.4% in 3rd group. The pneumonia incidence in 1st group (3.9%), 2nd group (3.1%), 3rd group (4.6%) did not differ, however, among all vaccinated subjects severity of pneumonia clinical course was mild, whereas in unvaccinated employees, except for mild course (45.4%, 5 out of 11 people) pneumonia in 36.4% (4 out of 11 people) cases was assessed as moderate and in 18.2% (2 out of 11 people) cases — severe with fatal outcomes.Conclusion.The study showed that 6 months after seasonal influenza immunization between the 1st and 2nd peaks of COVID-19 epidemic rise, the immunogenicity of the vaccine meets the CPMP criterion for the A(H3N2) strain. In vaccinated patients, the proportion of pneumonia with COVID-19 clinical picture was mild in 100% of cases, and in unvaccinated patients in 36.4% of cases — of moderate severity and in 18.2% — severe with fatal outcome.

Abstract Physical activity (PA) improves dyspnoea, psychological wellbeing and quality of life (QoL) for people with COPD reducing their risk of exacerbation. However, engagement in PA is low especially amongst those with anxiety and depression, and PA programmes are limited in countries with limited resources such as Brazil. We explored perceptions of 21 people with COPD about the impact of their disease on taking part in community-based PA programmes in Sao Paulo, Brazil through semi-structured telephone interviews from October 2020 to April 2021. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using the Framework method. Five themes were identified: Knowledge about COPD and its management; Self-perception of life with COPD; Knowledge and experiences of depression and anxiety; Opinions on PA and repercussions of COVID-19. PA was considered to be important in bringing physical and mental health benefits but there were barriers in accessibility of formal PR programmes and therefore local community PA programmes were considered to be important. People with mental health conditions tended to view PA more negatively. COVID-19 had reduced PA opportunities, access to COPD treatment and social interaction, and was associated with more exacerbations and emotional suffering. In general, this study showed an urgent need to improve knowledge about COPD and its risk factors and management among both patients, the public and primary healthcare professionals. We provide important content for the formulation of public policies for the implementation of specific activity programmes for people with COPD in community spaces using local resources and intersectoral partnerships.

Aim. Justification of the optimal dosage regimen regarding the efficacy and safety of Eladis®, film-coated tablets, 10 mg (Valenta Pharm JSC, Russia) in comparison with placebo in patients with non-productive cough due to acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI). Material and methods. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized multicenter study was conducted in which 141 patients with non-productive cough on the background of acute respiratory viral infection took part. The study participants were randomized into 4 groups. Patients from the first group took 1 tablet of Eladis® 2 times a day (daily dose of 20 mg); patients from the second group took 2 tablets of Eladis® 2 times a day (daily dose of 40 mg); patients from the third group took 4 tablets of Eladis® 2 times a day (daily dose of 80 mg). Patients in the fourth group received placebo tablets in quantities corresponding to the first three groups. For this purpose, 3 subgroups of 12 people were allocated within group 4. The duration of therapy was 7–14 days. The effectiveness of therapy was assessed based on monitoring the frequency of cough attacks, changes in values on the day and night cough scales, a digital rating scale (DRS), and the time to achieve clinical cure of cough and ARVI symptoms was also taken into account. The safety of the studied drug was assessed based on monitoring of vital signs, laboratory parameters, and electrocardiogram (ECG) data. The number and severity of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were assessed. Results. Analysis of data on the primary endpoint (reduction of cough attack frequency by ;)50% by the 5th day relative to the 1st visit) showed the superiority of Eladis® over placebo at a daily dose of 80 mg (P=0.00003). At the same time, the proportion of patients who reached the primary endpoint by day 5 when receiving Eladis® at a dose of 80 mg per day was 71.43%, while in the combined placebo group it was 22.22%. Conclusion. Evaluation of various dosage regimens of Eladis® has shown that a daily dose of 80 mg is optimal for the treatment of non-productive cough in patients with ARVIs, as it provides the greatest effectiveness with a safety profile comparable to other studied doses.

With the development of strabismology, the issues of using Botox in various eye movement pathologies are gaining relevance. The literature analysis shows that the data concerning the effectiveness of Botox are ambivalent and as a rule, are based on short-term results. The review presents the data on the efficiency of the botulinum toxin in the treatment of various oculomotor system diseases in comparison with traditional surgical interventions. Indications for such therapy, application techniques, doses and complications are discussed. The generalized modern data on the functional features of the onset of various pathologies in strabismology help assess the potentials of optimizing strabismus treatment with type A botulinum toxin. To search for the data published between 1973 and 2022, select and summarize them we used Google Scholar, PubMed and eLibrary databases.

Identification and examination of export-import goods, in particular lemons, plays a significant role in facilitating the detection of customs violations and crimes, as well as in ensuring preventive measures to eliminate them. The article analyses the peculiarities of examination of citrus fruits, in particular lemons, with a view to their classification under classifier of goods Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity. The methodological approaches to the classification of citrus fruits within the framework of commodity expertise are considered. The main diagnostic tasks to be solved by a forensic expert in the course of lemon examination are identified: determination of product quality, chemical analysis, phytopathological analysis, toxicological analysis, organoleptic analysis, microbiological analysis, identification of origin, assessment of storage and transportation conditions. Modern analytical methods allow to conduct a comprehensive study of lemons at various levels – molecular, chemical and morphological – to obtain objective data on their quality, safety and other important characteristics. This data can be useful in legal proceedings to determine the origin, compliance with quality standards and dispute resolution. The article summarises information on the typical defects of lemons, namely: mechanical damage, diseases and lesions, growth and development defects, skin defects, parasites and pests, physiological defects, chemical defects (these defects are of natural origin). Defects inherent in low-quality products with signs of deterioration include mechanical damage, rot and mould, discolouration, wrinkling, shape defects, pests, disease damage, additional chemical treatment, loss of aroma and taste, improper storage and transportation, black spots, and skin tears. The mechanism for conducting a forensic examination of lemons is described in detail.

The intestinal barrier is one of the most important components that maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis, therefore changes in bacterial composition can lead to increased intestinal permeability and the development of intestinal translocation of opportunistic microorganisms, with the subsequent development or complication of various infectious diseases. A comparative description of the microbiota of the intestinal tract of calves with compensated, subcompensated and decompensated acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia of calves was carried out in the conditions of livestock farms of Vladimir and Moscow Oblasts. Calves aged 1–3 months with acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia (n = 37) were used for the study. The severity of the disease was assessed based on clinical and laboratory tests. The samples taken from clinically healthy animals (n = 8) were used as controls. It has been shown that in calves with compensated acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiome does not differ from clinically healthy animals. During the clinical manifestation of subcompensated and decompensated acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia in calves, a significant quantitative and qualitative shift in the microbiome occurs in the intestines, which indicates the occurrence of dysbiosis. We believe that this area is quite relevant and requires further scrupulous research.

Objective: to evaluate the results of surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse using mesh implants.Materials and methods: experience in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse using mesh implants on the basis of the Federal Siberian Scientific and Clinical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia is presented. The features of the surgical technique for performing laparoscopic sacropexy and pectopexy, the advantages and disadvantages of both techniques, as well as the results obtained after surgery are considered.Results: during the period from 2016 to 2022, 567 surgical interventions using mesh implants were performed at the gynecology department. The effectiveness of POP correction using laparoscopic access reached 93.4% (p< 0.001). The recurrence rate of apical prolapse was 6.6% (p< 0.001). 20% of patients experienced constipation after sacropexy (p< 0.001), which was not observed after pectopexy. The prevalence of stress urinary incontinence de novo after laparoscopic sacropexy was 4.1%; this complication was not diagnosed after pectopexy. 37.4% of patients who underwent laparoscopic sacropexy reported dyspareunia, whereas 6.1% of women who underwent pectopexy had dyspareunia (p< 0.001). Also, in 0.64% of cases after urethropexy, a complication such as erosion of the vaginal wall was recorded (p< 0.001).Conclusions: laparoscopic sacropexy and pectopexy are effective methods of surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse, and pectopexy has a number of advantages compared to sacropexy.

Abstract H2O transforms to two forms of superionic (SI) ice at high pressures and temperatures, which contain highly mobile protons within a solid oxygen sublattice. Yet the stability field of both phases remains debated. Here, we present the results of an ultrafast X-ray heating study utilizing MHz pulse trains produced by the European X-ray Free Electron Laser to create high temperature states of H2O, which were probed using X-ray diffraction during dynamic cooling. We confirm an isostructural transition during heating in the 26-69 GPa range, consistent with the formation of SI-bcc. In contrast to prior work, SI-fcc was observed exclusively above ~50 GPa, despite evidence of melting at lower pressures. The absence of SI-fcc in lower pressure runs is attributed to short heating timescales and the pressure-temperature path induced by the pump-probe heating scheme in which H2O was heated above its melting temperature before the observation of quenched crystalline states, based on the earlier theoretical prediction that SI-bcc nucleates more readily from the fluid than SI-fcc. Our results may have implications for the stability of SI phases in ice-rich planets, for example during dynamic freezing, where the preferential crystallization of SI-bcc may result in distinct physical properties across mantle ice layers.

Photosynthetic carbon flux and soil respiration are major determinants of the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Components of the carbon exchange of woody plants and soils were estimated in a 10-year-old clear-cut site of mid-boreal bilberry-type pine forest in southern Karelia during the warm season (July–August) in 2017–2019. The control was trees of the same age (10–15 years) and natural soils under the canopy of a mature bilberry pine forest. A comparison of the parameters of CO2 gas exchange in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), gray alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), and aspen (Populus tremula L.) revealed that photosynthetic uptake of CO2 exceeded its release by foliage during dark respiration in all the species more significantly in the regenerating clear-cutting (6–10-fold) than under mature stand canopy (3–6-fold). The rate of photosynthesis in trees of the same age was higher in deciduous species compared to pine both in the clear-cut site (16.6–17.6 and 7.4 μmol/m2·s) and under pine forest canopy (11.2–12.3 and 5.5 μmol/m2·s). The contributions of soil emission to the atmospheric СО2 flux in the regenerating clear-cutting (4.6 μmol/m2 s) and under the stand canopy (5.9 μmol/m2·s) are reported. Intra-seasonal variability of the parameters of carbon exchange in woody plants and soil was high as opposed to the relatively low variation among years in both sample plots.

This study evaluated the feasibility of using free multispectral remote sensing data from Sentinel-2A satellites to predict soil properties in Northern Karnataka, India. Sentinel-2A images were downloaded for selected sites, covering Vertisol, Ultisol, and Alfisol soils. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models incorporated four Sentinel-2 bands and six spectral indices (NDVI, GNDVI, SAVI, TVI, EVI, and BI) as independent variables, with soil properties as dependent variables. Surface samples (0–15 cm depth) were collected from March to May 2022. The analysis showed significant correlations between individual bands and soil properties, with variations in Organic Carbon (OC) compared to sand, silt, clay, and pH. Sand positively correlated with all spectral indices, while silt, clay, and pH were negatively correlated. The red and Near-Infrared (NIR) bands showed a non-significant relationship with OC. No significant correlation was found between EVI and the soil properties. Strong regression coefficients were observed between Sentinel-2 predictions and laboratory measurements: sand (r² = 0.63), silt (r² = 0.73), clay (r² = 0.59), and pH (r² = 0.59). These results demonstrate the potential of Sentinel-2 data for predicting soil properties, offering a valuable tool for managing unsampled agricultural fields.

Diabetic Charcot neuroosteoarthropathy is a manifestation of diabetic foot syndrome, accompanied by a high risk of foot ulcers and amputation. Many aspects of this pathology due to its features remain poorly understood, which leads to difficulties in determining the tactics of treatment of these patients. This review analyzes of anatomical and functional classifications of Charcot foot. The review focuses on the midfoot pathology as the most severe in their consequences. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to the description of the X-ray picture of the disease at its various stages are analyzed. The systematization of the literature allows us to conclude that the existing approaches to classification are relatively acceptable mainly when planning conservative treatment. At the same time, detailed anatomical and radiological classifications do not help in choosing the tactics of reconstructive surgical treatment. With the increasing availability of reconstructive surgery for severe deformities due to Charcot’s arthropathy, it seems appropriate to develop classification systems that could become a practical tool for determining surgical tactics in this pathology.

Introduction. The development of automobile and road construction is a priority in the Russian economy. Timely putting construction projects in commission increases the requirements for planning of execution mechanized works. The operation of transport and technological machines in construction processes for a long time leads to a decrease in their potential capabilities, including operational productivity. The purpose of the proposed article is to improve the method of calculating the performance of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator (EO), taking into account the operating time.Methods and materials. The performance calculation method takes into account the dynamics of the working pressure in the hydraulic system of the working equipment (GRO), the speed of rotation of the crankshaft (PMVC) from the operating time, regression dependencies were used to describe them. The parameters of the law of distribution of the random value of the working pressure in the hydraulic drive and the rate of its fall for the ‘development and recruitment of soil’ operation were also obtained.Results. Processing of the results of production experiments enables to establish the dependence of changes in the working pressure in the hydraulic system during development and gathering soil, as well as for all technological operations of the working cycle, the rotational frequency of the crankshaft of a single-bucket excavator engine on the operating time. The influence of the working pressure in the hydraulic drive, the rotational speed of the crankshaft of the excavator engine on the supply and hydraulic power, the duration of technological operations is studied. The calculation of the operational productivity of a single-bucket excavator is carried out taking into account the dynamics of parameters reflecting its change over operating time.Discussion and conclusions. It has been established that with an increase in operating time, the operating pressure in the hydraulic drive decreases by an average of 12.7-13.0%, and the decrease in the average operating speed of the crankshaft is 4%. The estimated value of the drop in the average hourly operating performance of the EO, taking into account the deterioration of the technical condition, is 55% in the operating time range from 0 to 10,000 operating hours for the Japanese EO ZX 330 model.

The Russian Art Gallery, a large federal museum, is being built in Sevastopol. The new museum will feature a collection of Russian art of the second half of the 20th – early 21st centuries and art of the Global South. The gallery is part of a project to build cultural and educational centers in four Russian cities in order to decentralize cultural life and base it in the country’s regions. The Russian Art Gallery aspires to gradually introduce the art of the Global South to the public and potentially become a new cultural center that will set trends and make meaning. At the same time, the museum seeks its own unique character. When the museum opens, two exhibitions are to be organized to show a view of the same era from two different corners of the world. The exhibitions are expected to exhibit works by Aleksandr Deyneka who perceived a perfect society in his own unique way, and those by Diego Rivera, a renowned Mexican painter. The museum’s collection of contemporary Latin American art will be the first in Russia; therefore, it should represent all the main types of art and major cultural phenomena of Latin America and the Caribbean.

Compared to children of other ages, neonates especially seriously ill and premature subjects comprise a high thrombotic risk group. A decline in the incidence of neonatal thrombosis may be accounted for by improved treatment of severe conditions in newborns and increased survival of premature infants. Neonatal and adult hemostasis exhibit distinct physiological features: difference in concentration, synthesis rate of blood coagulation factors, metabolic rate, thrombin and plasmin levels. At the same time, neonatal threshold values for natural blood coagulation inhibitors (protein C, protein S, antithrombin, heparin cofactor II) and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (FII, FVII, FIX, FX) are quite low, whereas that of FVIII and von Willebrand factor exceeds those found in adults. Thus, newborns have lower plasma fibrinolytic activity. The main risk factors for developing thrombotic complications are as follows: central venous catheters, altered body fluid volume, liver disease, as well as sepsis and inflammatory processes particularly COVID-19. The significance of congenital and acquired maternal and neonatal thrombophilia may pose an additional risk factor for thrombotic complications. Low-molecular weight heparins are the first-choice drugs in treatment and prevention of neonatal thrombosis.

Purpose of the study: to provide current data on pharmacotherapy of hormone-dependent breast cancer (hdBC) and to consider the feasibility of introducing new hormone therapy drugs for breast cancer into clinical practice. Material and Methods. We analyzed 80 publications available Pubmed, Springer, Cochrane Library, etc. concerning the study of pharmacological characteristics of various groups of drugs for the treatment of hdBC, of which 49 were included in this review. Results. Currently, there are several approaches to the treatment of hdBC. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors are the most studied and frequently used drugs. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors can be present in both the first- and second-line therapy. Currently, close attention is paid to the development of new drugs based on genomic profiling of the tumor, which is the standard of treatment for hdBC, and contributes to the personalization of therapy. Conclusion. Further development of drugs holds great promise for increasing overall survival and more accurate prognosis, response to conventional systemic therapy, and individualization of pharmacotherapy for hdBC. However, further research and development of new drugs is required. In this regard, the introduction of oral selective estrogen receptor degraders into practice and the development of new drugs that block estrogen-dependent and independent signaling to estrogen receptors are the most promising trends.

Nowadays, virtually all major food stores offer a wide selection of plant-based milks made from almonds, oats, cashews, macadamia nuts, coconut and our old friend, the soy-bean. These forms of milk are typically lower in calories than dairy milk, and they do not contain saturated fat. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to investigate the preparation and nutritional evaluation of soursop juice milk as partial replacement for dairy milk in yoghurt production using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained shows that yoghurt enriched with soursop juice received a colour score of 7.57, which was slightly higher than that of plain cow milk yoghurt, indicating a positive contribution to colour acceptability. Aroma and taste ratings for soursop-supplemented yoghurt were above 7, placing them in the “I like it” category, suggesting favourable sensory attributes. Furthermore, it achieved an overall acceptability score of 7.00, indicating strong consumer preference and potential market appeal. The addition of soursop juice provided additional nutritional value, including increased dietary fibre and ash content of 1.98 and 2.00 respectively. This enrichment may offer enhanced health benefits compared to plain cow milk yoghurt. The presence of dietary fibre from soursop juice improved the stability of the yoghurt, reducing whey separation and enhancing texture. This suggests that the addition of soursop juice contributes to a more stable and desirable product. Soursop juice enhances the sensory attributes, nutritional profile, and stability of yoghurt compared to plain cow milk yoghurt. These improvements suggest that yoghurt with soursop juice may offer a competitive edge in the market, appealing to consumers seeking both better taste and nutritional benefits.

Aim. To study the comparative pharmacokinetics and confirmation of bioequivalence of the generic (T) and original (R) dabigatran etexilate in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose under fasted conditions.Material and methods. To confirm bioequivalence, an open-label, randomized, replication, crossover, four-step study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of generic and original dabigatran with a single oral dose 150 mg dabigatran etexilate under fasted conditions in adult healthy male and female volunteers. Sixty-eight subjects participated in the study. During the study, blood plasma samples were taken from volunteers, in which the concentration of total and free dabigatran was determined. Based on the data obtained, pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis was carried out and 90% confidence intervals were calculated for the ratio of mean pharmacokinetic parameters (Сmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, AUCt-∞, T1/2, AUCt-∞/AUC0-∞) for total and free dabigatran.Results. The established 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ and Cmax values for total dabigatran were 82,56-96,36% (mean ratio, 89,19%), 82,39-95,90% (mean ratio, 88,89%) and 85,98-99,17% (mean ratio, 92,34%), respectively. The established 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ and Сmax values for free dabigatran were 83,37-98,29% (mean ratio, 90,53%), 82,98-97,33% (mean ratio, 89,87%) and 85,04-99,28% (mean ratio, 91,88%), respectively. For the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters of dabigatran etexilate, 90% confidence intervals ranged from 80-125% for AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ and Cmax. Additional safety analysis was carried out. Generic and original dabigatran were well tolerated by the volunteers. There were no significant differences in vital signs, paraclinical characteristics throughout the study compared with the initial data, as well as significant differences between the drugs in all studied parameters of adverse events.Conclusion. The study showed that generic and original dabigatran are bio­equivalent. In addition, the data obtained indicate that the agents have similar safety profiles.

In 2023, 80 years have passed since the liberation of Stavropol from the Nazi invaders. The staff and patients of the psychiatric hospital were subjected to the horrors of the fascist regime. 660 patients and 30 employees of the Stavropol Psychiatric Hospital died in the gas chambers. The hospital honors the memory and does its best to preserve the story of people selflessly fulfilling their duty in difficult times for her and the whole country.The purpose of the study. In honor of the anniversary memorable date, the authors of the article want to tell about the history of the Stavropol Regional Psychiatric Hospital in chronological order from the day of its foundation to the present day.Materials and methods: a systematic analysis of scientific literature, archival data of the hospital was carried out, the A.J. Dorsht foundation, stored in the Museum of History of Stavropol State Medical University, was used.Results and discussion. The authors tell about the life of the hospital in different historical periods of our country. Special attention is paid to the period of the Great Patriotic War. It tells about the horrors that the hospital experienced during the German occupation, about the victims among patients and employees whose lives were claimed by the Great Patriotic War. The period of leadership of the outstanding chief physician, man and teacher, Adolf Yakovlevich Dorsht, is described with great respect and recognition.The article summarizes the history of the development of modern psychiatric services in the Stavropol Territory, the prevention of suicidal behavior among adolescents, the provision of psychiatric care to the population during a pandemic and a special military operation.Conclusion. Having survived many trials in its lifetime, at present the Stavropol Regional Psychiatric Hospital has been awarded numerous awards for asceticism in the field of mental health and is the largest in the North Caucasus.

Introduction. The standard of treatment for patients with single cerebral metastases is surgery and radiosurgery. The use of these methods significantly increases survival rates.Aim. To compare the results of surgical treatment of patients with single and multiple cerebral metastases.Materials and methods. The study included 40 patients with single and multiple cerebral metastases who underwent neurosurgical intervention in the neuro-oncology department of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Oncology Research Center from 2010 to 2022.Results. All patients are divided into 3 groups. Group A included 15 patients who removed all available cerebral foci (from 2 to 4). Group B included 10 patients with multiple cerebral metastases who underwent removal of one symptomatic metastasis. In group C, 15 patients who underwent removal of a single metastasis. It was noted that the survival of patients after removal of all cerebral metastases is identical to the survival of patients after removal of single metastasis 11.9 and 12.4 months, respectively. And it was significantly higher than the survival of patients who removed not all cerebral metastases 6.2 months (p = 0.03). Also in group A and C, the percentage of local relapses was identical. Improvement in neurological status was noted in all groups, there was only an increase in cognitive-mnestic disorders in group A, where all cerebral foci were removed. However, these disorders were moderate and did not reach the extent of dementia. The work done shows.Conclusion. Surgical removal of all metastases in patients with multiple brain metastases provides a prognosis similar to that of patients undergoing surgery for single metastasis. Removal of symptomatic metastasis in patients with multiple cerebral lesions in most cases leads to a regression of neurological symptoms and makes it possible to continue treatment with a group of patients whose condition was considered incurable. The percentage of local relapses in the removal of multiple cerebral metastases, subject to oncological principles, is the same as in the removal of single metastases.

Relevance. Planning the design of bioequivalence clinical studies of generic highly variable drugs requires non-standard approaches – the use of replicative (repeated) or adaptive design. However, both approaches entail an increase in organizational, time, and financial costs. Therefore, it becomes relevant to search for ways to pre-select volunteers with a lower initial level of variability in pharmacokinetic parameters to reduce the number of subjects.Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the potential subjects in clinical trials with a low initial level of variability in pharmacokinetic parameters using methods for assessing initial gender – age and anthropometric and clinical laboratory parameters.Material and methods. Data from clinical studies of the bioequivalence of drugs (valganciclovir, carebastine and raltegravir) with different levels of variability conducted in the period 2020–2022 in Russia were used for analysis. To achieve this goal, a model for grouping pharmacokinetic parameters (PhK) with known demographic and clinical laboratory parameters was developed using discriminant analysis. Discrimination was performed between optimal pharmacokinetics (OPhK) and variable pharmacokinetics (VPhK). Mathematical and statistical analyses of the results were performed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and Statistica 10.0.Results. During the study, the variability of the maximum concentration of the drug in plasma (Cmax), including its logarithmic values, was used as a basis. The levels of intra-individual variability (CVintra), which is the main characteristic of drug variability, in the OPhK group were several times lower than those in the VPhK group for all studied drugs, but for the highly variable drug raltegravir, they differed by almost 10 times.Conclusion. Therefore, the obtained results indicated that using traditional gender – age and anthropometric indicators alone is impossible to separate the OPhK and VPhK groups for the analyzed drugs with high PhK variability.

Particulate matter (PM) in the air has significant implications for human health and the environment, particularly in urban areas with high concentrations. This study focuses on the isotopic (δ13C and δ15N), elemental (CNS) as well as the total carbon to total nitrogen ratio (TC/TN) characterization of PM in Trombay, Mumbai. Monthly atmospheric dust samples were collected from 2016 to 2020 during the premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons. The average elemental concentrations for premonsoon samples were N (1.73% ± 0.25%), C (7.38% ± 0.72%), S (0.84% ± 0.13%), and TC/TN ratio (4.38 ± 0.86). For postmonsoon samples, the average elemental concentrations were N (1.47% ± 0.185%), C (6.95% ± 1.04%), S (0.84% ± 0.13%), and TC/TN ratio (4.80 ± 0.94). The average δ13C values for premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons were −24.31 ± 1.15‰ and −24.56 ± 1.20‰, respectively. The average δ15N values for premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons were 5.22 ± 1.92‰ and 4.57 ± 1.32‰, respectively. The results showed variations in elemental concentrations between the seasons, with higher values observed in premonsoon samples which can be attributed to increased dust generation from land and sea. Overall, this study provides insights into the local sources and characteristics of PM in the Trombay area and highlights the importance of long-term monitoring to understand the seasonal variations in PM composition.

Subject and Purpose. A new method for detecting narrow band interferences is discussed, with the use of an example record of Jovian Io-C decametric radio storm as obtained with the UTR-2 array on April 10, 2020. We aimed at developing an efficient and simple algorithm based on a detailed analysis of the effect the radio interference environment and the frequency response of the telescope may have on the efficiency of the interference mitigation procedure. Methods and Methodology. The ‘orthogonal detection’ method proposed for identifying linear interference patterns in dynamic spectra of powerful radio sources has been adapted for application to narrow band interferences of various spectral widths and variable brightness, which often happen to be located close to (or intersect with) the signal of interest. In order to minimize the impact of the telescope’s frequency response, a discretized frequency-scanning technique is used, which permits a steady approximation of the averaged spectrum by low order polynomials, as well as removal of the frequency trend which hinders distinguishing between the low-level interference signals and those coming from the source. Results. An efficient approach to the problem of detecting long lasting, narrowband interference's in dynamical spectra (conditionally stationary interferences) is proposed. The algorithm has been tested on the example of a powerful storm of Jovian radio emission. The proposed technique can be especially useful in situations where the signal of interest overlaps with the interference in the time-frequency domain. Conclusions. The new approach to the problem of interference mitigation, based on the development of combined algorithms of signal separation in the time-frequency domain, has been shown to offer an effective method of signal processing. In contrast to the previously used methods based on calculation of statistical moments for amplitudes, the new approach allows avoiding use of the same statistical indicators for both interference detection and subsequent steps of data analysis intended for building physical models and interpreting the observational data.

Abstract Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most commonly diagnosed sleep-associated pulmonary disorder in the world. So many risk factors have been attributed to OSA; however, conflicting results exist on how these factors contribute to OSA. Purpose This study hypothesized that increasing the number of risk factors for OSA, as reflected in the STOP-BANG questionnaire, increases the probability of having OSA but also increases the likelihood of having other severe diseases such as hypertension in a Nigerian population and that the severity of OSA might be dependent on specific anthropometric indices. Methods This study involved 110 male and female residents of Sagamu Local Government Area of Ogun State. Data was collected using a standardized instrument and the STOP-BANG questionnaire. Analysis involved descriptive statistics, parametric test of independent t-test to characterize data based on gender, and multinomial regressions to determine predictive factors of the various parameters of study on the severity of OSA. Results The association of the male gender with higher risk of OSA was confirmed by this study. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) predicted the risk of OSA, with an increase in DBP and HR implying higher risk of OSA. Of the anthropometric tests examined in this study, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), and neck height ratio (NHtR) predicted the risk of OSA in comparing low risk and medium risk to high risk, an increase in BMI and NC implying a higher risk of OSA while an increase in NHtR implying a lower risk of OSA.

The article is devoted to the analysis of compressibility factor calculation methods in the temperature range from 220 to 250 K. The AGA8-92DC (GOST 30319.2- 96), AGA8 Report Detail (GOST 30319.3-2015), GERG-2004/2008, NX19, GERG-91, ISO 20765-1 (GOST R 8.662-2009), GSSSD MR 118-05 (moderately compressed gas mixtures) and GSSSD MR 113-03 (Wet Oil Gas) methods are experimentally tested. Deviations of experimental data and calculated values of compressibility coefficient determined by the specified methods are shown. It is found out that the deviation of the calculated values of the compressibility factor according to the AGA8-92DC, AGA8 Report 1 Detail, GERG-2004/2008, ISO 20765-1 (GOST R 8.662-2009), GSSSD MR 13-03 methods from the experimental ones does not exceed 0,1 %. This fact confirms the possibility of using these methods in the temperature range from 220 to 250 K. The results obtained in the framework of this study are highly significant for flow metering, and in particular, provide an increase in the accuracy of the procedure for bringing the volume of natural gas to standard conditions at low temperatures.

Abstract Leguminous crop Tephrosia candida has high biomass production and contains a substantial quantity of nutrients within its biomass. Starting in 2019, a long-term study was done to find the best Tephrosia candida dose for mulching in guava orchards. The study had four treatments: T1 = 3.0 kg dry biomass m−2 of the plant basin, T2 = 2.0 kg, T3 = 1.0 kg, and T4 = control (no mulch). Every year, the treatments imposed in the month of August. The third year (2021–2022) results indicated that mulching with 3 kg of biomass m−2 increased trunk diameter, fruit yield, fruit weight, specific leaf area, total leaf chlorophyll, and leaf macro- and micro-nutrients. At 3.0 kg m−2, mulching improved soil properties such as EC, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, DTPA extractable micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn), total organic carbon (Ctoc), soil organic carbon (Csoc), organic carbon fractions, and microbial biomass carbon between 0–0.15 m and 0.15–0.30 m. There was an increasing trend in dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The Tephrosia leaf litter exhibited decay constants of 1.27 year−1, and the carbon content was 40.11%. Therefore, applying Tephrosia biomass mulching at a rate of 3.0 kg m−2 is a viable long-term solution for enhancing soil fertility and sequestering carbon.

In this paper, analytical solutions are presented for temperature and thermal behavior of a thermosensitive multilayered annular disc due to point heat source. Convective heating is applied to both the innermost and outermost layers. The nonlinearity of the thermal diffusivity equation is dealt using Kirchhoff’s transformation technique. A finite integral transform in the form of Bessel’s function is used to deal with the radial variable r. Fourier transform and angular eigen functions are also used to solve the thermal diffusivity equation. Deflection, resultant forces, shearing forces, resultant moments and thermal stresses are obtained. A mathematical representation is formulated for a 3-layered disc, with the inner, middle and outer layers composed of copper, zinc and aluminum respectively. The results are depicted graphically.

Code Smells have been detected, predicted and studied by researchers from several perspectives. This literature review is conducted to understand tools and algorithms used to detect and analyze code smells to summarize research agenda. 114 studies have been selected from 2009 to 2022 to conduct this review. The studies are deeply analyzed under the categorization of machine learning and non-machine learning, which are found to be 25 and 89 respectively. The studies are analyzed to gain insight into algorithms, tools and limitations of the techniques. Long Method, Feature Envy, and Duplicate Code are reported to be the most popular smells. 38% of the studies focused their research on the enhancement of tools and methods. Random Forest and JRip algorithms are found to give the best results under machine learning techniques. We extended the previous studies on code smell detection tools, reporting a total 87 tools during the review. Java is found to be the dominant programming language during the study of smells.

BACKGROUND. Intraand postoperative colonic bleeding is the most frequent complication in endoscopic removal of large colonic polyps. In this article, one of the methods of preventing this complication is discussed – preliminary preventive ligation of the leg of the polyp, carried out by using an endoscopic loop ligation.METHODS AND MATERIALS. The prospective trial provided between March and September 2023. This trial included 38 patients with 39 colonic polyps with the feeding leg of the polyp non-less than 5 mm in diameter. All patients underwent endoscopic mucosal resection within the leg of the polyp with preliminary preventive ligation of the leg. The ligation provided by the device inserted through the instrumental channel of the endoscope, and allowing delivery and tightening of the non-dissolving Rцder’s loop on the leg of the polyp.RESULTS. All identified polyps were successfully removed. The radicality of the removal was confirmed by histological examination data. The occurrence of technical difficulties during removal was noted in one case when removing the polyp 4 cm in diameter. The appeared technical difficulties were associated with difficult visualization of the feeding leg of the polyp, which was due to the large size of the removed formation. Positive correlation between the forma tion size and surgery time was observed (Spearman p=0.52, P=0.034). There were no bleeding complications during operations and early postoperative period.CONCLUSION. Preliminary preventive ligation is a simple, effective and safe method to prevent bleeding when remov ing polyps of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Recently, scientists have established that several benzodiazepines were found to enhance the activation of a cAMP response element pathway by α1A-adrenergic receptors, but this effect was attributed to off-target inhibition of phosphodiesterases 4. The study explores the pain-relief potential of 1,4-benzodiazepines using in silico methods, focusing on their interaction with α1A-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). AutoDock Vina-1.2.5 and Glide (Schrödinger Suite) (2023-2) were used to calculate the binding affinities and determine the features of their interactions by the molecular docking method; PlayMolecule software was used to perform molecular dynamics. Propoxazepam exhibits moderate free binding energy for α1A-adrenoceptors, as indicated by its average molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) and Glide Score values. Compared to propoxazepam, 3-hydroxypropoxazepam has enhanced predicted affinity values for the alpha 1A adrenergic receptor, primarily due to the hydroxyl group, which facilitates the formation of additional hydrogen bonds. Propoxazepam, along with its metabolite 3-hydroxypropoxazepam, demonstrates promising interactions with PDE4A, characterized by notably low predicted free binding energy MMGBSA and strong binding affinity computed via AutoDock Vina. Among other ligands, propoxazepam demonstrates the lowest MMGBSA value with PDE4A (phosphodiesterase 4A). The best predicted binding scores of interaction with phosphodiesterase 4 is observed for propoxazepam with PDE4B (phosphodiesterase 4B) -10.3 kcal/mol, according to AutoDock Vina. Propoxazepam and its derivative 3-hydroxypropoxazepam interact with the active sites of PDE4B and PDE4D (phosphodiesterase 4 B) via a “hydrophobic clamp”, a typical binding mode for PDE inhibitors, which relies on crucial hydrophobic interactions. Binding of propoxazepam and its metabolite 3-hydroxypropoxazepa to PDE4B reduces the fluctuations of M-pocket residues and supports the conclusion that ligand binding stabilizes the protein structure of PDE4B. The MMGBSA method predicts that propoxazepam and 3-hydroxypropoxazepam have the most favourable predicted binding energies with PDE4D (2FMO). Since 1,4-benzodiazepines bind to phosphodiesterase 4 similarly to its inhibitors, this may support the hypothesis that benzodiazepines may affect α1-AR by inhibiting PDE4. The study of the binding mechanisms of 1,4-benzodiazepines with phosphodiesterase 4 and alpha-1A adrenoceptors helps to expand the understanding of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of benzodiazepines associated with these proteins, which can be taken into account in the development of new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

Introduction. Research was carried out on the application of machine learning to predict aerodynamic coefficients on buildings and structures with twisted form configurations. Data from aerodynamic simulations using numerical modelling in ANSYS CFX was used for training. The quality of predictions made by various machine learning models was evaluated in comparison to numerical simulations. Conclusions related to the use of machine learning models for determining wind loads on buildings and structures are drawn.Materials and methods. Python programming language and the following libraries, Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, and Matplotlib were used to analyze the obtained results and to develop the machine learning model. The study considered four machine learning methods: linear regression, decision tree, k-nearest neighbours, and random forest. Aerodynamic simulations based on numerical modelling methods in ANSYS CFX were used to generate the training data. The accuracy of different machine learning models in predicting aerodynamic coefficients was evaluated using the statistical measure of R-squared.Results. As a result of the research, a database of 217 numerical solutions was compiled for various angles of twist of the building’s form. These results include the distribution of aerodynamic pressure coefficients over the building’s surface, as well as aerodynamic force and moment coefficients (Cx, Cy, CMz) as a function of height. The data was used to train four machine learning models. The best-performing machine learning model (random forest) was verified by comparing it to the results of numerical modelling.Conclusions. Various machine learning models for predicting aerodynamic coefficients on buildings and structures were investigated. Conclusions were drawn regarding the applicability of machine learning methods as an alternative approach to determining wind loads.

In the context of increasing globalization, income inequality is one severe problem in several countries because it widens the income gap between the rich and the poor, which leads to social instability. Narrowing this gap has become one of the main agendas in many developing countries to satisfy the millennium goals proposed by the United Nations. Meanwhile, government expenditure is one crucial fiscal instrument as it contributes significantly to running the economy and overcoming economic cyclicality. In particular, governance/institutional can positively adjust the public debt — income inequality relationship in developing economies. The purpose of the study to identify the impact of institutional quality, public debt and their interaction on income inequality on a balanced data panel of 34 developing economies for the period 2002–2020. For monitoring endogenous problems and serial autocorrelation in empirical equations, two-step and one-step system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) assessments are used. The results from the study show that public debt and the quality of institutions increase income inequality, but their interaction narrows it. These results seem to be counter-intuitive. Besides, education enhances income inequality in these economies. The results of the study provide some policy recommendations for reducing the inequalities in society through public debt and the quality of institutions in developing economies. Accordingly, governments in developing economies should use spending financed by public debt to support low-income individuals through social transfers throughout economic development. Importantly, they should spend more on education and health to help the poor improve their skills and knowledge, narrowing the income difference between the rich and the poor. In particular, they should be prudent in controlling and managing public debt to avoid a public debt crisis and social instability.

In assessing the risk of investing in various financial assets, risk management focuses on the analysis of the worst possible losses (the right tail of the loss distribution). At the same time, most often, when speaking about losses, it is assumed that losses can, in principle, take on negative values (which corresponds to receiving positive profits). However, there are many theoretical studies suggesting that losses take only positive values. Many risk managers use only a portion of the sample of data that corresponds to positive losses when assessing the relevant risk measures using the statistical method or the Monte Carlo method. The purpose of this paper is to study the transformation of risk estimates of various levels of catastrophicity with such a change in the space of elementary events, and hence the law of loss distribution. The paper uses methods of analysis of financial risks of various levels of catastrophicity, including methods developed in the author’s previous papers. As a result of the study, it turned out that with such a transformation of the random value of losses, all the most important estimates are significantly transformed with the help of risk measures of various catastrophicity. The author concludes that the theoretical conclusions of the work will also contribute to a more conscious understanding of the theoretical results and the results of practical risk assessments, depending on the basis on which this assessment was made: allowing losses to accept negative values or focusing only on their positive values.

A description of a clinical case of a severe, protracted course of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in a patient with advanced stage HIV infection, characterized by prolonged release of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the formation of pulmonary fibrosis against the background of an active viral infection, is presented. COVID-19 infection occurred in an immunosuppressed patient without ART. During the period of inpatient treatment, a comprehensive examination was carried out to exclude HIV-associated lung lesions; no evidence of viral, fungal, or bacterial pathology was obtained; mycobacterial infections were also excluded. Despite two courses of antiviral therapy, the use of anti-Covid plasma and complex pathogenetic therapy, persistence of SARS-CoV-2 replication was observed for eight months, with a steady progression of the disease, ending in death.

This article analyzes the realities of the Komsomol’s struggle against cultural backwardness in the village during the 1920s. Connecting surrounding deficiencies with the “remnants of the past,” the Komsomol stood out for its radicalism, lack of foresight in actions, and disregard for rural specifics. However, this should not overshadow the positive results of the transformations of the youth union that can still be appreciated today. The authors attempt to identify these results by objectively studying the influence of the Komsomol and the Pioneers on the peasantry. The problem is approached from the perspective of “generational” history. Examining peasants’ attitudes towards the results of the “revolution in everyday life,” the authors primarily focus on the reaction of representatives of the “revolutionary breakthrough generation” (mostly born in the 1890s) to youth innovations. Although peasants often negatively assessed the achievements of the Komsomol due to their natural conservatism, which objectively had positive consequences, a gradual increase in peasants’ sympathies towards the Komsomol’s “revolution in everyday life” is evident overall. The slight age difference between the “revolutionary breakthrough generation” and the “children of the revolution” (Komsomol members of that time) contributed to attracting peasants from the “revolutionary overturn generation” to events organized by the Komsomol.

A decrease of nonspecific body resistance, an imbalance of local and systemic immunity and a free-radical oxidation abnormality substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).Purpose: To study the efficiency of including immunomodulators into the comprehensive treatment of nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia and assess the long-term effects of the treatment conducted.Patients (n = 55) with non-severe CAP (41 (31-48) years old, with CRB-65 score of 0.15 (0-1)) are included in the study. Group 1 (control) received only standard CAP therapy; the other two groups received immunomodulators concurrently with the standard therapy: bacterial lysate (BL) for group 2 and azoximer bromide (AzB) for group 3. TNFα and IL-6 concentration was determined on the day of visit, on day 13 and day 60 of follow-up. During 2 years, the incidence of low respiratory tract infections (LRTI) was studied in the same patients with CAP in past (n = 55). All patients (n = 55) had clinical signs of non-severe community-acquired pneumonia. The overall duration of all symptoms was lower in immunomodulators groups as compared to the control group: 12 (11-13) days in BL group (p < 0.001) and 12 (11-12) days in AzB group (p < 0.001) with no statistically significant difference between intervention groups (p = 0.36). During treatment, TNFα and IL-6 concentration decreased on day 13 and day 60 in all patients; in patients who received immunomodulators, TNFα and IL-6 were reliably lower as compared to the control. Changes of TNFα and IL-6 concentration in the groups on day 60 of the study as compared to the baseline showed a decrease in BL group by 85 (-89 – -82) % and 86 (-90 – -85) % (p < 0.001; p = 0.001 and control); in AzB group by 82 (-86 – -80) % and 86 (-88 – -84) % (p = 0.002; p = 0.007 and control). Intensity of IL-6 concentration decrease on day 60 in BL and AzB groups did not differ (p = 0.72). Gender- and age-adjusted odds ratio for the development of low respiratory tract diseases (during 2 years after CAP) in AzB group was 0.15 (0.02-0.93) (p = 0.04) suggesting its protective effect. Inclusion of immunomodulators in basic treatment of non-severe community-acquired pneumonia reduces duration of symptoms and is associated with improvement of the proinflammatory cytokine profile. In 2 years of follow-up, long-term effects of the immunomodulatory therapy showed statistically significant lower incidence of low respiratory tract infections in AzB group only.

Abstract This study explores the impact of inclusive education on the educational outcomes of students without Special Educational Needs (non-SEN) in Peru, utilizing official Ministry of Education data and implementing cross-sectional regression analyses. Inclusive education is a complex issue that, without appropriate adaptations and comprehensive understanding, can present substantial challenges to the educational community. While prior research from developed nations offers diverse perspectives on the effects of inclusive education on non-SEN students, limited evidence exists regarding its impact in developing countries. Our study addresses this gap by examining inclusive education in Peru and its influence on non-SEN students, thereby contributing to the existing literature. Our findings reveal that, on average, the presence of SEN students in regular classrooms does not significantly affect their non-SEN counterparts. However, we uncover heterogeneous results contingent on the specific type of SEN and students’ academic placement. These results emphasize the importance of targeted resources and parental involvement in facilitating successful inclusive education, particularly for specific SEN types. In summary, this study underscores the need for tailored strategies and additional resources to foster the success of inclusive education and calls for further research in this field to expand our understanding and enhance educational policy.

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. The safety assessment of investigational medicinal products is a mandatory step in clinical trials of all phases, including bioequivalence studies. However, there are no approaches providing for the individualised assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which contributes to the quality of decisions on the safety of pharmacotherapy.AIM. The study aimed to develop and justify approaches to the individualised assessment of the safety of pharmacotherapy based on quantitative integrative analysis of adverse events (AEs).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The authors carried out a systematic review of open-access publications and adapted quantitative integrative analysis methods for assessing the safety of pharmacotherapy in clinical trials involving healthy volunteers. The developed methodology is a step-by-step individualised assessment of ADRs, where each case is assigned a certain score and a weight, with subsequent data aggregation to obtain an integrated indicator at the system/organ and organism levels.RESULTS. The authors developed a five-step procedure for assessing the safety of pharmacotherapy based on quantitative integrative ADR analysis. This procedure involves scoring an AE, converting the score using membership functions, assigning weights, aggregating data to obtain an integrated indicator, and interpreting individual and group indicators. The sequential implementation of the analysis steps in accordance with the proposed procedure makes it possible to assign each volunteer (study subject) to a specific group in accordance with the likelihood of developing AEs. In addition to individual assessment, the article presents an algorithm for interpreting indicators for groups of study subjects, depending on the treatment group (study or comparator medicinal product).CONCLUSIONS. The described algorithm for converting and presenting integrative AE assessments will improve the reliability and validity of conclusions on the safety of medicinal products, which is important for planning and implementing further clinical development programmes.

Subject and Purpose. The present paper is concerned with sea wave diagnostics by signals from artificial satellites in a bistatic radar scheme using the grazing radio-wave propagation and a diffuse component of the signal reflected off the sea surface. The possibility is considered to expand the range of sea state diagnostics by using satellite emissions in different frequency regions. Methods and Methodology. The research is based on the data of field experiments using over-the-horizon navigation satellites of the first (Transit) and second (GPS) generations. The data processing is by the methods of moving average and moving mean square deviation adopted because of the dynamic character of the experiments given the moving source presence. The sea surface state in a particular experiment is estimated by the diffuse component extracted from the total experimental signal. A comparative analysis of the diffuse component parameters is carried out by computer modeling at various wavelengths, source elevation angles and root- mean-squared wave heights. Results. For both satellite systems GPS and Transit, the experimental results show that in the calm and moderate states of the sea surface, the diffuse component intensity of signal fluctuations caused by sea waves differ significantly and fit in with the model upon the Rayleigh Roughness Criterion. On this basis, an advantage can be taken from the satellite emissions in various frequency ranges to expand the scale of sea state diagnostics. The higher-frequency region therewith offers a more accurate yet more limited scale of the sea state measured. The addition of lower-frequency emissions expands the scale of sea state diagnostics towards the severe states. Conclusions. It has been determined that the range of sea state diagnostics can be expanded by using satellite emissions in different frequency regions.

The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is a phenomenon that arises from the QCD anomaly in the presence of an external magnetic field. The experimental search for its evidence has been one of the key goals of the physics program of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The STAR Collaboration has previously presented the results of a blind analysis of isobar collisions (_{44}^{96}Ru+_{44}^{96}Ru, _{40}^{96}Zr+_{40}^{96}Zr) in the search for the CME. The isobar ratio (Y) of CME-sensitive observable, charge separation scaled by elliptic anisotropy, is close to but systematically larger than the inverse multiplicity ratio, the naive background baseline. This indicates the potential existence of a CME signal and the presence of remaining nonflow background due to two- and three-particle correlations, which are different between the isobars. In this postblind analysis, we estimate the contributions from those nonflow correlations as a background baseline to Y, utilizing the isobar data as well as Heavy Ion Jet Interaction Generator simulations. This baseline is found consistent with the isobar ratio measurement, and an upper limit of 10% at 95% confidence level is extracted for the CME fraction in the charge separation measurement in isobar collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV.

Introduction. Romiplostim is an analogue of the fusion protein peptide of thrombopoietin (TPO), which increases platelet count by binding and activating the human thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R). It is used to treat thrombocytopenia associated with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. For romiplostim, one of the possible adverse reactions from the immune system is immunogenicity: the production of anti-drug antibodies to the medicinal product, including neutralising antibodies, which may affect the efficacy and safety profile of the medicinal product.Aim. Validate the procedure for determining neutralising antibodies to romiplostim in human plasma for further clinical studies of immunogenicity.Materials and methods. The study used rabbit polyclonal antibodies to romiplostim, Nplate® produced by Amgen Europe as a standard sample; a placebo produced by LLC "GEROPHARM", a cell line 32D-hTPOR clone 63 with stable expression of human TPO receptor and a chemiluminescence assay kit CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay produced by Promega to assess specificity. The experiment was carried out on cell line 32D-hTPOR clone 63, which was seeded on the first day and the neutralizing antibody concentrations were titrated with a constant concentration of romiplostim, then the chemiluminescence was detected on the second day. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using Prism 9 software.Result and discussion. The specificity of the procedure was demonstrated; at maximum concentration, the medicinal product differs from placebo by 309 times in the residual level of cell viability. The linearity of the procedure in terms of the coefficient determination is 0.9969. The precision of the procedure was determined: the repeatability was 1–9 %, the intermediate precision was 3–18 %. The coefficient of variation in selectivity of the procedure was 22 %. For the accuracy parameter, the values for recovery/spike were determined as 90–101 %. It was proven that there was no matrix effect.Conclusion. It can be stated that the procedure is linear, specific, highly precise, correct, selective and with a proven absence of matrix effect, which allows it to be used to determine the immunogenicity of romiplostim medicinal products in clinical studies.

Purpose of the study: analysis of our experience in performing robotic-assisted nephron-sparing surgeries using the da robotic system. Material and Methods. The retrospective study included the first 37 consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy from May 2020 to december 2022. Results. To assess the surgical outcomes in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy, three parameters associated with trifecta achievement were analyzed. The trifecta was assessed according to the standard criteria, whereas the quadfecta, which in addition to the trifecta included preservation of >90 % of the glomerular filtration rate (calculated according to Cockroft–Gault) in the postoperative period (3–7 days), did not assess the stage of chronic renal failure one year after surgery, thus probably demonstrating the high percentage of its achievement (54.1 %). A positive surgical margin was observed in 1 (2.7 %) patients. Warm ischemia time of more than 25 minutes was used in 8 patients (21.6 %). Complications in the postoperative period (Clavien–Dindo II and higher) were observed in 1 (2.7 %) patient. Trifecta and quadfecta rates were 78.4 % and 54.1 %, respectively. To analyze the surgeons’ experience, 37 renal cell cancer patients were divided into two subgroups with first 20 and subsequent robotic partial nephrectomies. There were no differences in gender, age and calculated RENAL value between 2 subgroups. depending on the surgeons’ experience, statistically significant differences in the duration of surgery (p=0.035) and blood loss during surgery (p=0.007) were found. Conclusion. Considering the extensive experience of surgeons in the field of laparoscopic surgery for tumors of the renal parenchyma, the outcomes of robotic partial nephrectomies performed in 37 patients seem to be satisfactory and successful. The accumulated experience of surgeons after 20 robotic-assisted nephron-sparing surgeries makes it possible to significantly reduce surgery time and blood loss. The technique of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy requires further improvements.

A small, unilateral tumor. Most ovarian leiomyomas (OLM) are benign, but can range from benign to borderline with malignant degeneration. In many patients, OLM are asymptomatic and are detected accidentally during surgery. In rare cases, OLM can be accompanied by severe symptoms as their size increases. This situation requires differentiation these formations from malignant ovarian tumors, which is more often observed during the perimenopausal and menopausal periods. Being discussed that the source of OLM is smooth muscle blood vessel cells, so more undiagnosed small asymptomatic OLMs can be expected. This article presents a clinical case of OLM in a 39-year-old woman operated for uterine myoma. In the case we presented the coexistence of uterine fibroids and ovarian leiomyoma, which subsequently received diagnostic confirmation.

Wound healing is a spatiotemporal and highly regulated process that is divided into four continuous and overlapping stages: hemostasis, inflammation, repair (proliferation) and remodeling. All stages are controlled by various body systems and depend on the regulatory role of immune and stem cells. Despite significant progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation, the role of the immune microenvironment in the regeneration process remains unclear. On the one hand, the critical importance of the cellular and molecular components of the immune system in the reparative response of tissues, including the degree of scarring, restoration of structure and function of organs, has been proven, and on the other hand, little data is presented on the loss of tissue regeneration ability associated with the immune competence evolution. The review presents the key cellular and molecular mechanisms of the immune response and of the stem cells participation soft tissue repair process during their interaction with the extracellular matrix. An analysis of the latest scientific data on the participation of components of the immune microenvironment and of stem cells in soft tissue repair process was carried out based on the publications presented in Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. It has been shown that the nature of this response and its duration have a significant impact on the outcome of repair – from incomplete recovery (scarring or fibrosis) to full regeneration. It is indicated that various types of immune and stem cells take part in the soft tissue repair and remodeling processes, and their interaction must be precisely controlled. The review data may provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches for soft tissue repair through immune regulation or the use of stem cells and extracellular vesicles.

Subject and Purpose. The writers aim at developing and testing a new method of interference mitigation, proceeding from the example of radio emissions from Jupiter. Its effectiveness is compared with the results of other workers, equally relating to the case of a significant overlapping, within the time-frequency window under analysis, of the areas occupied by the useful signal and the interference. Methods and Methodology. The analysis has revealed several fundamental limitations associated with the use of standard statistical methods for identifying sources of interference. A new approach is proposed that allows separating useful signals from interference in the time-frequency plane. It is based on the idea of transferring the statistical analysis from the space of signal amplitudes to such of linear patterns which are formed by maximal readings while the spectrograms are being scanned in time, frequency or otherwise. Results. Methods of statistical data processing have been suggested which allow analysis of signals of a variety of power levels against the background of interference of comparable intensity. This enables a detailed analysis of the time-frequency patterns demonstrated by signals with a broad range of parameter variations. The algorithms developed demonstrate stability against changes in the interference background conditions that may be caused either by human activity or by natural factors, such as, e.g. ionospheric perturbations, changes in the fronted frequency response of a receiver resulting from a changed antenna beam orientation, or else from Faraday’s polarization plane rotation in the radio emission being received. Conclusions. The necessity of creating new interference mitigation techniques is stipulated both by worsening of the general level of interference at radio frequencies, and by the growth of complexity in the sporadically emerging time-frequency patterns that result from the improved time and frequency resolutions in the course of signal reception. A significant progress has been achieved, owing exclusively to the fundamental modifications of the signal processing algorithms that are based on varying the direction of analysis in the time-frequency plane. Conclusions. The necessity of creating new interference mitigation techniques is stipulated both by worsening of the general level of interference at radio frequencies, and by the growth of complexity in the sporadically emerging time-frequency patterns that result from the improved time and frequency resolutions in the course of signal reception. A significant progress has been achieved, owing exclusively to the fundamental modifications of the signal processing algorithms that are based on varying the direction of analysis in the time-frequency plane.

The subject of the study is the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the state civil service of the Russian Federation. These norms provide additional guarantees for state civil servants of the Russian Federation for lump-sum subsidy aimed at acquiring accommodation. The purpose of the study is to consider the legal significance of a lump-sum subsidy for buying accommodation, to identify the conditions for the right to this subsidy, to determine whether it is mandatory or optional for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to exercise their powers to provide employees of the subject of the Russian Federation with a lump-sum subsidy for the accommodation, to propose amendments to the legislation. The methodology of the study are such scientific methods as formal legal, structural functional approaches, comparison, research and analysis of studies and regulations. The study uses scientific research in the field of social security law and economic sciences. As a result of the study, the paper substantiates that a lump-sum subsidy for accommodation is provided in order to ensure the social security of civil servants of the Russian Federation. The right to this payment should be assigned only to those civil servants of the Russian Federation who need it and who, without the state support, are not able to change their financial situation and acquire accommodation. The paper proves the need for codifying the conditions for the right to this lump-sum subsidy. Using the analysis of federal and regional legislation that defines the powers of public law entities in the sphere under consideration, the paper proves the obligatory adoption of legal acts aimed at exercising the right of a civil servant of the Russian Federation to a lump-sum subsidy for the accommodation, regardless of the finances of the relevant budget. In order to have a unified legal regulation of the relations under consideration, the study substantiates the need to combine basic and additional state guarantees for civil servants of the Russian Federation, and presents specific proposals for changing federal legislation.

Abstract The GRAPES-3 extensive air shower (EAS) array has been designed to study cosmic rays from 10 $$^{13}$$ 13 –10 $$^{16}$$ 16 eV. It employs 400 scintillator detectors spread across 25,000 m $$^{2}$$ 2 , mainly of cone-type and fiber-type, each covering a 1 m $$^{2}$$ 2 area. These detectors record EAS particle densities and arrival times, which are crucial for determining primary particle energy and direction. A decade (2013–2022) of EAS data is analyzed to investigate the dependence of particle densities on ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Notably, ambient temperature exhibits a delayed response, with a more pronounced delay in fiber-type detectors, while cone-type detectors exhibit a higher observed temperature coefficient. In contrast, atmospheric pressure instantly and uniformly affects both detector types, with Monte Carlo simulations backing the observed pressure coefficient. These findings established a reliable pressure coefficient for EAS within this distinctive energy range and contributed to the refinement of correction algorithms, ultimately improving particle density precision for more accurate shower parameter estimates.

In modern medicine, the relevance of the problem associated with the aging of the female body is undeniable. Due to the decrease in the intensity of secretion of sex steroids, the addition of metabolic syndrome is accompanied by processes which can worsen women quality of life. Under conditions of hypoestrogenemia, their physical condition suffers, which directly depends on the structure of the connective tissue that forms the basis of the skin, blood vessels, kidneys, bones, joints and ligaments. This literature review presents current data on reversible and irreversible clinical manifestations of climacteric syndrome. Reversible processes are based on changes that can be corrected: vasomotor, psycho-emotional, urogenital, sexual and musculoskeletal. Late manifestations of menopause on the part of metabolic disorders in the connective tissue determine the greatest severity of the course, and therefore represent a serious public health and health problem. The literature review shows in detail the features of the immune regulation of collagen metabolism, the characteristics of changes in bone modeling markers under conditions of estrogen deficiency. Clinically proven efficacy of phytoestrogens in menopausal disorders and metabolic disorders in women. This review shows the mechanism for reducing vasomotor symptoms, slowing down the process of bone tissue destruction in patients under the influence of this group of drugs. In addition, phytoestrogens provide the correction of lipid metabolism, thereby depressing atherogenesis and promoting prevention of cardiovascular complications. It is necessary to develop a strategy to normalize the vital functions of perimenopausal patients with symptoms of menopause with the introduction into clinical practice of measures to maintain the quality of life of women.