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The diversity of geographically distributed human populations shows considerable variation in external and internal traits of individuals. Such differences are largely attributed to genetic adaptation to various environmental influences, which include changes in climatic conditions, variations in sleep and wakefulness, dietary variations, and others. Whole-genome data from individuals of different populations make it possible to determine the specific genetic sites responsible for adaptations and to further understand the genetic structure underlying human adaptive characteristics. In this article, we searched for signals of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) under selection pressure in people of different populations. To identify selection signals in different population groups, the PER1, PER2 and PER3 genes that are involved in the coordination of thermogenic functions and regulation of circadian rhythms, which is directly reflected in the adaptive abilities of the organism, were investigated. Data were analyzed using publicly available data from the 1000 Genomes Project for 23 populations. The Extended Haplotype Homozygosity Score statistical method was chosen to search for traces of selection. The comparative analysis performed identified points subject to selection pressure. The SNPs were annotated through the GWAS catalog and manually by analyzing Internet resources. This study suggests that living conditions, climate, and other external factors directly influence the genetic structure of populations and vary across races and geographic locations. In addition, many of the selection variants in the PER1, PER2, PER3 genes appear to regulate biological processes that are associated with major modern diseases, including obesity, cancer, metabolic syndrome, bipolar personality disorder, depression, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease, making them extremely interesting targets for further research aimed at identifying the genetic causes of human disease.

The issue of creating a criteria base for the Hartmann–Sprenger pipe workflow based on a closed mathematical model is considered. On the basis of a closed mathematical model, the main parameters affecting the increase in the total temperature of the gas at the end of the dead-end cavity above the deceleration temperature of the incoming flow are recorded. Parameters with the same dimension are combined into one group so that only one dimensionless complex is obtained for all these quantities. Finding dimensionless complexes based on the modeling theory allowed us to determine the criteria base of the Hartmann–Sprenger pipe workflow.

The study addresses the effect of 1580 and 1590 alloys cold rolled strip annealing practices on the alloys’ grain structure and mechanical properties. The 1590 alloy differs from the 1580 alloy by hafnium and erbium additions. Samples of such alloys were produced by casting into a steel mold. After that they were homogenized during 4 h at 440°С. Then the samples were hot rolled at 440°С, with further cold rolling to 2 mm, with the cumulative percentage reduction equal to 66%. The cold rolled strip was annealed at the temperature ranging from 330 to 440°С with 1 h soaking. The sizes and morphology of Al3Sc strengthening nanoparticles were examined in homogenized condition using transmission microscopy. The mechanical properties and grain structure were defined in cold rolled and annealed conditions. During homogenizing annealing in the 1590 alloy finer strengthening nanoparticles are formed compared to the 1580 alloy. Such features of the microstructure can be explained by the presence of erbium, promoting formation of additional Al3Sc-type nanoparticles nuclei, and hafnium, preventing their further growth. Non-recrystallized structure was identified in both alloys after cold rolling and final annealing. The 1590 alloy has better mechanical properties, regardless of the annealing temperature, which is explained by a larger portion and smaller size of strengthening nanoparticles.

In cases of respiratory viral infection, along with innate immunity mechanisms, the adaptive immune system plays a crucial role in the body’s defence. The efficiency of its cellular component is crucial for pathogen elimination. T cell response is detected in almost all cases of COVID-19, being among the key factors of the virus control and resistance to infection, including re-infection. So far, however, many aspects of cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 over one year or later after infection remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of laboratory parameters of post-infection cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 within 16 months from the symptoms’ onset.Fifteen healthy volunteers and 87 COVID-19 patients were included into the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the time elapsed from the onset of the first symptoms to the time when blood samples were collected (from 14 to 500 days). For all samples, the number of S- and N-specific T lymphocytes and the cytokines secreting profiles were determined. Also, the Phenograph automatic clustering algorithm was used to discern different functional groups of the cells.Approximately 1 in 5 × 103 peripheral blood mononuclear cells was specific for SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, and 1 in 104 was specific for N-protein. Since the first weeks of infection, the number of specific CD8+ cells was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients, as compared with the group of healthy volunteers. As the postinfection period increased, the number of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cells gradually decreased, but remained significantly higher than in control group. Among CD4+ cell population, the proportion of IFNγ-IL- 2-TNFα+ cells decreased and the ratio of IFNγ+IL-2-TNFα- cells increases. During first weeks of the disease, CD8+ lymphocytes are represented predominantly by IFNγ+IL-2-TNFα- cells and IFNγ-IL-2-TNFα+ cells by the end of the observation period. The clustering results showed that, in the early post-infection period, virusspecific T lymphocytes were mostly presented by populations of IFNγ- and TNFα-producing CD4+ effector memory cells. Meanwhile, in later time period, the most common populations were TNFα-producing CD8+ TEMRA and IFNγ-producing CD8+ central memory T lymphocytes.T cell adaptive immunity plays an important role in the control and elimination of viral infections. In this study, we demonstrated that robust cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is present in the vast majority of patients from the first weeks up to 16 months after the onset of the first symptoms of COVID-19. The immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is provided by production of central and effector memory T cells, and the data on their time dynamics during the study period allow us to hope for a longer duration of cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2.

Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy. Hypervirulent strains of C. difficile, such as ribotype 027, have high mortality rates. Recurrent C. difficile infection is extremely difficult to treat. Symptoms of the disease are caused by two toxins, TcdA and TcdB. These toxins are targets for therapeutic antibodies. The TcdB-specific monoclonal antibody bezlotoxumab (Zinplava ©, Merck & Co. Inc., USA), approved for the prevention of recurrent C. difficile infection, has some effectiveness against a limited set of C. difficile strains. Having a lower cost compared to monoclonal antibodies, high affinity for the antigen, and unique structural and functional properties, nanoantibodies are a promising strategy for the immunotherapy of diseases associated with C. difficile.

Aim. To study the relationship of gut microbiota (GM) composition with clinical and paraclinical characteristics of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).Material and methods. The study included 64 patients (men, 71,9%) with CAD, 33 (men, 87,9%) with HFrEF and 38 (men, 63,2%) with various cardiovascular risk factors (control group). GM composition was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and next- generation sequencing. To identify correlations of GM composition with clinical and paraclinical characteristics, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ) was calculated. Generalized linear models (QuasiPoisson, overdispersion) with covariates (age, body mass index) were used to compare groups by phylotype.Results. The relative abundance of Bacillota phylotypes is significantly higher in patients with CAD and HFrEF compared to controls (p

BackgroundCognitive impairment is an irreversible, aging-associated condition that robs people of their independence. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible causes of this condition and propose preventive options.MethodsWe assessed cognitive status in long-living adults aged 90+ (n = 2,559) and performed a genome wide association study using two sets of variables: Mini-Mental State Examination scores as a continuous variable (linear regression) and cognitive status as a binary variable (> 24, no cognitive impairment;

The aims of this retrospective study were to determine the prevalence of FeLV and co-infection with FeLV and FIV among feline population of Moscow and the Moscow region, Russia, to determine the risk factors associated with the disease and to describe the clinical syndromes, haematological and biochemical abnormalities in infected cats. The prevalence of FeLV and FeLV+FIV co-infection was investigated among 11,807 cats living in Moscow and the Moscow region using PCR, ELISA and ICT methods. The overall prevalence of FeLV among household domestic cats was 12.8%. FeLV was most commonly detected in male mixed-breed cats and the cats with free outdoor access. Ninety cases of co-infection with FeLV and FIV (0.76% of the cat population) were also detected. The most com-mon clinical signs seen in infected cats were those associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Anaemia was a common haematological abnormality in infected cats. The results of biochemical assays were nonspecific and associated with inflammatory processes in infected cats. The risk factors associated with FeLV infection were sex, breed, age, contacts with other cats and a history of outdoor access. The results presented in the study indicated a high prevalence of FeLV and a low prevalence of FeLV+FIV co-infection in cats living in Moscow and the Moscow region, Russia.

Objective.To determine the expediency of the spleen–preserving operations performance for its injury due to gun–shot thoraco–abdominal and abdominal woundings. Materials and methods. Of 51wounded persons with the gun–shot penetrating abdominal woundings with splenic injuries 8 (15.7%) were operated on the II level of the medical help delivery, while on the ІІІ level – 43 (84.3%). Of 43 wounded persons, operated on the ІІІ level of the medical help delivery, in 35 (81.4%) splenectomy was performed, while in 8 (18.6%) – the organ–preserving operations. All the splenic injuries have been characterized as a shrapnel woundings. The splenic damage degree was estimated in accordance to Moore, taking into account its structure. In 5 (62.5%) wounded persons the open laparotomy organ–preserving operations were performed, and while using video–laparoscopic system– in 3 (37.5%). Results. Ultrasonographic investigation in accordance to the FAST–protocol was done in all the wounded persons, what have permitted to determine the blood abdominal outpouring volume as well as the splenic injury presence. The affection volume and further tactics were determined using video–laparoscopy. The Stage I splenic affection in accordance to Moore was diagnosed in 4 (50%) wounded persons, the Stage ІІ – in 3 (37.5%), and the Stage ІІІ – in 1 (12.5%). In all the patients, in whom organ–preserving interventions were performed, the surgical help volume consisted of coagulation, using the radiofrequency therapy apparatus MEDTRONICAEX and the hemostatic sponge application with drainage of the left subdiaphragmatic space, using silicone tube. Conclusion. Organ–preserving operations in splenic injury are expedient to be performed on ІІІ level of the medical help delivery, while presence of local conditions, such as the organ injury degrees І and ІІ,determined in accordance to Moore, as well as adequate time and equipment.

Castleman’s disease (angiofollicular lymphoma, giant lymph node hyperplasia, Castleman’s pseudotumor) is an understudied orphan lymphoproliferative disease with a long period of asymptomatic course and a high risk of malignancy, and variability of its clinical features can cause difficulties in diagnosis. The aim of the study. To acquaint clinicians and increase the effectiveness of early diagnosis and treatment of Castleman’s disease (CD) in children to prevent malignancy and improve prognosis. Results. The article presents a clinical case of CD in a 3.5-year-old boy with a long history of fever, stunted growth, sweating, arthralgia, anemia, high laboratory inflammatory factors, elevated IL-6. There was a complex diagnostic search except for infectious, immunodeficiency, autoimmune conditions. The diagnosis of hyaline-vascular type of CD was confirmed by immunohistochemical examination after lymph node excisional biopsy. Rapid positive dynamics was noted after radical removal of the lymph node conglomerate. At follow-up after 8 months, the patient met criteria for clinical and laboratory remission. Conclusions. Castleman’s disease should be included in the search algorithm for lymphoproliferative diseases. Determining the role of genetic mutations in interferon regulatory factor (IRF8) is of scientific interest to clarify the etiology of this disease.

Objective. To analyze the mistakes while application of modern surgical magnet instruments for diagnosis and removal of ferromagnetic foreign bodies. Materials and methods. In accordance to the exploitation-clinical criteria, the material, delivered by usages of the magnet instruments (623 respondents), about results of its clinical usage in period from 2014 yr up to nowadays, was analyzed. Results. In total the mistakes while application of surgical magnet instruments may be divided on two groups: the clinical and exploitation-technical Most quantity of clinical mistakes are connected with application of such instruments without indications, basically in absence of ferromagnetic fractures inside the wounds channels and cavities. Other causes of the mistakes were following: failure to include physiologic peculiarities of the wound process course, such as formation of capsule over foreign bodies, characteristic of the wound channel, choice of inappropriate nomenclature specimen and failure to include the vessels and neural trunks projections, leading to development of complications (hemorrhage, neuralgia, paresis), formation of the contraperture incision and mechanical removal of the fracture. Sterilization in a dry-heat wardrobe and physical damage of instruments were taken into account and have been considered as an exploitation-technical mistake. Conclusion. In accordance to the results obtained, the conduction of educational trainings for usage of surgical magnet instruments, guaranteeing reduction of the various mistakes and complications quantity, leading to maximal effect of its application are recommended.

This brief report pays tribute to Robert Eustace Montgomery (1880–1932) whose name is associated with the discovery of African swine fever (ASF). A hundred years ago, he published a major report on study of new highly dangerous disease carried out in 1900–1917 in the East Africa. The infection fundamentals have been established and described – the etiological, immunological and nosological uniqueness of the infection, fatal susceptibility of domestic pigs, clinical sings and pathomorphology, viral etiology, natural reservoir and source of the infection, survival of the virus outside the body, many specific epizootological aspects. Taking into account current high publication activity it has been concluded that there is a large body of multi-faceted research focused on African swine fever. Gap analysis carried out by the large team of the European researchers and experts revealed the most challenging aspects – wild boars, ASF survival and transmission, biosecurity and surveillance. In addition to the gaps mentioned in these conclusions and recommendations there are serious gaps in African swine fever immunology, namely in protective immunity mechanisms, virus-macrophage interaction, in vitro virus phenotypic signs correlating with its virulence, etc. Evidently, it is hardly possible to expect development of anti-ASF vaccines and particularly the vaccines capable of preventing and effectively protecting against ASF epizooty according to the general understanding without addressing these issues.

Based on the previously compiled physical and mathematical model of the vortex tube workflow, the calculation of the thermogasodynamic characteristics of the vortex tube with known geometric dimensions and their comparison with experimental data was carried out. The calculations take into account the exchange of work and heat between the axial and peripheral gas layers. The exchange of work is carried out due to the transfer of kinematic energy from the axis to the periphery by viscosity forces when tangential stresses occur. The difference of thermodynamic temperatures when heat is supplied from the periphery to the axis is taken into account. These phenomena reduce the cooling effect of the flow coming out of the diaphragm.

The question of the operation of the Hartmann–Sprenger tube is considered. The influence of the parameters of the incident gas flow on its parameters at the end of the dead-end cavity is investigated. The mechanism of energy transfer from the incoming flow to the flow entering the dead-end cavity has been determined. The proof of the influence of viscosity and shear stresses on the occurrence of transfer of kinetic energy from the incident flow to the flow entering the dead-end cavity is given. The influence of the exchange of work and heat on the mechanism of energy transfer in the dead-end cavity of the Hartmann– Sprenger tube is revealed.

Aim. To assess the concentrations of bacterial and eukaryotic metabolites mainly involved in indole, kynurenine, and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism in a cohort of patients with obesity. Materials and methods. Using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, the concentrations of several serum metabolites, such as kynurenine, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid, quinolinic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate, tryptamine, serotonin, indole-3-lactate, indole-3-acetate, indole-3- butyrate, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-acrylate, and indole-3-propionate, were analyzed in a cohort of obese patients compared with healthy volunteers.Results. It was found that serum levels of tryptophan metabolites of microbial and eukaryotic origin were significantly increased in obese patients. Therefore, the concentration of kynurenine in the blood serum in obese patients was 2,413 ± 855 nmol / l, while in healthy volunteers of the same age group, the level of kynurenine in the blood serum was 2,122 ± 863 nmol / l. In obese patients, two acids formed due to kynurenine metabolism; the concentrations of kynurenic and quinolinic acids were increased in the blood serum. The concentration of kynurenic acid in the blood serum in obese patients was 21.1 ± 9.26 nmol / l, and in healthy patients, it was 16.8 ± 8.37 nmol / l. At the same time, the level of quinolinic acid in the blood serum in obese patients was 73.1 ± 54.4 nmol / l and in healthy volunteers – 56.8 ± 34.1 nmol / l. Normally, the level of quinolinic acid is 3.4 times higher than the concentration of kynurenic acid, and in case of obesity, there is a comparable increase in these acids in the blood serum.From indole derivatives, mainly of microbial origin, the concentrations of indole-3-lactate, indole-3-butyrate, and indole-3-acetate were significantly increased in the blood serum of obese patients. In obese patients, the serum concentration of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate was elevated to 74.6 ± 75.8 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 59.4 ± 36.6 nmol / l); indole-3-lactate – to 523 ± 251 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 433 ± 208 nmol / l); indole-3-acetate – to 1,633 ± 1,166 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 1,186 ± 826 nmol / l); and indole-3-butyrate – to 4.61 ± 3.31 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 3.85 ± 2.51 nmol / l).Conclusion. In case of obesity, the utilization of tryptophan was intensified by both the microbiota population and the macroorganism. It was found that obese patients had higher concentrations of kynurenine, quinolinic and kynurenic acids, indole-3-acetate, indole-3-lactate, indole-3-butyrate, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate. Apparently, against the background of increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by adipocytes in obese patients, the “kynurenine switch” was activated which contributed to subsequent overproduction of tryptophan metabolites involved in the immune function of the macroorganism.

Based on the previously considered physical and mathematical models of jet and vortex ejectors, vortex tube and Hartmann–Sprenger tube, it makes a conclusion about the identity of the processes of exchange of work and heat in these devices. The influence of viscosity, tangential stresses, and the gradient of linear and angular velocities on the transfer of kinetic energy from a high-pressure to a low-pressure gas is shown. The difference of thermodynamic temperatures for heat exchange of high-pressure and low-pressure gases is taken into account.

A short report is devoted to the radical changes in the taxonomy of viruses. The metagenomic sequencing has revealed the presence of a vast variety of viruses in diverse environmental samples without any connections with banal parasitism, infectivity, or pathogenicity. The understanding of viruses has expanded beyond the original parasitic–pathogen model, and now virologists recognize the role of viruses in host regulation and the maintenance of natural ecosystems. Co-evolution of the viral and cellular genomes includes mutual horizontal gene transfer and joint development of new biological functions, such as the mechanism of phylogenesis and phylodynamics of coactants. The concepts of the origin of viruses and their relation to the Universal Tree of Life are formulated. In this regard, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) changed the previous Code of their classification hierarchy from five ranks to a fifteen-rank one, that emulates a Linnaean framework and accommodates the entire spectrum of genetic divergence in the virosphere. Changes in the rank hierarchy are based on the evolution of the recognition of virus taxa over time, from a traditional phenotype-based characterization process to a multistage process that includes comparative sequence analyses of conserved genes and proteins, including gene phylogeny, gene synteny and shared gene content. The ICTV, that oversees the official classification of viruses and nomenclature of taxa, accepts possible non-hierarchical classifications of viruses beyond taxonomic attribution. The above provisions are illustrated with schemes of chimeric polyphyletic origin of viruses and a new rank structure; the table gives examples of the modern classification of viruses that cause some socially significant infections.

This review describes principles of action and the method of delivery of mRNA molecules into cells, as well as some of developed RNA vaccines and the results obtained in their study, though they have not been authorized for use yet. In addition, the review discusses efficacy and safety proved for RNA vaccines registered for COVID-19 prevention at the time of writing. The development, clinical trials and market launch of RNA vaccines for mass immunization in a few months can be considered one of the major breakthroughs in pharmacology over the past year. Despite of all seemingly indisputable advantages, none of RNA vaccines had reached Phase III of clinical trials since the moment of its discovery in 1993 until last year. The first experience of the successful use of mRNA vaccines was back in the 90s of the last century, when vaccination of mice with liposomes encoding an antigen-encoding mRNA was found to initiate specific immune response in mice. However, in these years, the method did not find application, due to the toxicity of lipids used. Subsequently, a large number of attempts have been made to develop vaccines against other viral infections, including Zika virus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus and others. Despite the importance for preventing the spread of these diseases, the development of a vaccine preparation is a rather lengthy process, and final success is not guaranteed. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has become speeded the development of mRNA vaccines up.At the time of writing the review, two mRNA-based vaccines have been registered only in the world, both, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, were against COVID-19. Their effectiveness and safety are still actively studied. Moreover, it took less than a year for new strains of SARS-CoV-2 to appear, and the efficiency of vaccines against them was found to be lower than against the reference pathogen variant. Considering that the three new strains of SARS-CoV-2, “British”, “African” and “Brazilian”, are rapidly spreading in the world, the first results of efficiency evaluation of vaccines against them have already been published. One may expect that, considering mutations in these strains, the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines will remain effective against the “British” strain, but their protective properties are greatly weakened against the “African” variant.

A refined physical model of the jet ejector working process has been compiled. On the basis of the refined physical model, a mathematical model has been developed that takes into account the exchange of work and heat between the ejected and ejected gases. Based on the solution of this mathematical model, it is possible to formulate a method for calculating the optimal geometric dimensions of the jet ejector to obtain the specified thermodynamic parameters and a method for calculating the characteristics of the jet ejector with known geometric dimensions. The effect of viscosity on energy exchange is shown. The agreement between the calculated and experimental data is satisfactory.

Aim. To study the relationship between the abundance of the genera in the gut microbiota (GM) and levels of serum biomarkers of chronic systemic inflammation and endotoxemia in patients with HFpEF.Material and methods. The composition of GM among 42 patients with HFpEF (men, 57,1%) was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The median age was 67,0 years, interquartile range [64,0; 71,5] years. Correlation and multivariate regression analysis (with adjustments for sex and age) of relationships between the relative abundance of intestinal bacteria and the concentrations of serum biomarkers including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukins (IL) 1β and 6, the soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity (sST2), and the level of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was carried out.Results. According to multivariate regression analysis, the relative abundance of Haemophilus was directly related to the concentration of IL-1β (odds ratio (ОR) 32,37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2,071237,69, p=0,025), Coriobacteriaceae (unclassified) — with IL-6 (ОR 6,27, (1,42-36,74), p=0,024), Porphyromonadaceae (unclassified) — with sST2 (ОR 5,96, (1,33-34,39), p=0,028), and the relative abundance of the genera Pseudomonas (ОR 7,09, (1,45-42,39), p=0,020), Parasutterella (ОR 4,55, (1,07-22,76), p=0,047) and Clostridiaceae (unclassified) (ОR 4,85, (1,06-24,7), p=0,045) was directly associated with LPS levels.Conclusion. In patients with HFpEF, the relative abundance of some GM genera (e.g., Haemophilus, Coriobacteriaceae (unclassified), Porphyromonadaceae (unclassified), Pseudomonas, Parasutterella, Clostridiaceae (unclassified)) is statistically significantly associated with the concentration of biomarkers of chronic systemic inflammation and endotoxemia.

Based on the physical model of the Ranque effect, proposed earlier, a simplified mathematical model of the working process of a vortex tube is compiled taking into account the exchange of work and heat during the interaction of peripheral and axial gas flows. The effect of viscosity and angular velocity gradient on the transfer of kinetic energy from the axis to the periphery is shown. The difference in thermodynamic temperatures when heat is supplied from the periphery to the axis is taken into account, which leads to a decrease in the cooling efficiency of the axial gas flow. Energy exchange is based on the assumption that the peripheral gas layers are compressed by the axial flow. The axial flow work is determined by the pressure difference between the valve and the outlet of the diaphragm

Introduction. The concept of heterogeneity in obesity depending on the risk of developing cardiometabolic complications has garnered attention in recent decades, since not everyone with obesity goes on to develop metabolic dysfunction.The aim of the work is to study specific characteristics of colonic microbial communities in patients with different obesity phenotypes and in healthy individuals by employing metagenomics methods.Materials and methods. A total of 265 individuals (44 men and 221 women; mean age 47.1 ± 4.8 years) were enrolled in the study. They were further divided into clinical groups: Healthy normal-weight individuals (n = 129); patients with obesity (n = 136), including metabolically healthy obesity (n = 40) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (n = 55). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the intestinal microbiome was based on metagenomic analysis. Fecal samples were used to isolate DNA and perform sequencing of the variable v3-v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.Results. The study revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between quantitative and qualitative variables in studied phylotypes of colonic microorganisms in healthy individuals without obesity and in patients with different obesity phenotypes.Discussion. Patients with obesity had higher levels of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and lower levels of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, TM7 (Saccharibacteria), Fusobacteria, and more frequently detected phyla Tenericutes, Planctomycetes and Lentisphaerae compared to healthy individuals. Metabolically healthy obese patients had more rarely detected phylum Lentisphaerae in their colonic microbiome, increased numbers of Firmicutes and reduced numbers of Bacteroidetes compared to metabolically unhealthy obese patients.Conclusion. The findings demonstrate alterations in the colonic microbiome in patients with different obesity phenotypes.

The physical and mathematical models of the processes occurring in the vortex tubes (Ranque effect) and Hartmann–Sprenger tube. The physical models most closely corresponding to the physical processes in these devices have been identified. The similarities and differences between the effects arising during the operation of vortex tubes and the Hartmann–Sprenger tube are found. The proof of the influence of viscosity on the Ranque effect and the interaction of gases in the Hartmann–Sprenger tube is given. Regularities of changes in total pressure and total temperature in a vortex tube and a Hartmann–Sprenger tube are given. The factors influencing the energy exchange in the vortex tube and the Hartmann–Sprenger tube are determined. The influence of the exchange of work and heat on the Ranque effect and the Hartmann–Sprenger tube is revealed. The mechanism of energy transfer between gas layers in a vortex tube and in a dead-end Hartmann– Sprenger cavity is found

Abstract Progress in the creation of large-scale, artificial quantum coherent structures demands the investigation of their nonequilibrium dynamics when strong interactions, even between remote parts, are non-perturbative. Analysis of multiparticle quantum correlations in a large system in the presence of decoherence and external driving is especially topical. Still, the scaling behavior of dynamics and related emergent phenomena are not yet well understood. We investigate how the dynamics of a driven system of several quantum elements (e.g., qubits or Rydberg atoms) changes with increasing number of elements. Surprisingly, a two-element system exhibits chaotic behaviors. For larger system sizes, a highly stochastic, far from equilibrium, hyperchaotic regime emerges. Its complexity systematically scales with the size of the system, proportionally to the number of elements. Finally, we demonstrate that these chaotic dynamics can be efficiently controlled by a periodic driving field. The insights provided by our results indicate the possibility of a reduced description for the behavior of a large quantum system in terms of the transitions between its qualitatively different dynamical regimes. These transitions are controlled by a relatively small number of parameters, which may prove useful in the design, characterization, and control of large artificial quantum structures.

Background. The Novo-Uchaly copper-zinc VMS deposit in the Southern Urals (54°10΄54˝N and 59°20΄45˝E) is represented by a steeply dipping lens of Eifelian volcanics (rhyodacites and basalts), which are crumpled into a strongly compressed anticlinal fold. The ore deposit is blind and localised at the convergence of felsic (bottom) and mafic (top) rocks. The deposit is located at depths of 550 m (in the northern part) and 1050 m (in the southern part). The deposit thickness reaches 186 m. The length along the strike and along the dip equals 1250 m and 900 m, respectively. The ore body is intruded by gabbro-diorite and gabbro-diabase dikes. The main ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, as well as non-metallic minerals, such as quartz, barite and calcite. Unlike most of the Ural VMS deposits, this deposit is the zinc subtype (Zn >> Cu). The ores are predominantly massive and solid sulphide, being banded or brecciated in some parts. The main elements extracted are copper, zinc and sulphur, but gold, silver, cadmium, indium, cobalt, nickel, selenium and tellurium are also obtained.Aim. To clarify the morphology of the ore deposit, to study the ore mineral composition of the upper horizons of its northern part and to determine the underlying reasons for the complex lenticular structure of the sulphide reserve.Materials and methods. In the period 2017—2019, employees of the Institute of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IGEM RAS) together with geologists of the Uchaly Mining and Processing Plant carried out a geological and mineralogical mapping of the deposit in the course of exploration works.Results. The ore contours and mineral composition of the northern part of the ore body were significantly clarified. A series of dikes of variable morphology was identified. A comparison was made of the results with current theories about the structure of the ore deposit. Detailed geological sections were determined and illustrate the complex lenticular structure of the ore deposit complicated by pinch and swell areas. The deposit was formed by processes of dynamic metamorphism.Conclusion. The geological and mineralogical structure of the deposit determined in the study enabled us to propose a schematic reconstruction of the conditions leading to the formation of its folded structure. The findings will help to re-assess the reserves and improve the system of operational exploration and delineation.

Nidoviruses comprise the most complex grouping among other viruses with respect to their multiplicity, phylogeny, systematics, species identification, genetic relationships within a taxon, progressive variability. Like other single-stranded RNA viruses, nidoviruses have a relatively high ability to mutate and recombine, which allows them to quickly adapt to new hosts and new ecological niches. Although most of the known representatives of nidoviruses are associated with terrestrial hosts, more and more data has recently appeared on nidoviruses recovered from aquatic organisms. This review is the analysis of current data on the representatives of the order Nidovirales associated with aquatic animals. They are all included in the eight families based on the current classification of viruses. The most studied among them are members of the families Coronaviridae, Tobaniviridae and Roniviridae. Representatives of the other families of aquatic animal nidoviruses were identified using metagenomic deep sequencing (metagenomics), but their effect on the host organism has not yet been adequately studied. Data on the distribution of nidoviruses among aquatic animals in different global aquatic systems are presented, clinical signs of the disease are described, a brief description of nidoviruses and their genomes is given. Nidoviruses of aquatic animals as the earliest members of the animal kingdom are supposed to have played a possible role in the evolution of terrestrial animal nidoviruses. Therefore, aquatic animal nidoviruses could play a significant role in the formation of new natural reservoirs unknown to science, as well as in their interspecies transfer between marine, freshwater and terrestrial hosts.

The vortex tube operation is considered. The effect of separation of the peripheral and axial layers of gas at full temperature due to the exchange of work and heat between them is studied. The mechanism of kinetic energy transfer from the axis of the periphery is determined. The effect of viscosity forces and the gradient of angular velocities on the energy exchange in a vortex tube is verified. There is experimentally found dependence on the thermophysical properties of energy gas, a gas pressure value at the inlet of the vortex tube and exit valve and diaphragm geometric parameters of the main elements of the vortex tube. There is conducted research to identify the nature of the vortex effect — of the fibers of the gas temperature. The question of the development of the theory of real phenomena (Rank effect) is considered. It is shown that the main work of the authors of this article can be regarded as the theory of the Rank effect

INTRODUCTION. Developing novel medicines based on non-pathogenic enterovirus strains exhibiting oncotropic and oncolytic properties represents an up-to-date and safe approach to complex cancer treatment and postoperative metastasis prevention. Safety pharmacology studies are a necessary step in the preclinical development of medicinal products.AIM. The study aimed to investigate the single and repeated-dose general toxicity, local tolerance, safety pharmacology, and pyrogenicity of medicinal products based on non-pathogenic LEV4, LEV7, LEV8, LEV14, and Russo enterovirus strains as part of preclinical safety studies.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study used medicinal products of highly purified group A, B, and C enteroviruses at a titre of 2×107–5×108 CPD50/mL (CPD50 is a cytopathogenic dose of the virus causing 50% cell lysis) and normal saline as a diluent. The viruses were propagated in Vero cells. The safety study used 220 male and female BALB/c mice, 440 male and female Wistar rats, and 18 male Soviet chinchilla rabbits. The study animals received an intravenous dose of 1×105 or 1×106 CPD50/animal once (single-dose toxicity) or weekly for 90 days (repeated-dose toxicity). Clinical examination, laboratory testing, and necropsy were performed on days 45 and 91 of the experiment. Statistical data processing was performed using Prism 8.0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc., USA).RESULTS. Upon single administration of each of the five enterovirus medicinal products to mice and rats, the authors observed complete survival, upward trends in body weight gain, and no gross or histopathological changes in the brain, spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, or at the injection site. Upon repeated administration at the study doses, the medicinal products caused no functional changes in the organs and systems. All the studied parameters were within the normal physiological ranges for male and female rats. Histopathological examination revealed no pathological changes or specific cytolytic and/or cytopathic effects. No local irritation was observed. None of the investigational medicinal products showed pyrogenicity.CONCLUSIONS. The obtained preclinical results demonstrate the safety of antineoplastic agents based on live non-pathogenic LEV4, LEV7, LEV8, LEV14, and Russo enteroviruses.

Aim. To study the relationship of gut microbiota (GM) with serum myocardial fibrosis markers in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).Material and methods. The composition of the gut microbiota among 42 patients with HFpEF aged 67,0 [64,0; 71,5] years (men, 57,1%) was assessed by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing. The quantitative determination of myocardial fibrosis markers was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlation and multivariate regression analysis of relationships between the relative abundance of intestinal bacteria and the concentration of the procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) and N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III (PIIINP) was carried out.Results. The PICP and PIIINP concentrations were 918,0 [700,0; 1032,8] pg/ml and 6,2±2,7 pg/ml, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a direct relationship between the relative abundance of Allisonella and PICP (r=0,32), as well as Blautia, Enterobаcteriaceae (unclassified) and PIIINP (r=0,37 and r=0,32), p

The index of nidality is the value quantitatively characterizing the activity of the animal infection nidus and grounded on the contagiousness, which is an immanent property of a contagious disease. A detailed statistical analysis of the number of animals being exposed in anthrax nidi globally, based on ProMED and WAHIS summarized data for 2007–2017, is given in the paper. 195 anthrax nidi/outbreaks with n = 12,423 animals (64 animal per outbreak in average) and the largest range of limits from min 1 to max 2600 were taken into consideration. The highest incidence (p) of anthrax (from 27 to 7) accounts for outbreaks, where minimum animals (from 1 to 7) were exposed. The indices of anthrax nidality, which are closest to reality and calculated using statistically reliable sample of average variants (number of outbreaks, exposed animals, mortality) for basic animal species, taken as a percentage of infected animals per one outbreak in average are 11% (from 0,6 to 19) for cattle; 4% (from 1 to 20) for small ruminants; 7% (from 6 to 33) for horses.

Aim. The present article examines key methods of microbiota correction (antibiotic therapy; pro-, pre- and metabiotic therapy; faecal microbiota transplantation) used in treating inflammatory bowel disease, as well as compares the clinical trial results of these methods.Key findings. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term used to describe a group of chronic diseases of unknown aetiology. In the past, bacteriological methods based on the isolation of a pure bacterial culture were used to determine the microbiota composition. However, such methods did not provide complete information on the microbiota composition. In recent years, preference has been given to more accurate and faster molecular genetic methods allowing a more detailed study of the key mechanisms by which microbiota affects the intestine in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as of the effect of microbial metabolites on their pathogenesis. The article provides an overview of main microbiota metabolites and their role in regulating the intestinal barrier function. One of the current issues consists in the development of personalised approaches to therapy and remission maintenance in IBD, including via methods for correcting the microbial composition: probiotic, prebiotic and metabiotic therapy, as well as faecal microbiota transplantation.Conclusion. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and metabiotics can enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic regimens and significantly improve the quality of life of patients with chronic IBD. The use of antibiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation in treating IBD is the subject of extensive discussion and debate. The safety of these methods has not been confirmed so far; therefore, it is vital to continue studying their influence on the clinical condition of patients.

The paper deals with the assessment of the implied associations between the epizootic and epidemic components of the veterinary anthrax epidemiology of animals and humans, as well as with the epidemic risk factors. Analysis of the statistical data for 2007–2017, available in ProMED international database, demonstrated that African, Asian and Near Eastern regions are permanently infected with human anthrax at the incidence rate of 1.0. The disease is very rarely reported in Europe, and it is exotic in the USA and South America. During the study period, the overall incidence amounted to over 3,700 humans: at an average of 340 humans annually ranging from min 81 to max 856. Total mortality amounted to 234 humans with average annual mortality of 21 humans ranging from min 6 to max 58, average annual lethality (patients’ mortality %) – 9.8 ranging from min 3.3 to max 39.5. For the assessment of the genuine interrelation of the incidence in humans and mortality in animals, we compared the statistic samples of the annual infection incidence in a number of the most epidemically and epizootically affected African, Asian and Near Eastern countries as the basic features of the epidemic and epizootic components of the veterinary anthrax epidemiology. The analysis demonstrated no statistical relation between the reported disease incidence in animals and humans. Substantial share of the disease incidence in humans is accounted for unidentifed sources of the infection. Consumption of infected products from domestic (up to 70%) and wild animals prevails among the trivial risk factors of zoonogenous infection in humans, while consumption of meat from domestic animals and contacts with diseased animals prevail among the lethality risk factors. The obtained results are indicative of multiple unidentifed aspects of veterinary anthrax epidemiology.

Anthrax is a widespread disease. Epizootic outbreaks are constantly registered worldwide. Obligatory lethality of the disease, the causative agent of which leads a parasitic mode of life, makes it possible to consider mortality as the main sign of anthrax epizootic process in animals. The paper describes susceptibility of animals to anthrax under natural conditions. The paper presents literature data on the participation of animals of different species and groups in the epizootic process, and the author’s own results of analysis of the recent situation. The susceptibility of animal species to anthrax depends not only on the dose, but also on the form (vegetative or spore) of the anthrax bacterium, the mode of infection, and the site of introduction of the pathogen into the organism. Anthrax affects mammals of 19 species: mostly cattle, which are intermediate hosts and hosts in the global parasitoid system; sheep and goats, horses, pigs, many species of wild ruminants and herbivorous, mostly deer, gazelles, bisons, hippopotamuses and even elephants, as well as Carnivora. Herbivorous endemic animals play the main role in maintenance of natural (soil) foci of anthrax and provide infectious cycles and regular recontamination of the soil – the only reservoir of infection. Such multipathogenicity demonstrates the predominant host range of local parasitoid systems – cattle and small ruminants in the areas of pasture, distant-pasture, free-range cattle rearing (Africa, Asia, Australia), wild herbivores in Africa and the south of the USA, bisons in Canada, deer in the north of the Russian Federation. Infection of Equidae and particularly predators has a sporadic, dead-end character. It occurs relatively seldom and does not play any signifcant role in anthrax epizootology and epidemiology.

The article presents the examination of three generations of a family with diagnosed left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) and various phenotypic manifestations of the disease (isolated, hypertrophic and dilated type of LVNC). As a result of a molecular genetics tests, a previously undescribed single nucleotide deletion in the PRDM16 gene was revealed in all family members with the LVNC phenotype, leading to a frameshift mutation in exon 9 and the formation of a premature termination codon. This gene encodes a transcription factor responsible for after-birth suppressing the expression of genes involved in prenatal and postnatal development. Despite the presence of previous studies showing the relationship of the PRDM16 gene with LVNC development, currently there are insufficient data to prove the pathogenicity of the identified variant. However, the segregation of the symptomatic variant in three generations supports the association of the identified variant with LVNC. With the accumulation of information about changes in PRDM16 in patients with cardiomyopathies, it is possible to change the status of this gene and clarify its contribution to primary heart diseases.

Мета. Аналіз результатів лікування доброякісних захворювань гепатикохоледоха (ГХ), ускладнених обтураційною жовтяницею (ОЖ), з урахуванням використання антеградних ендобіліарних втручань. Матеріали і методи. Ретроспективно та проспективно проаналізовано результати лікування 34 пацієнтів з доброякісними захворюваннями ГХ, ускладненими ОЖ, в Інституті з 2011 по 2017 р. Результати. Для біліарної декомпресії у 15 (44,1%) пацієнтів (1-ша група) застосували антеградні ендобіліарні втручання. У 19 (55,9%) пацієнтів (2-га група) спроби виконати ретроградні втручання виявилися неефективними. Після біліарної декомпресії 24 (70,6%) пацієнтам виконали реконструктивно-відновні операції із застосуванням розробленого способу лікування холедохолітіазу (ХЛ) (Пат. України на корисну модель №126337), 2 (5,9%) пацієнтам з «ендоскопічно складними» формами ХЛ виконали мініінвазивні комбіновані втручання з антеградного та ретроградного доступів. Висновки. Застосовуючи антеградні ендобіліарні втручання, ми знизили частоту розвитку ускладнень біліарної декомпресії із 78,9 до 6,7% (ускладнення констатували у 15 пацієнтів 2-ї та у 1 пацієнта 1-ї групи); частоту розвитку ускладнень після реконструктивно-відновних операцій з 52,6 до 6,7% (ускладнення констатували у10 пацієнтів 2-ї та у 1 пацієнта 1-ї групи), а також летальність з 10,5 до 6,7% (померли 2 пацієнти 2-ї та 1 пацієнт 1-ї групи).

Rabies epidemic situation in the Tver Region has been studied. Animals of different species that had confirmed clinical rabies were statistically analyzed. It was established that the features of the course of epizootics in the Tver region correspond to the regularities characteristic of rabies of the natural-focal type. As a result of sequencing of the rabies virus N gene and phylogenetic analysis, the isolates studied were assigned to the central phylogenetic group. With the help of the geoinformatic system, nosological maps of the Tver region were obtained and the spatial- temporal features of the course of the epizootic process of rabies infection were studied.

The work considers a vortex tube. There is examined the impact of stratification and periphery of axial gas layers at full temperature due to exchange work and warmth between them. There is developed mechanism for the transfer of kinetic energy from the axis towards the periphery. There are retrieved forces influence the viscosity gradient angular velocities on energy exchange in the Vortex tube. Experimentally there is found dependence of energy transfer from the thermophysical properties of gas pressure gas inlet swirl tube and exit valve and diaphragm from the weight percentage of cold flow, main elements of geometric parameters of vortex pipes. Work is carried out to identify the dependencies of thermal efficiency of the length of the Vortex tube. There is conducted research to identify the entity Vortex effect-stratification layers of gas temperature

The paper presents brief history, general characteristics, parasitic system, and epidemic process of Ebola virus disease.

Chicken infectious bronchitis is one of the most important diseases for commercial poultry production. It is regarded generally as a respiratory system disease; different strains of chicken infectious bronchitis virus can demonstrate variability of tissue tropism and affect reproductive organs as well as kidneys with severe effects. Some virus strains propagate in intestines but without pathological changes.

The paper considers natural historical aspects of emerging highly dangerous coronavirus infections found in a Chirocoptera reservoir, of serious acute respiratory syndrome ("atypical pneumonia") and Middle East respiratory syndrome, their origin and spread.

The paper describes natural historic aspects of emerging dangerous paromyxoviral infections associated with chiropteran reservoir species - Hedra, Nepah, Menangle viruses, their origin and spread.

Представлені результати діагностики й хірургічного лікування 123 постраждалих з приводу цервікоторакальних поранень (ЦТП). У більшості спостережень рани локалізувалися в I зоні шиї, вкрай рідко (у 2,8%) – високо, в III зоні. Поєднання вхідних ран на шиї з виявленими за даними рентгенологічного та ультразвукового (УЗД) досліджень змінами в плевральних порожнинах або середостінні дозволило діагностувати ЦТП. Ускладнення виникли у 43,6% постраждалих, з них у 41,2% – гнійно–септичні.

The potato (Solanum tuberosum), one of the most important food crops in the world, is infected by various viruses, nine of which have great economic significance, causing substantial losses in the yield and quality of the crop. To minimize consequences of virus infections, in developed countries specific phytosanitary measures have been established and are being improved to monitor the spread of viruses and certify seed potato material using virus diagnostics and production of virus-free potato cultivars. However, in the longer-term, the development and deployment of potato cultivars resistant to viruses would be a priority. Some new potato cultivars and lines resistant to many viruses have already been generated using either traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering. For this purpose, natural resistance genes, primarily from wild Solanum species, or virus derived nucleotide sequences have been used as sources of resistance. However, these approaches have essential limitations because the acquired resistance is highly specific (against individual viruses only), is not durable, can be overcome by viruses and, finally due to regulatory bans on genetically modified organisms. Recently developed new genome editing technologies with the potential to be a powerful tool for gene design open up broad opportunities for development of next-generation resistance genes. The most promising approaches are (1) site-directed mutagenesis of the genes conferring specific resistance to make their action much broader and (2) the use of non-specific (nonhost) resistance to generate plants resistant to unrelated viruses and, in some cases, to other pathogens and even abiotic stresses. Identification of genes involved in mechanisms of non-host resistance is just beginning. The cell nucleus is a new source of novel factors involved in various signaling pathways resulting in defence response to virus infection. This review focuses on the approaches and challenges related to the development of potato plants resistant to virus infections.

The most important parameters of infection transmission: vector competence and vector ability of transmitters, elements of genesis of vector-borne diseases and intrabody pathology of insects are briefly described. Emergent occurrence and spread of vector-borne exotic diseases in nonendemic areas can be considered as a precursory warning of pandemic threat caused by infectious agents including pre-viously unknown agents of new areas and ecological zones. Epidemiological sig-nificance of arboviral mosquito-borne infection is being discussed.

The study examined the main reasons of the development of pyoinfl ammatory complications in patients with chest wall drained for acute pleural empyema. Techniques have been proposed to prevent them.

This work is devoted to solving the problem of software and hardware complex creation. The complex should be prepared for certification to comply with Russian standards in the field of information security (FSTEK regulations). Complex includes virtualization system based on KVM hypervisor, virtual machines and virtual network infrastructure.

Electronic payment systems based on digital money are evaluated in terms of information protection. Mechanisms of protection of interests of bank-emitter, buyer and seller are described. Course of life of a digital denomination is resulted: transactions of removal from the account, purchase and transfer into the account.

Possibilities of modern plasma spectrometers and prospect of their use in metallurgical production are shown.