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A mathematical model of reconstruction of the fields of residual stresses and plastic deformations in thin-walled cylindrical tubes in the delivery state and after bilateral surface plastic hardening was developed. It included a method for identification of the model parameters using the example of thin-walled mm tubes made of X18N10T steel based on experimental data for the axial and circumferential components of the residual stress tensor for samples in the delivery state and after bilateral mechanical ultrasonic hardening. The adequacy of the mathematical model for the reconstruction of residual stresses in the thin-walled tubes made of X18N10T steel was verified by the experimental data in the state of delivery and after bilateral surface plastic hardening, taking into account the anisotropy of the distribution of plastic deformation after hardening in the axial and circumferential directions. A method for calculating the two-way relaxation of residual stresses on the outer and inner surfaces of thin-walled tubes under creep conditions was developed based on the generalization of the corresponding method for unilateral hardening. The relaxation process in the thin-walled tubes made of 08X18N9 steel (an early analogue of X18N10T steel) under conditions of thermal exposure, axial tension, internal pressure and the combined action of axial tension and internal pressure was investigated on the basis of the constructed phenomenological creep theory for this steel. A detailed analysis of the kinetics of the fields of residual stresses during creep in the thin-walled samples in the delivery state and after bilateral hardening at different times was performed. It is shown that under these conditions, almost a complete relaxation of residual technological stresses occurs both in the samples in the delivery state and after bilateral surface plastic deformation within 50 hours.

The review article is devoted to the problem of lipid metabolism disorders in the liver in patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. The results of modern biological, epidemiological and clinical studies aimed at studying the causes and mechanisms of the formation of liver steatosis and steatohepatitis, their prevalence and influence on the course of infectious pathology are presented. Particular attention is paid to the generalization and systematization of the currently available data on the mechanisms of lipid metabolism disorders in the liver, mediated by the molecular structures of hepatitis B and C viruses. In conclusion, the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions caused by the development of lipid metabolism disorders in the liver is substantiated in order to increase the quality of medical care for patients with chronic hepatitis B and C.

A method for solving the boundary value problem of a residual stress relaxation in a surface-hardened solid cylinder under creep conditions with initially defined and rigidly fixed axial deformation and torsion angle has been developed. It includes a phenomenological methodology for reconstructing the stress-strain state after hardening and its kinetics during relaxation of axial load and torsional moment due to creep. In order to illustrate the method, a cylindrical specimen made of ZhS6KP alloy after pneumo-shot peening is considered. A detailed investigation of the residual stress relaxation has been performed for various combinations of initially defined and fixed axial and angular deformations at temperature of 900°C. The results of a comparative analysis of obtained data with data for the residual stress relaxation under pure temperature loading in the absence of mechanical loads are presented.

Introduction. In the context of a high load on all links in the structure of providing medical care to patients with COVID-19, solving the issue of effective triage of patients seems to be extremely urgent. The duration of inpatient treatment is one of the most objective and unambiguously interpreted indicators that can be used to indirectly assess the severity of the patient’s condition.Objective. Develop a machine learning model to predict the duration of inpatient care for patients with COVID-19 based on routine clinical indicators assessed at the prehospital stage.Materials and methods. A total of 564 patients were examined with diagnoses: U07.1 COVID-19, virus identified (n = 367) and U07.2 COVID-19, virus not identified (n = 197). The study included 270 patients, of whom in 50.37% of patients the duration of inpatient treatment did not exceed 7 days, in 49.63% of patients the duration of inpatient treatment was more than 10 days. Eleven clinical parameters were chosen as the most important predictors for predicting the duration of inpatient treatment: age, height and weight of the patient, SpO2 level, body temperature, body mass index, pulse rate, number of days from the onset of illness, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure.Results. The accuracy of our machine learning model for predicting the duration of inpatient treatment more than 10 days was 83.75% (95% CI: 73.82–91.05%), sensitivity — 82.50%, specificity — 85.00%. AUC = 0.86.Conclusion. The method developed by us based on machine learning is characterized by high accuracy in predicting the duration of inpatient treatment of patients with COVID-19, which makes it possible to consider it as a promising new tool to support medical decisions on further tactics of patient management and to resolve the issue of the need for hospitalization.

A method is developed for solving a boundary-value problem of residual stress relaxation in a surface-hardened hollow cylinder under combined loading by an axial force, torque, and internal pressure. Methods for determining the stress–strain state after hardening and its kinetics during creep are proposed. The effect of internal pressure along with a tensile load or torque on a thick-walled cylindrical sample made of ZhS6KP alloy after air-shot peening is investigated. Computational diagrams for stress tensor components under instantaneous temperature-force loading during creep and after unloading are given and analyzed. The behavior of unhardened and hardened samples at the stage of steady creep after complete residual stress relaxation is compared.

Extrahepatic manifestations occur in more than half of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and may be no less dangerous to the health and life of the patient than the isolated pathology of the liver. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is often accompanied by the formation of neurocognitive disorders, clinically manifested by general weakness, fatigue and the inability to maindoi tain concentration for a long time. Every fifth patient with chronic hepatitis C develops depression. The development of type 2 diabetes among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection is observed 1.7 times more often than among non-infected individuals. Mixed cryoglobulinemia is observed in at least 30% of patients, however, the clinical manifestations of this pathology develop only in 4.9% of cases, of which 69–89% of skin lesions, 19–44% of distal sensory and sensorimotor polyneuropathy, 30% of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 28% of joint damage. Among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, higher prevalence than among non-infected individuals is observed, the prevalence rates of such nosologies as lymphoma from cells of the marginal zone are 2.47 times, diffuse large cell B cell lymphoma – 2.24 times, hypothyroidism – 3.1 time. Significantly more rarely encountered extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection are skin lesions that are not associated with the development of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: acquired late skin porphyria, necrolytic acral erythema and lichen planus. The question of the pathogenetic relationship of chronic hepatitis C virus infection with cardiovascular pathology remains open.

Background: Influenza is a highly variable infection that can cause fatal complications. Universal approaches, such as general stimulation of the immune system to activate its natural antiviral capacities, seem to be a rational measure. Methods: A total of 410 patients with influenza-like infections (ILI) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups and one control group. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was administered by intranasal introduction of 1 to 3 drops into each nostril 5 times per day daily for 5 days. The first dose of investigational medicine was given within 48h of the onset of the influenza-like symptoms. One drop of the solution contains 1,000 IU of active substance. All patients received basic complex therapy without any antiviral or immunomodulating agents. The patients were followed up for 7 days. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by the mean duration of symptoms (MDS), the period of viral antigen detection (VAD) measured after 1-2 and 4-5 days of treatment, and the incidence of complications. We used conventional indicators to evaluate the safety of IFN-γ in the treatment of ILI. Results: The administration of 2 or 3 drops of IFN-γ in each nasal passage led to better outcomes manifested in the considerable (P

In the Russian Federation, the number of new cases of influenzaand SARS each year reaches 30 million people, and the annual total economic damage is estimated at 40 billion rubles, accounting for about 80% of the damage from all infectious diseases. Today, one of the main priorities of confronting the consequences of the annual epidemics of influenza is the development and introduction into clinical practice of new drugs with proven effectiveness and safety, the use of which is economically feasible.Objective. Conduct a clinical and economic analysis of two alternative regimens for treating influenza patients using the modern drug Triasavirin® and the known Tamiflu® neuraminidase inhibitor.Materials and methods. The study included 127 patients with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of «influenza». All patients were divided into two groups. The main group consisted of 82 patients who received Triazavirin® 1 capsule (250 mg) 3 times a day for 5 days. The comparison group consisted of 45 patients who received Tamiflu® 1 capsule (75 mg) 2 times a day for 5 days. To conduct a clinical and economic evaluation of two alternative treatment regimens, cost-effectiveness factors were calculated, such as the ratio of the cost of therapy to the indicator of its effectiveness. The analyzed events were: (1) recovery by the 5th day from the start of treatment; (2) temperature normalization by the 5th day from the start of treatment; (3) no symptoms of intoxication (headache, myalgia, pain / rei in the eyeballs) by the 5th day from the start of treatment; (4) absence of catarrhal manifestations (pain / sore throat, cough) to the 10th day from the beginning of treatment.Results. The use of the drug Triazavirin® for treatment of influenza patients in comparison with the inhibitor of neuraminidase with Tamiflu® is economically viable, both with respect to the timing of recovery (cost-effectiveness ratio: 935,57 rubles / unit vs 1859,39 rubles / unit) and normalization of temperature body (cost- effectiveness ratio: 869,53 rubles / unit vs. 2014,33 rubles / unit), and with respect to the duration of intoxication (cost-effectiveness ratio: 859,42 rubles / unit vs. 1473,90 rub ./unit) and catarrhal (coefficient of expenditure e ciency: 869,53 rubles / unit against 1611,47 rubles / unit) syndromes.Conclusion. Triazavirin® is a new effective antiviral agent for the treatment of influenza. The use of Triazavirin® in the treatment of patients with influenza is economically viable, due to significant budget savings both in terms of the cost of treatment, and the reduction in concomitant therapy and the reduction in the period of temporary disability of working patients.

In the period of the epidemic rise in the incidence rate of influenza in 2015-2016 on the basis of infectious hospitals in Simferopol, Arkhangelsk and Samara, there performed a multicenter to evaluate the effectiveness and economic feasibility of two alternative treatment regimens for influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients. The study included 88 patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Patients of the main group (n = 46) received complex therapy with the use of antiviral (oseltamivir) and immunomodulating (interferon gamma) agents. Patients of the control group (n = 40) received only antiviral therapy (oseltamivir). To assess the effectiveness and economic feasibility of the two different treatment regimens, the outcome of the disease was analyzed: the discharge the hospital up to the 10th day of the illness and no symptoms of the disease by the 3-6th day of treatment. The supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the treatment regimen of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients was found to promote the faster release of catarrhal and respiratory symptoms of the disease: the absence of dry cough by the 3-6th day of treatment (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.86 - 2.38), rhinitis (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.40) and dyspnea (RR= 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06-1.54). In addition, the supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the treatment regimen of patients with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 promoted a significant shortening of time of the recovery and discharge from the hospital (RR =1.39, 95% CI: 0.97 - 2.00). Clinical and economic analysis of the use of two alternative treatment regimens has shown the supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the therapy of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients to be economically favorable

The article provides the summarized data of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of kagocel used to prevent and treat influenza and acute respiratory viral infections of different etiologies. The results of numerous preclinical and clinical trials suggest that the kagocel substance is highly safe and that it is appropriate to use the drug for the treatment and prevention of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections of another etiology.Представлены обобщенные данные клинических исследований по оценке эффективности и безопасности использования препарата кагоцел для профилактики и лечения гриппа и острых респираторных вирусных инфекций другой этиологии. Результаты многочисленных доклинических и клинических исследований свидетельствуют о высокой безопасности субстанции кагоцел и о целесообразности использования препарата для лечения и профилактики гриппа и острых респираторных вирусных инфекций другой этиологии.

This paper describes the effect of thermal exposure (high-temperature exposure) (T = 675◦C) on the residual creep stress relaxation in a surface hardened solid cylindrical sample made of ZhS6UVI alloy. The analysis is carried out with the use of experimental data for residual stresses after micro-shot peening and exposures to temperatures equal to T = 675◦C during 50, 150, and 300 h. The paper presents the technique for solving the boundary-value creep problem for the hardened cylindrical sample with the initial stress–strain state under the condition of thermal exposure. The uniaxial experimental creep curves obtained under constant stresses of 500, 530, 570, and 600 MPa are used to construct the models describing the primary and secondary stages of creep. The calculated and experimental data for the longitudinal (axial) tensor components of residual stresses are compared, and their satisfactory agreement is determined.

The HIV epidemic has been going on for nearly thirty years, it is a heterogeneous, dynamic and highly resistant to countermeasures. The Leningrad Region and the city of St. Petersburg today are referred to the most affected regions of the Russian Federation, as nearly 1% of the population of this city has HIVpositive status. Despite the decline in the HIV infection incidence of the resident population of the Central District, the epidemiological situation for HIV infection remains to be tense, due to the increase in the cumulative number of HIV-infected and AIDS patients, the increase ofthe morbidity rate and mortality in co-infected patients with HIV/tuberculosis, activation of the output of the epidemic in vulnerable groups into the general population. At the same time, a cohort of HIV-infected patients with a high risk of late detection of tuberculosis continues to form

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most professional antigen presenting cells, which are the first to recognize the «danger signals» and trigger highly specific immune responses. However, the results ofstudies performed by some foreign and domestic authors, testify to a violation of the functional activity of DCs in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). In order to study the nature of the clinical course of various forms of CHC and for the assessment of the capability of DC to antigen presentation in the 2014-2015 in «Research Institute of Influenza» there was performed a simple comparative clinical study. DC obtained from patients with CHC were found to have high antigen-presenting activity due to the presence on their surface a high level of the expression of MHC class I and II. The maturation of DC is accompanied by a significant increase in the levels of expression of HLA-A, B, C and HLA-DR, irrespective of the degree of liver fibrosis, biochemical activity of alanine aminotransferase or level of viral load.

By force of hormonal and physiological changes occurring in the body throughout pregnancy, in the case of the flu, pregnant women are at greater risk of developing complications. In this regard, the study of clinical and pathogenetic features of influenza in pregnant women deserves special attention. So, on the basis of epidemiological data over the past few decades, WHO experts have included pregnant women in groups at risk of severe (complicated) course of the flu. The flu for a pregnant female is a dangerous infection, representing a real threat to the health of the expectant mother and her child. The clinical picture of influenza in pregnant women can vary significantly, and severe complications combine with the development of a pathology of pregnancy, which ultimately exacerbates the condition as well an expectant mother as the fetus. For the study both of the character of the clinical course of influenza in pregnant women and the mechanism of the immunosuppressive state FGBU "Influenza Research Institute" performed a simple multi-center comparative study on the base of the infectious-disease units of the GBOU "NGMU" and the Medical University "KrasGMU named after. prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The obtained results allowed to reveal some clinical and immunological features of the course of influenza in pregnant women: at the peak of the disease there was noted a significant inhibition of induced production of IFN-γ.

Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever is severe acute infectious diseases accompanied by the development of severe systemic inflammatory response followed by the addition of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. Since 1976 in Africa regularly observed disease outbreaks among humans caused by different types of Ebola virus. Modern epidemic in West Africa began in Guinea in February 2014 and is still going on, coming out of the country and distributed in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 14, 2014 recorded 18,603 cases of them confirmed EVD 11807, fatal 6915. From July 2014 to currently registered sporadic cases EVD among health care workers caring for patients, as well as among tourists returning from countries affected by the epidemic is already outside of West Africa. Due to the limited use of specific antiviral therapy with special attention to the management ofpatients with EVD should be paid to the intensive and timely pathogenetic therapy. Today, the only way to reduce morbidity and mortality among people from EVD is awareness on the risk factors of infection and the use ofpersonal protective measures.

Interferon gamma is a unique drug with anti-virus, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activity. Thanks to the latter its quality interferon gamma was added to cytokines - regulators of immune responses. The study of this interesting cytokine can open up broad prospects for the treatment of patients not only with lymphoproliferative diseases, but patients with cancer and infectious diseases.

Dendritic cells are a heterogeneous human population of professional antigen-presenting cells. They are known to play a critical role in the regulation of both innate and acquired immune response. The functional activity of dendritic cells depends on the action signals microenvironment. Of particular interest is the study of the role of dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of various infectious diseases in humans.

Unlike influenza epidemics which affect the population almost yearly, pandemics occur much less frequently, but have more severe medical and social consequences. The investigation of the nature of the course of all modern epidemics and pandemics are acquiring the particular rationale. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 was caused by the virus of the mixed (triple) origin. In Russia, the first three cases of disease have been identified in Moscow from 21 to 10 June 2009. In the Far East - 2-2,5 months later compared to the European part of Russia. However, the epidemic of influenza in Russia caused by influenza virus A (H1N1) pdm09, began and developed more rapidly just in the Far East. The highest morbidity rate (10,2-10,3 per 100 people) was registered in the cities of the Far Eastern and Siberian regions. The phylogenetic analysis allowed to reveal the origin of the triple reassortant virus A (H1N1)pdm09 out of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 avian/porcine/human virus. The performed analysis of functional domains of proteins of the influenza virus A (H1N1) pdm09 showed that modern pandemic influenza viruses have several principal genetic defects, the totality of which permits to rank them to moderately pathogenic viruses. High risk of the severe course of influenza and occurrence of complications was noted in three groups ofpatients: pregnant women, especially in the 3 trimester ofpregnancy, children under 2 years of age and patients with concomitant chronic respiratory and cardiovascular systems, as well as patients with endocrine disorders and obesity.

Russian Progress transport cargo vehicles have successfully been used in different space station programs since 1978. At present time, they play an important role in the International Space Station (ISS) project. Main tasks performed by the transport cargo vehicle (TCV) in the station program are the following: refueling of the station, delivery of consumables and equipment, waste removal, station attitude control and orbit correction maneuver execution. At the same time, the cargo vehicle basic systems still retain unused resources after the vehicle finishes its work with the station. It makes sense to use these resources to perform research in free flight of TCV after departure from the ISS when possible. The fields of research can be determined not only on the basis of the vehicle capabilities as a research platform but also taking into account needs of the research community. Possible fields could be the following: – In-flight tests, validation and certification of various equipment, materials, systems in the interests of other spacecraft, – Execution of experiments on the Earth or other objects remote sensing using additional equipment, – Microgravity research aboard TCV, – Launch of small satellites and probes after TCV undocking from the station and transfer to the specified orbit, etc. Solution of research tasks using the Progress TCV resources helps to increase efficiency of the ISS research program performance. The paper considers the TCV flight control features and the methods of the solution of the problems arising when various experiments are performed aboard the vehicle.

In order to evaluate the efficiency and safety of using the drug Ingaron in treatment ofpatients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) an open, randomized, control comparative study has been performed. We examined of 132 CHC patients aged from 18 to 58 years. All patients were selected into 3 groups depending on the type of therapy. The following drugs: Ribavirin, Alfarona, Ingaron were included in regimens of therapy. The course of the disease in examined CHC patients was characterized by mild clinical symptoms, the presence of the expressed cytolytic syndrome more than in half of the patients (50.8%), high levels of «viral load» in 61.6% of patients with the establishment of a direct correlation between high ALT and viremia levels (r=+0,67). The average level of «viral load» in patients infected with no-1 genotype of hepatitis C, at the start of therapy was 1,4 times higher than in those with genotype 1, amounting to 1,8 x 106 and 1,3 x 106 IU/ml, respectively. Patients infected with HCV genotype 1 and receiving therapy with Ingaron for 24 and 12 weeks, achieved sustained viral response in 65,0% and 80,0% of cases whereas patients infected with «no 1» genotype - in 73,9%, and 84,6% of cases, respectively. At the same time, in patients from the control group the sustained viral response was observed only in 56,0% and 60,0% of cases (1 and «no 1» genotypes, respectively). The inclusion of Ingaron into the classical medical regimen was accompanied by a reduction in the incidence of adverse reactions during treatment.

Results of in-flight tests of three modes of uncontrolled attitude motion of the Progress spacecraft are described. These proposed modes of experiments related to microgravity are as follows: (1) triaxial gravitational orientation, (2) gravitational orientation of the rotating satellite, and (3) spin-up in the plane of the orbit around the axis of the maximum moment of inertia. The tests were carried out from May 24 to June 1, 2004 onboard the spacecraft Progress M1-11. The actual motion of this spacecraft with respect to its center of mass, in the above-mentioned modes, was determined by telemetric information about an electric current tapped off from solar batteries. The values of the current obtained during a time interval of several hours were processed jointly using the least squares method by integration of the equations of the spacecraft’s attitude motion. The processing resulted in estimation of the initial conditions of motion and of the parameters of mathematical models used. For the obtained motions the quasi-static component of microaccelerations was computed at a point onboard, where installation of experimental equipment is possible.

Optoelectronic integrated circuits with additional optical inputs/outputs, in which vertical-cavity surface-emitting (VCSE) lasers perform the data transfer functions, are considered. The mutual relationship and the 'affinity' between optical means for data transfer and processing, on the one hand, and the traditional electronic component base, on the other, are demonstrated in the case of implementation of three-dimensional interconnects with a high transmission capacity. Attention is drawn to the problems encountered when semiconductor injection lasers are used in communication lines. It is shown what role can be played by VCSE lasers in solving these problems. A detailed analysis is made of the topics relating to possible structural and technological solutions in the fabrication of single lasers and of their arrays, and also of the problems hindering integrating of lasers into emitter arrays. Considerable attention is given to integrated circuits with optoelectronic smart pixels. Various technological methods for vertical integration of GaAs VCSE lasers with the silicon substrate of a microcircuit (chip) are discussed.

The phenomena of liquid phase migration in the combustion of powdered metal pressings are investigated. The onset of a temperature gradient induced by a combustion wave is established as one of the causes of migration. The resulting capillary potential difference in the pores is directed toward the cooler side of the pressing. It is hypothesized that part of the melt (layers adjacent to the walls of the capillary pores) can move toward the hot side. Techniques are proposed for eliminating the negative consequences of liquation of the molten phase under the influence of the temperature gradient in the sintering of manufactured parts by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis.

Problems pertaining to the protection of metals against corrosion are of vital importance for chemico-pharmaceutical plants, because the quality of medicines is determined to a considerable extent by the corrosion resistance of equipment employed in the production of these chemicals. The corrosion activity of special technological media and the high requirements on the purity of products lead to the necessity of searching for reliable construction materials, because widely employed equipment made of stainless steels is quite rapidly corroded by some reaction mixtures. The working lifetime of enameled equipment is also restricted (to 2 3 years) because of the cracking and chipping of the enamel coating. For the equipment employed in technological processes involving aggressive media, one solution is the use of titanium and related alloys that are commercially available and continually developed. In the Russian chemico-pharmaceutical industry, titanium is used in some technologies where it is obviously

This article is about the contribution of the Red Army Medical Service made in the process of combat casualty recovery of personnel of the active army in the years of the Great Patriotic war by returning wounded and sick to their ranks after their treatment. The authors show the main organizational measures which provided for creation of a casualty recovery system; describe the contents of information procedures for assuring the wounded and sick traffic control; emphasize the necessity to utilize the experience of the Red Army Medical Service for the development of the combat casualty recovery system in the Armed Forces in case of war.

We investigated the use of vitamin production waste as corrosion inhibitors for metal constructions of heat exchangers.

An experimental investigation was made of the static and dynamic modulation characteristics and angular dependences of the contrast associated with the twist effect in nematic liquid crystals with low-frequency inversion of the sign of their dielectric anisotropy. It is shown that two-frequency control of the twist effect can be used as the basis of fairly fast wide-aperture switches of the plane of polarization of light.