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Lighting using LED technology is used for domestic purposes, as well as in various sectors of the economy. In the process of studying low-power LED lamps with a power of 9, 10, 12W (various manufacturers), differing in their design and used as a replacement for incandescent lamps, such characteristics as power, light flux, light output, spectral distribution of radiation, correlated color temperature have been considered; the analysis of the indicated characteristics of light sources depending on the operating time has been given. The study of the electrical and lighting parameters of the lamps at the rated voltage of the mains has been carried out using a Gooch & Housego photocolorimetric measuring device, including the OL IS 7600 photometric ball and the OL 770 VIS / NIR multi-channel spectroradiometer. The measurements were carried out in accordance with GOST R 54350-2011 which establishes the lighting requirements and the corresponding test methods for lighting devices with electric light sources. Prior to the measurements, stabilization of all light characteristics of the lamps was established after they were turned on at the rated mains voltage. Analysis of the measurements has shown that Philips and Ecola lamps correspond to the declared parameters. In the process, the Ecola lamp has the smallest drop in parameters, the HomeClub lamp has the largest. The greatest luminous efficiency for the entire period of research has the Philips lamp, the smallest one – the lamp FL-LED BA ECO. As a result of studying the semiconductor light sources parameters, their high efficiency and feasibility of use in comparison with traditional light sources have been proved.

The structure of a high-temperature austenitic 12Kh15N16M2TR steel, which is promising for manufacturing steam superheater tubes, is studied after long-term thermal holding under stress. The type, morphology, and matrix arrangement of excess-phase particles that form during thermal holding are found. The structure of the alloy correlates with its high-temperature strength, and the mechanical properties obtained during short-time tensile tests in the temperature range 20–730°C are compared to the results of high-temperature strength tests.

The drift kinetic equation solver NEO-2 [1] which is based on the field line integration technique has been applied to compute the generalized Spitzer function in a tokamak with finite plasma collisionality. The resulting generalized Spitzer function has specific features which are pertinent to the finite plasma collisionality. They are absent in asymptotic (collisionless or highly collisional) regimes or in results drawn from interpolation between asymptotic limits. These features have the potential to improve the overall ECCD efficiency if one optimizes the microwave beam launch scenarii accordingly (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Here we compile and analyze the data on photoaggregation of a model protein carboanhydrase and the main eye lens proteins α-, β-, γ-crystallins under the action of pulsed UV irradiation from a Xe-Cl laser (308 nm) with broad variation of pulse energy density and repetition rate. The aggregation efficacy proves to be a nonlinear function of these parameters and protein concentration. A theoretical model is proposed that qualitatively explains the experimental data. It is shown that N-arm-truncated βA3-crystallin is more prone to UV-induced aggregation than the full-sized protein; such defects caused by mutation or aging may aggravate the development of lenticular opacity. Analyzed is the effect of some low-molecular compounds on the aggregation of β-crystallin and its mixture with α-crystallin. A combination of short peptides prepared on this basis markedly impedes crystallin aggregation and retards the development of UV-induced cataract in rats.

A set of powerful tools has been developed in the last years for the design of new stellarator devices. These codes, usually working in magnetic co-ordinates, comprise minimization of neoclassical transport, maximizing equilibrium and stability properties, etc. However, for certain conditions the stellarator magnetic field can be originally obtained in the real space coordinates and there is no necessity in its transformation to magnetic coordinates. Here a procedure working in real space co-ordinates is presented for maximizing the plasma energy content, based on reducing the most unfavorable, 1/@n, neoclassical transport. This tool is especially useful for existing stellarator devices which are not fully optimized with respect to neoclassical transport. Preliminary results for the ''heliac-type'' stellarator TJ-II are presented showing a configuration with almost twice the stored energy of the standard TJ-II configuration.

Using a numerical code based on guiding centre drift equations, collisionless high energy particle losses, and in particular ${\it\alpha}$-particle losses, are studied for a number of stellarator configurations in the presence of magnetic islands caused by resonant perturbations of magnetic surfaces. Standard stellarator configurations, as well as an optimized quasi-helically symmetric stellarator, are used in this study. It is found that the role of islands in collisionless ${\it\alpha}$-particle losses is practically negligible for standard stellarators, however, for optimized stellarators, islands can have a negative impact.

The original optimization of the Columbia Nonneutral Torus (CNT) considering only volume (and error field resilience) was also successful in optimizing the stored energy. To assess the general confinement properties of a device, studies of the 1/ν neoclassical transport (effective ripple eff) are important. For CNT the field line tracing code NEO [1] is used to compute eff. NEO is used by the code SORSSA [2, 3] for computation of the total stored energy based on neoclassical transport.

In the framework of optimization of confinement properties of Uragan-2M, neoclassical transport in the 1/v regime and the pertinent stored energy are studied. A rather wide range of device configurations is considered. For the computations the field line following code NEO for computation of transport measures is used. Computations are performed in real-space coordinates using the magnetic field produced by the device coils. The difference of currents in adjacent groups of toroidal field (TF) coils as well as the current in the TF coils and the additional vertical magnetic field are used as varying parameters. Some possibilities for improving the 1/v transport corresponding to optimum values of the varying parameters are presented.

For the magnetic field of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) standard high-mirror configuration, computed by the PIES code, taking into account real coil geometry, neoclassical transport and bootstrap current are analysed in the 1/ν regime using methods based on the integration along magnetic field lines in a given magnetic field. The zero β and β = 1% cases are studied. The results are compared to the corresponding results for the vacuum magnetic field directly produced by modular coils. A significant advantage of W7-X over a conventional stellarator resulting from reduced neoclassical transport and from reduced bootstrap current follows from the computations although the neoclassical transport is somewhat larger than that previously obtained for the ideal W7-X model configuration.

The effective ripple is analysed for the final version of the quasi-axisymmetric stellarator configuration with a low aspect ratio, CHS-qa. For the computation, a method is used that is based on the integration along magnetic field lines in a given magnetic field. Computations are done for magnetic fields presented in Boozer magnetic coordinates as well as for magnetic fields produced directly by currents in the modular coils of the device. The computations show the significant advantage of CHS-qa over a conventional stellarator resulting from the reduced effective ripple.

Using methods based on an integration along magnetic field lines in a given magnetic field, the 1/ν neoclassical transport as well as the variation of the second adiabatic invariant on a magnetic surface are studied for the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) standard high-mirror configuration. The analysed quantities are calculated for the magnetic field presented in magnetic coordinates as well as for the vacuum magnetic field. The results obtained for large numbers of magnetic field harmonics are compared to results with a truncated set of harmonics.

The Stochastic Mapping Technique (SMT), a highly efficient method to solve the five-dimensional drift kinetic equation in the long-mean-free-path regime, is presented in an application to stellarators. Within this method, the dimensionality of the problem is reduced to four dimensions through a discretization in one dimension. Instead of tracing test particles in the whole phase space, test particles are followed on particular Poincare cuts. With this approach, the computation time is reduced by a large factor compared to direct Monte Carlo methods. The SMT is applicable to stellarators with arbitrary magnetic field geometries and topologies. It can be used for any problem where currently conventional Monte Carlo methods are applied. In particular, it is well suited for modeling the distribution function of supra-thermal particles generated by auxiliary heating methods, for studies of stellarator transport properties and for a fast survey of a specific configuration in the whole phase space necessary for an estimation of α-particle confinement.The Stochastic Mapping Technique (SMT), a highly efficient method to solve the five-dimensional drift kinetic equation in the long-mean-free-path regime, is presented in an application to stellarators. Within this method, the dimensionality of the problem is reduced to four dimensions through a discretization in one dimension. Instead of tracing test particles in the whole phase space, test particles are followed on particular Poincare cuts. With this approach, the computation time is reduced by a large factor compared to direct Monte Carlo methods. The SMT is applicable to stellarators with arbitrary magnetic field geometries and topologies. It can be used for any problem where currently conventional Monte Carlo methods are applied. In particular, it is well suited for modeling the distribution function of supra-thermal particles generated by auxiliary heating methods, for studies of stellarator transport properties and for a fast survey of a specific configuration in the whole phase space necessary for ...

The 1/ν neoclassical transport is computed for the standard, the drift-orbit-optimized and the quasi-axisymmetric versions of CHS. For the computations, a new method is used which is based on the integration along magnetic field lines. The calculations show the advantage of the quasi-axisymmetric CHS configuration over the standard configuration resulting in a reduced 1/ν transport. It is shown that also for the drift-orbit-optimized configuration the 1/ν transport is reduced; however, by a smaller amount than for the quasi-axisymmetric configuration.

Using an analytic solution of the kinetic equation in the 1/ν regime, a new formula for the neoclassical transport coefficients is obtained which takes into account all classes of trapped particles. This formula holds in any coordinate system and no simplifying assumptions about the magnetic field are needed. Therefore it is also applicable to complex magnetic fields given in real space coordinates. The method and the results can be used to optimize magnetic field configurations with respect to the 1/ν regime. The method is bench-marked against Monte Carlo calculation both for the l=3 classical stellarator model and also for the original Helias configuration [J. Nuhrenberg and R. Zille, Phys. Lett. A 114, 129 (1986)] with a more complex magnetic field structure. Some features of transport for Helias are clarified by analyzing the bounce-averaged drift velocity.

The second adiabatic invariant J∥ for locally trapped particles is used for calculating neoclassical transport in stellarators. A numerical method for calculating the variation of J∥ on a magnetic surface is developed, which allows one to make the calculations in an arbitrary stellarator magnetic field given in real-space coordinates without transforming the field to magnetic coordinates. Equations for neoclassical particle and energy fluxes for the 1/ν transport regime are derived, which are expressed through the variation of J∥. By making use of these method and equations, an evaluation of neoclassical transport properties is made for a real-space realization of quasihelical symmetry, which has been examined recently in magnetic coordinates.

1. The parameters (periods, amplitudes, and phases) of 87 multiyear SA rhythms were estimated with high significance from the annual average dynamics of Wolf numbers for 1749–1992; the annual average SA dynamics was then forecast for the 21st century. 2. The 11-year SA cycle is the superposition of phase-amplitude characteristics of no fewer than 35 rhythms (from No. 25 to No. 59 in Table 1). The most significant heliorhythms in this family are the high-amplitude heliorhythms with periods of 11.00, 10.04, 10.52, 11.95, 8.38, 10.64, and 8.10 years (listed in the order of decreasing amplitude). 3. The results of our study confirm the high efficiency of the proposed mathematical method for the detection of hidden heliorhythms of various frequencies and unknown periods. 4. Using our results as a benchmark for comparison of multiyear heliorhythms detected by other mathematical techniques for annual average Wolf numbers (1749–1992), we can analyze comprehensively the strengths and weaknesses of all mathematical methods (including the proposed method) employed in modern heliobiology, chronomedicine, and economics.

A non-quasi-symmetric stellarator vacuum magnetic field with an aspect ratio of about 11 is found in which collisionless particles are confined up to about 2/5 of the minor radius.

Recent developments of a stellarator-mirror (SM) fission–fusion hybrid concept are reviewed. The hybrid consists of a fusion neutron source and a powerful sub-critical fast fission reactor core. The aim is transmutation of spent nuclear fuel and safe fission energy production. In its fusion part, a stellarator-type system with an embedded magnetic mirror is used. The stellarator confines deuterium plasma with moderate temperature, 1–2 keV. In the magnetic mirror, a hot component of sloshing tritium ions is trapped. There, the fusion neutrons are generated. A candidate for a combined SM system is a DRACON magnetic trap. A basic idea behind an SM device is to maintain local neutron production in a mirror part, but at the same time eliminate the end losses by using a toroidal device. A possible drawback is that the stellarator part can introduce collision-free radial drift losses, which is the main topic for this study. For high energy ions of tritium with an energy of 70 keV, comparative computations of collisionless losses in the rectilinear part of a specific design of the DRACON type trap are carried out. Two versions of the trap are considered with different lengths of the rectilinear sections. Also the total number of current-carrying rings in the magnetic system is varied. The results predict that high energy ions from neutral beam injection can be satisfactorily confined in the mirror part during 0.1–1 s. The Uragan-2M experimental device is used to check key points of the SM concept. The magnetic configuration of a stellarator with an embedded magnetic mirror is arranged in this device by switching off one toroidal coil. The motion of particles magnetically trapped in the embedded mirror is analyzed numerically with use of motional invariants. It is found that without radial electric field particles quickly drift out of the SM, even if the particles initially are located on a nested magnetic surface. We will show that a weak radial electric field, which would be spontaneously created by the ambipolar radial particle losses, can make drift trajectories closed, which substantially improves particle confinement. It is remarkable that the improvement acts both for positive and negative charges.

The results of the investigations of photoaggregation of the main eye lens proteins alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins and the model protein carbonic anhydrase in response to pulsed irradiation by a XeCI laser at 308 nm in the wide range of pulse energy densities (w) and pulse repetition rates (F) have been reviewed. A nonlinear dependence of aggregation efficiency on the values of w, F, and the concentration of protein solution was found. A theoretical model that qualitatively describes the experimental results was developed. The aggregation of N-amino-arm truncated beta A3-crystallin was analyzed. It was found that the loss of the N-amino-arm as a result of mutation or eye lens aging increases the probability of UV-induced beta-crystallin aggregation, thereby increasing the predisposition of eye lens to senile cataract. The influence of some short-chain peptides on the aggregation efficiency of beta-crystallin and beta-crystallin in solution with alpha-crystallin was investigated. Based on the results obtained, a combination of peptides (called "a new preparation") was found that most effectively delays the crystallin aggregation. The preparation has been probed on experimental animals. The trials showed that the preparation increases the delay in the development of UV-induced cataract in rats. The possibility of designing a drug for the prophylaxis of the development of cataract in humans based on this preparation is discussed.

UV-induced aggregation of betaL-crystallin, one of the major lens proteins, was studied under its pulse radiation with XeCl laser at a wavelength of 308 nm. Unlike the in vitro tested dipeptides L-carnosine, N-acetyl carnosine, D-panthetine, and particularly their combination, the so-called new chaperon was demonstrated to slow down the rate of photoaggregatin of beta-crystallin. The new chaperon, a mixture of D-pathethine and N-acetyl carnosine was ascertained to protect a mixture of betaL- and alpha-crystallins from UV-induced aggregation to a greater extent than D-pathethine or N-acetyl carnosine used alone. An effective drug based on the new chaperon may be designed for the prevention of cataract in sight.

There is a potential of therapeutic action on certain stages of caractogenesis, in particular on the aggregation of water-soluble proteins of cytoplasmic lens fiber cells, giving rise to insoluble protein complexes. The effect of a combined preparation (N-acetyl carnosine and D-patethine), acting by the chaperon-like mechanism, was studied in vivo on a prolonged rat model of UV-induced cataract. The use of the combined preparation consisting of a mixture of peptides of N-acetyl carnosine and D-patethine in a ratio of 1:1 as ocular instillations and intraperitoneal injections could slow down the development of UV-induced cataract in vivo. Pathomorphological studies suggest that the combined preparation has a protective effect on lens tissue when the rat model of UV-induced cataract is employed.

The effect of D-pantethine and L-carnosine on the rate of UV-induced (XeC1 laser λ = 308 nm) aggregation of a mixture of βL-crystallin and α-crystallin is studied. We also demonstrate that the suggested by us combination of short-chain peptides shows better protective properties with respect to UV-induced aggregation than known anti-cataract agents.

UV light is one of primary factors associated with cataract formation in the eye lens. α-, β-, γ-Crystallins maintain lens transparency, and damage to these proteins plays a major role in cataract formation. The effect of XeCl laser radiation (308 nm) on βL-crystallin solution is studied. The strong dependence of protein aggregation kinetics on both laser fluence (w ) and repetition rate (F ) is investigated. The kinetics features are similar to those of carbonic anhydrase photoaggregation studied previously.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The effect of XeCl laser radiation on carbonic anhydrase solution is studied. It is investigated that kinetics of protein aggregation is strongly influenced by both laser fluence and repetition rate. The theoretical model is constructed which allows one to explain qualitatively the features of experimental findings.

It is well‐known that a small bootstrap current is desirable for stellarators since in contrast to a tokamak this current can aggravate the stellarator confinement properties. In the present work, the computation of the bootstrap current in the long mean‐free‐path regime is performed for various stellarator configurations. For this purpose, the technique of integration along magnetic field lines is used. In particular, stellarator configurations with various relations between toroidal and helical inhomogeneities of the magnetic field and with quasi‐helical symmetry are considered. The obtained results are discussed and compared to the results from the W7‐X configuration where one of the design goals was the minimization of the bootstrap current. It is also well‐known that expressions for the bootstrap current in stellarators possess resonances at rational magnetic surfaces in the low collision frequency regime. A method to smooth out these singularities is implemented in the present work.

The development of a stellarator–mirror fission–fusion hybrid concept is reviewed. The hybrid comprises of a fusion neutron source and a powerful sub-critical fast fission reactor core. The aim is the transmutation of spent nuclear fuel and safe fission energy production. In its fusion part, neutrons are generated in deuterium–tritium (D–T) plasma, confined magnetically in a stellarator-type system with an embedded magnetic mirror. Based on kinetic calculations, the energy balance for such a system is analyzed. Neutron calculations have been performed with the MCNPX code, and the principal design of the reactor part is developed. Neutron outflux at different outer parts of the reactor is calculated. Numerical simulations have been performed on the structure of a magnetic field in a model of the stellarator–mirror device, and that is achieved by switching off one or two coils of toroidal field in the Uragan-2M torsatron. The calculations predict the existence of closed magnetic surfaces under certain conditions. The confinement of fast particles in such a magnetic trap is analyzed.

An approach for the direct computation of collisionless losses of high energy charged particles is developed for stellarator magnetic fields given in real space coordinates. With this approach, the corresponding computations can be performed for magnetic fields with three-dimensional inhomogeneities in the presence of stochastic regions as well as magnetic islands. A code, which is based on this approach, is applied to various stellarator configurations. It is found that the life time of fast particles obtained in real-space coordinates can be smaller than that obtained in magnetic coordinates.

First experiments on edge-localized mode (ELM) mitigation with the help of ITER-like coils on ASDEX Upgrade are analysed using linear and quasilinear kinetic models to describe the interaction of resonant magnetic field perturbations (RMP) with the plasma. The gyrokinetic derivation of RMP-driven transport coefficients is given in detail. The role of fluid resonances is studied, in particular the role of the resonance associated with the equilibrium electric field reversal point Er = 0. Like the electron fluid resonance associated with the zero of the total perpendicular electron fluid velocity, the Er = 0 resonance may lead to enhanced transport due to the reduction of RMP shielding in the pedestal region where the RMP field can even be amplified by this resonance. The conditions on the RMP coil spectrum resulting from the analysis are discussed.

Blood serum ferritin levels were measured by indirect hemagglutination test in patients with diseases of the liver, bile duct, and gastrointestinal tract. Ferritin levels were found increased in the majority of patients, though to a different measure. Its concentrations were the highest in patients with virus hepatitis A, cirrhosis of the liver, and reactive nonspecific hepatitis, normalizing in the course of treatment, These data prompt the use of ferritin measurements in the diagnosis, monitoring the course of treatment, and prediction of the outcomes of acute and chronic diseases of the liver, bile duct, and gastrointestinal tract.

Alpha-particle losses due to the resonant magnetic field perturbations (RMPs) created by the coil system for edge-localized mode mitigation in ITER are studied numerically. If shielding of RMPs by the plasma is not taken into account, passing α-particles are the main loss channel which, together with the trapped particle contribution leads to a loss of more than 5% of fusion alpha particle power. Shielding of RMPs practically eliminates this channel so that the overall losses are reduced to about 1%.

The computation of the gradient of the magnetic surface function, ∇ψ, plays an essential role in plasma physics, e.g., for investigations of plasma equilibrium currents or transport fluxes in stellarators. The evaluation of ∇ψ becomes more complicated if the magnetic field B does not exhibit stellarator symmetry. Here, a scheme for computation of ∇ψ for magnetic configurations which do not show stellarator symmetry is presented. The proposed method is based on computations of gradients of integrals of magnetic field line equations. This new technique for ∇ψ calculations is applied to Uragan-2M [O. S. Pavlichenko for the U-2M group, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 35, B223 (1993)]. Taking into account the influence of current feeds and detachable joints of the helical winding the magnetic configuration does not exhibit stellarator symmetry. Computations of ∇ψ, the effective ripple ϵeff, and the geometrical factor λb for the bootstrap current in the 1/ν transport regime are performed.

The bounce averaged poloidal drift velocity of trapped particles in stellarators is an important quantity in the framework of optimization of stellarators because it allows us to analyze the possibility for closure of contours of the second adiabatic invariant and therefore for improvement of α-particle confinement in such a device. Here, a method is presented to compute such a drift velocity directly in real space coordinates through integration along magnetic field lines. This has the advantage that one is not limited to the usage of magnetic coordinates and can use the magnetic field produced by coil currents and more importantly also results of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic finite beta equilibrium codes, such as PIES [A. H. Reiman and H. S. Greenside, J. Comput. Phys. 75, 423 (1988)] and HINT [Y. Suzuki et al., Nucl. Fusion 46, L19 (2006)].

NEO-2 is a code for the computation of neoclassical transport coefficients and current drive efficiency in toroidal devices which is based on the field line integration technique. The possibility to use the complete linearized collision integral is realized in this code. In this report the results of comparison of the full matrix of transport coefficients in a tokamak with analytical models are presented. Effects of simplifications of the linearized collision model (e.g., reduction to a Lorentz model) are studied in order to provide a comparison with various momentum correction techniques used for the computation of transport coefficients in stellarators.

In recent times, procedures for optimizing stellarator configurations have been strongly improved. New ideas and the development of pertinent codes allow an inclusion of various target functions into this optimization procedure. Here, new target functions which are related to collisionless α-particle confinement are introduced. They are based on specific averages of the bounce-averaged ∇B drift velocity of trapped particles across magnetic surfaces. This approach accompanies the frequently used computation of the effective ripple and it can be realized in a similar way using a field line tracing code. In addition, the poloidal motion of trapped particles is described in detail and results are discussed in the frame of an optimization study which aimed for a closure of contours of the second adiabatic invariant.

Changes in the serum cholesterol concentration constitute a complex oscillatory process [14]. Besides circadian fluctuations [9], distinct seasonal fluctuations of this Parameter also are observed [I0, ll]. Natural fluctuations of the blood cholesterol concentration in experimental animals make interpretation of the data difficult when the influence of various factors on cholesterol metabolism is investigated, for there is as yet no substantiated approach to the prediction of oscillations of the blood cholesterol level during the course of a chronic experiment. On the basis of data of helio-biology [12] we postulated that such prediction is possible if correlation can be established between the phases of the monthly cholesterol biorhythms and monthly rhythms of change of a concrete parameter of solar activity. However, hecause of the difficulty of conducting long-term biological investigations and because of the absence of any single mathematical approach, parameters of the basic cholesterol biorhythms of varied frequency have not yet been discovered, nor has their possible correlation between rhythms of solar activity been established. The solution to this problem is essential for the creation of a reliable dynamic background against which it will be possible to judge changes in the blood cholesterol level of rabbits in model investigations to study the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

The motion is investigated of particles trapped in the vacuum magnetic field of a vintotron, i.e. a plasma trap of the stellarator type with a spatial magnetic axis whose magnetic configuration consists of a strong longitudinal field, together with the field of helical windings plus that of a ring current, or of a strong longitudinal field, together with the field of helical windings with non-symmetrical currents. Attention is chiefly devoted to the motion of particles trapped by inhomogeneities of the helical field. It is assumed that the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field due to the toroidicity is considerably smaller than that caused by the helical windings. Using an integral of the drift surfaces, the longitudinal adiabatic invariant and the equation of motion of the guding centre of the particle expressions are obtained for the departure of the trapped particle orbits from the magnetic surfaces, the period of oscillation of the trapped particles between the magnetic mirrors, and the period of oscillation of the orbits of the trapped particles ('bananas') with respect to the magnetic surfaces. Over a wide range of the vintotron parameters, these quantities, together with the coefficient of diffusion due to trapped particles, are of the same order as those for the stellarator with small toroidicity.

Experiments on guinea pigs and adrenalectomized mice showed that the anaphylactogenic properties xenogenic immunoglobulin preparations were 2- to 2.5-fold higher than those of antitoxic sera "Diaferm-3". The partial acid-enzymatic hydrolysis of immunoglobulin preparations obtained by ethanol fractionation permitted a considerable decrease in their sensitizing activity and anticomplementary properties.

The concentration of total, free and bound cholesterol in the blood serum of 13 intact Chinchilla male rabbits was determined in two four-month experiments carried out in 1973-1974 and in 1984-1985 during a "minimum" phase of an 11-year solar activity cycle. A hierarchy of ten cholesterol biorhythms and solar activity rhythms were singled out on a computer, using an original algorithm, in the individual changes in cholesterol concentration in each rabbit and in changes in seven environmental indexes. A statistical stability of the frequency and phase of low-frequency cholesterol biorhythms and solar activity rhythms has been established within an 11-year period, the fluctuation amplitude of the indexes studied being, on the contrary, statistically unstable.

A quasi-isodynamic stellarator with poloidally closed contours of the magnetic field strength B (Mikhailov 2002 Nucl. Fusion 42 L23) has been obtained by an integrated physics optimization comprising MHD and neoclassical theory. For a configuration with six periods and aspect ratio approximately 12, a main result is the attainability of an essentially MHD-stable high-beta ([beta] approximate to 0.085) plasma with low neoclassical transport, approximately vanishing bootstrap current in the long-mean-free-path regime and excellent a-particle confinement.

NEO-2 is a linearized drift kinetic equation solver for three-dimensional toroidal magnetic fields. It has been designed in order to treat effectively—besides all other regimes—the long mean free path regime, avoiding any simplifications on device geometry or on the Coulomb collision model. The code is based on the field line integration technique combined with a multiple domain decomposition approach, which allows for introduction of an adaptive grid in velocity space. This makes NEO-2 capable of effectively resolving all boundary layers between various classes of trapped particles and passing particles, and also allows for straightforward code parallelization. In stellarators, NEO-2 is used mainly for computations of neoclassical transport coefficients in regimes with slow plasma rotation and for the evaluation of the generalized Spitzer function, which plays the role of a current drive efficiency. In tokamaks with small ideal non-axisymmetric magnetic field perturbations, NEO-2 is used for evaluation of the toroidal torque resulting from these perturbations (neoclassical toroidal viscosity). The limitation to slow plasma rotation pertinent to usage in stellarators has been removed in this case with the help of a quasilinear approach, which is valid due to the smallness of the perturbation field.