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Cell blocks and fine needle aspirations can be used for cytopathological diagnosis. Conventional fine needle aspiration smears provide limited material for diagnosis. The cell block technique provides more tissue, which improves diagnostic accuracy. We compared a modified cell block cytology to fine needle aspiration for providing optimal preservation of histochemical and immunocytochemical properties. We used 30 fine needle aspirates from oral lesions in two groups: group 1, fine needle aspiration cytology; group 2, cell block cytology. Smears of fine needle aspirates were stained with Papanicolaou. For the modified cell block technique, aspirated material was centrifuged to create a cell pellet, which then was fixed with Nathan alcohol formalin substitute. After routine histopathological processing, cell pellets were embedded in paraffin, then sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Sections were compared to Papanicolaou stained smears of fine needle samples. Cellular morphology and staining quality of modified cell block samples were superior to fine needle aspiration cytology; both methods exhibited distinct nuclear morphology. Modified cell blocks provide excellent cytopathologic features compared to fine needle aspiration cytology.

A study was planned on the nutritive value of meat in commercial native chicken (CNC), backyard native chicken (BNC), commercial broiler (CB) and spent layer chicken (SLC). An experiment was conducted on 12 birds of either sex in each class. Birds were slaughtered by Jatka method and nutritional composition and protein quality of each group were studied for breast and leg meat separately. Protein quality (biological value, true digestibility and net protein utility) of meat was studied by precision feeding trial in adult cockerels. Cholesterol content was Significantly lower in CB and CNC. The true digestibility, biological value and net protein utility in SLC were Significantly lower than other categories. Biological value and net protein utility was Significantly higher (P

Background: Fraudulent mislabelling of processed meat products on a global scale that cannot be detected using conventional techniques necessitates sensitive, robust and accurate methods of meat authentication to ensure food safety and public health. In the present study, we developed an in-gel (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 2DE) and OFFGEL-based proteomic method for authenticating raw and cooked water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Caprus hircus) meat and their mixes.; Results: The matrix-assisted liquid desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of proteins separated using 2DE or OFFGEL electrophoresis delineated species-specific peptide biomarkers derived from myosin light chain 1 and 2 (MLC1 and MLC2) of buffalo-sheep-goat meat mix in definite proportions at 98:1:1, 99:0.5:0.5 and 99.8:0.1:0.1 that were found stable to resist thermal processing. In-gel and OFFGEL-based proteomic approaches are efficient in authenticating meat mixes spiked at minimum 1.0% and 0.1% levels, respectively, in triple meat mix for both raw and cooked samples.; Conclusions: The study demonstrated that authentication of meat from a complex mix of three closely related species requires identification of more than one species-specific peptide due to close similarity between their amino acid sequences. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

A method was standardized to isolate quality DNA from cattle and buffalo fat for species identification using QIAamp DNA stool mini kit. The quality of the DNA was sufficient enough to amplify universal primers viz., mt 12S rRNA and mt 16S rRNA, and species specific D loop primers for cattle and buffalo. The sensitivity of the PCR assay in the species specific D loop primer amplification was with a detection level of 0. 47 ng cattle DNA and 0.23 ng buffalo DNA in simplex and, 0. 47 ng cattle DNA and 0.12 ng buffalo DNA in duplex PCR. It is a potentially reliable method for DNA detection to authenticate animal fat.

Understanding of biological impact of proteome profile on meat quality is vital for developing different approaches to improve meat quality. Present study was conducted to unravel the differences in biochemical, ultrastructural and proteome profile of longissimus dorsi muscle between buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of different age groups (young v. old). Higher (P

Introduction: Transitional period of students towards becoming professional should be aimed for making self-motivated learners by medical education. It is known that reflective writing expands the affective domain of persons and promotes mind mapping which are integral parts of good professional. The present study aimed to develop reflective writing skills of the medical students and to increase awareness about reflective writing skills. Method: Prospective analytical study. Students were educated with a reflective writing skill workshop and requested to write four reflections after a specific interval with guidance. Reflections of students were analyzed for levels by the modified REFLECT Rubric method. Students were given individual feedback and /or by focus group discussion in between successive reflections. Feedback of whole process was taken from students. Results: At the end of first reflection, 65% students had a clear concept of reflection whereas at the end of the fourth reflection, all students had a clear concept with achievement of a higher level of reflection; 33% students were transferred to the level of introspection; 11% students were found in reflection. However no student reached to the level of critical reflection. Conclusion: Formal training and guiding for writing reflections over a period of time helped medical students to get sensitized and develop reflective writing skills. They had perception of enhanced skills of effective communication, ethical issues in medicine, empathy in medicine and patient’s need. For holistic growth of students, teaching reflective writing skills to students should be incorporated.

DNA was extracted from sarcocysts (visible on naked eye examination) collected from 168 buffaloes belonging to Mumbai (60), Hyderabad (54) and Kolkata (54) cities of India. They were subjected to PCR assay using 18S rRNA gene primer. All the PCR amplicons of about 900 bp were subjected to restriction enzyme digestion with four different restriction enzymes (BslI, DraI, FokI and RsaI). PCR amplicons showed two different patterns (Pattern A and Pattern B) on RFLP. Twenty one PCR products from Pattern A and one PCR product from Pattern B were subjected to DNA sequencing. S. fusiformis and S. taeniata were identified from Pattern A and S. buffalonis was identified from Pattern B on sequencing.

The experiment was carried out during 2004-2005 at Radiotracer lab of Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Marathwada Agriculture University, Parbhani with seven treatments and five replications, laid out in design Randomized Block Design (RBD). The nutrient status such as total nitrogen, organic carbon,total phosphorus and potassium were recorded at various stages viz. , 30, 60 and 90 days after completion of vermicompost. The total nitrogen content was recorded from 0.51 to 1.84 per cent. There was continuous increase in nitrogen content. Glyricidia found to be superior over other treatments with value 1.84 per cent followed by vegetable waste 1.69 per cent and parthenium 1.41 per cent .Garden waste recorded lowest value of total nitrogen 0.51 per cent. The phosphorus showed similar trend of increased value of phosphorus compared to their initials. Significantly superior value was observed in glyricidia 0.82per cent followed by vegetable waste 0.73 per cent and parthenium 0.71per cent. The lowest phosphorus was recorded in garden waste 0.21 per cent. The values of potassium partanis slightly greater than unity, during maturation period of vermicompost.The lowest value was observed in garden waste 0.45 per cent which was increased by 0.15 per cent over initial. Also glyricidia found increased value of potassium 1.18 per cent over its initial. Vegetable market waste recorded highest K content 1.22 per cent followed by parthenium 1.13 per cent. Significant variation in organic carbon content was found during vermicompost preparation which ranged from highest value of organic carbon 26.59 per cent in parthenium to the lowest value of glyricidia 19.02 per cent. Other treatments lies in between them with minor differences in organic carbon content. As compared to orginal C:N ratio, wheat straw recorded maximum drop from 73.14 to 23.20. All treatments showed narrowed C:N ratio i.e. , less than 25 at the end of maturation period. E4:E6 ratio measured during different growth stages of vermicompost were tending towards unity. The highest value was recorded for glyricidia 1.14 followed by vegetable waste 1.09, parthenium 0.78, sugarcane trash 0.71, wheat straw 0.68 and sunflower husk 0.47. The nutritive value of agricultural waste was increased in vermicompost.

The effect of aging on the physicochemical, textural, microbial and proteome characteristics of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) meat was studied under aerobic packaging (AP) and vacuum packaging (VP) conditions at 4 ± 1C for 9 and 15 days, respectively. Improvement (P

The present study compared the accuracy of an OFFGEL electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach with a DNA-based method for meat species identification from raw and cooked ground meat mixes containing cattle, water buffalo and sheep meat. The proteomic approach involved the separation of myofibrillar proteins using OFFGEL electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE and protein identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Species-specific peptides derived from myosin light chain-1 and 2 were identified for authenticating buffalo meat spiked at a minimum 0.5% level in sheep meat with high confidence. Relative quantification of buffalo meat mixed with sheep meat was done by quantitative label-free mass spectrometry using UPLC-QTOF and PLGS search engine to substantiate the confidence level of the data. In the DNA-based method, PCR amplification of mitochondrial D loop gene using species specific primers found 226bp and 126bp product amplicons for buffalo and cattle meat, respectively. The method was efficient in detecting a minimum of 0.5% and 1.0% when buffalo meat was spiked with cattle meat in raw and cooked meat mixes.

Whole dead poultry birds obtained from commercial layer farms were assessed for fat in the whole carcass and then dry rendered in three different rendering regimens T1, T2 and T3 (temperature = 120, 130 and 140 °C and shell pressure = 1, 2 and 3 kg/cm2 respectively) and the effect on the yield and quality of the rendered chicken oil were studied. The overall fat percentage of the whole dead poultry carcass was 14.55 ± 0.17 % and the fat content of ‘greaves’ was 14.49 ± 0.38 %. In the dry batch rendering trials, the mean overall fat recovery was 24.46 ± 1.19, 26.78 ± 3.14 and 22.42 ± 2.32 % and the overall fat yield was 3.52 ± 1.72, 3.84 ± 0.44 and 3.22 ± 0.33 % of the carcass weight in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Solvent extraction of fat could recover 96.10 ± 0.14 % of fat from ‘greaves’ which was significantly higher than the mechanical centrifugation method. Among the quality characteristics of the rendered chicken oil (RCO), moisture content ranged from 0.61 % (T2) to 1.09 % (T1) and the mean specific gravity was 0.91 at 30 °C. The FFA values of RCO obtained from the T3 rendering regimen were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FFA values of T2 and T1. The mean acid value, iodine number, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter present in RCO showed no significant difference. The fatty acid profile and calorific values were studied. The RCO was converted to biodiesel by transesterification and the physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel were studied and compared with the Indian biodiesel specification.

The tribal communities are more vulnerable for various social problems such as low level of education , poor health condition, impact of cultural practices, inadequate/ absence of employment opportunities, deterioration of natural resources etc,. has been posed the problem for rare survival. A study conducted in two villages of Rajasthan state concluded that tribal community is a victim of injustice and violation of natural rights. The government policies are also responsible for exploitation. A prominent observation of the study is that though the constitution has made several provisions for their upliftment the results are not as anticipated. The poverty alleviation scheme like NREGA is not being implemented effectively as a result of this the living condition of tribal population remained poor since years. Situation Analysis of living condition of Tribals in Rajasthan Introduction Tribals constitute a considerable proportion of Indian population. The proportion of tribals in general population is about 8.14% (84.51 million). More than 500 different types of tribal communities are staying in India (Article 342 (33) of the Constitution). The largest number of tribals are situated in Orissa (62 types) and the highest concentration is in Central and NorthEast regions. More than half of the tribal population lives in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand and Gujarat. Tribal community is characterized by social and economic backwardness. Inaccessibility to various services that are being provided by government is the predominant reason for their backwardness. According to (Shrivastava, 1986), (Srivastava, L.R.N. (19920, Development of Curriculum for Tribal Students in Chaudhary, Buddhadeb (ed.) Tribal Transformation in India, Vol. 4, Education and Literacy Programmes, Inter-India Publications, New Delhi), every tribal community has its own identity and unique characteristics of culture and traditions. Due to this, the tribal community always remained in isolation. This situation leads to a poor living condition which is the main threat for their survival. The lokur committe (1965) appointed by government of India for the study of tribals has also identified the characteristics such as: presence of primitive traits, distinctive culture, and shyness of contact with the other communities, geographical isolation and backwardness in social and economic condition. The constitution (article 342) has made provisions for their development. Accordingly government is making a several attempts to improve the quality of life. The occupational disparities are compounded by higher dropout rates in formal education, resulting in a disproportionately low representation in higher education (Draft National Tribal Policy, 2006). The social and physical infrastructure in the tribal areas is inadequate. Health care is one of the major problem of tribal community. Reluctance of doctors and paramedicos to serve tribal areas is an unresolved issue that continues to affect the entire health care delivery system in tribal areas. In tribal communities, the literacy indicators show that educational development is very low. The dropout rate among tribal school going children is alarming. Various steps has been taken by the State Government to reduce the school dropout which include free distribution of books and stationery, scholarship etc,. (Dube, 1977),( Tribal development in Rajasthan: with special reference to women and children, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth. Udaipur School of Social Work, Himanshu Publications for Udaipur School of Social Work, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth). Another factor for this is related to the teachers. The teacher’s absenteeism is high in schools of tribal areas (NCERT, 2007). Public finance and financing institutions are grossly inadequate. Naturally they have to depend on other sources of finance. Perhaps they don’t have any other option of local money lender leading to become victim of moneylenders (Ghurye, 1969). On this background a pilot study was conducted to assess the living condition of tribal communities in Gordhanpura (Kishanganj) and Annasagar villages of (Shahabad) Rajasthan state. Rajasthan is one of the state situated in the northern part of India having 10.4 percent of the geographical area and 5.67 percent of the total population, consisting of 7 administrative divisions, 33 districts, 244 Tehsils, and 9,177 Gram Panchayats, Though, the State has shown improvement in human development ranking 12th position in 1981 and 9th in 2001. The main reason for selection of these villages is that, this area is an underdeveloped area as compared to other parts of the state. The situations of tribals are not conducive to maintain the minimum level of living conditions. The objectives of study were as follows:Objectives of the study 1). To study the living conditions in terms of access to health, education, employment, PDS and other public utility services and 2). To study the social implications of poor living conditions on overall development of tribal communities. Tools and method of data collection: The total population of these villages were 400 and 700 respectively with 150 and 200 numbers of households. Of them 40 families from each village were selected by simple random selection method. The group discussions with the villagers were also conducted to get insight of the living conditions. The interview method with the help of interview schedule was adopted to collect the information. Interviews were held at respondents residence. Data & Analysis: The interview schedule was consisted of five main sections. The first section was about the socio – economic profile, the second was devoted for investigating the facilities that are available. The third section was about M-NREGA and in fourth and fifth section was concerned with the various benefits they got from the government schemes. Table No 1. Socioeconomic profile of the respondents Aspects Category Govardhanpura Annasagar Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Age (yrs) 18-25 4 10.0% 8 20.0% 12 15.0% 26-35 6 15.0% 11 27.5% 17 21.3% 36-45 12 30.0% 10 25.0% 22 27.5% 46-55 6 15.0% 4 10.0% 10 12.5% 55 and above 12 30.0% 7 17.5% 19 23.8%

In this paper, we report the world's first ac-coupled clock distribution circuit for low-power and high-frequency clock distribution. By employing the proposed ac-coupled LC-based voltage-controlled oscillator (LC-VCO) and phase interpolators, the use of conventional current-mode-logic (CML) buffers with large power requirements can be prevented, and power consumption for clock distribution can be reduced. With the aim of verifying the effectiveness of the proposed circuit, test chips were designed and fabricated in 0.18-μm mixed-signal CMOS technology. The measured results indicated a 14.007 GHz clock distribution to four points whose pitches are 450 μm, with 6.9 mW of power. The phase noise was measured to be -79.06 dBc/Hz at a 100 kHz offset, - 101.66 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, and -107.25 dBc/Hz at a 10 MHz offset, with a clock frequency of 12.96 GHz. Furthermore, a phase averaging technique for reducing phase deviation was proposed and theoretically investigated.

Chettinad chicken was prepared using boneless meat derived from spent hen and boiler breeder packed in retort pouches (250 g) and processed in retort at the product temperature of 121.1 °C and the corresponding F0 value of 5.2. The product was stored at ambient temperature (35 ± 2 °C) up to 180 days. The sensory scores for texture of the Chettinad chicken prepared from spent hen and broiler breeder meat decreased significantly however the scores were rated very acceptable even on 180th day. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA), tyrosine values and acid value increased gradually during storage but E. coli, Salmonella spp, Clostridium spp, Staphylococci spp, Streptococci spp, yeast and mould could not be detected during the entire storage period. The cost of production of Chettinad chicken (250 g) prepared from spent hen meat and broiler breeder meat was Rs.37 and Rs.50, respectively. It was concluded that the retort processed Chettinad chicken prepared from spent hen and broiler breeder meat can be safely stored up to 180 days at ambient temperature.

This paper presents a novel impulse radio based ultra-wideband transmitter. The transmitter is designed in 0.18 mum CMOS process realizing extremely low complexity and low power. It exploits the 6-to-10 GHz band to generate short duration bi-phase modulated UWB pulses with a center frequency of 8 GHz. No additional RF filtering circuits are required since the pulse generator circuit itself has the functionality of pulse shaping. Generated pulses comply with the FCC spectral emission mask. Measured results show that the transmitter consumes 12 pJ/b to achieve a maximum pulse repetition rate of 750 Mb/s. An optional embedded on-chip antenna and a power amplifier operating in 6-10 GHz band are also designed and investigated as a future low cost solution for very short distance IR-UWB communications.

The hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based composite propellants without any metal additive and with varying concentration of metal additives such as iron oxide, copperchromite, strontium carbonate and lithium fluoride have been cast and cured. These propellants have been characterized for density and calorimetric value (cal-val). Further, their temperature sensitivity has also been determined from the burning rates calculated from the P-t profiles obtained on static evaluation of Ballistic Evaluation Motor (BEM) after conditioning at different temperatures. The data indicate that iron oxide is best to enhance burning rates and at the same time, to reduce temperature sensitivity.

Biodiversity and livelihoods are closely interlinked with each other. In drought prone area there is a continuous threat from local environment to livelihoods. A study was conducted in four villages located in drought prone areaindicates that watershed development programme has a positive impact on livelihoods resources (CDI= 0.57 to 0.87) indicating that there is diversification in cropping pattern which helps to strengthen the livelihood resources. The traditional agriculture has been shifted towords madern method of cultivation and use of high yielding verity of seeds. Introduction Biodiversity is often defined as the variety of all forms of life, from genes to species (Gaston 19960). It is part of our natural capital (Perrings et. al., 2006). Moreover, biodiversity offers scientific, cultural, aesthetic and recreational services, which increase the quality of life of the society (Altieri, 1999). Biodiversity is a powerful tool for assessing sustainability in ecosystems at the level of genetic, species and ecosystem diversity (Biala et.al.2003). People and their environment are interdependent and have a great significance for survival (Iyer 2003, FAO 1993). Any change in the surrounding environment directly affects the people living therein. Kerr (2002), and Vishnudas (2007) have stated that a degraded environment results in a degraded quality of life of the people. To assess the challenges of ecosystem and biodiversity a study was conducted in four villages located in drought prone areas where watershed development projects were implemented. Therefore, the objective of study was to assess the impact of watershed development programme on biodiversity. Methodology: Four villages of Pune district of Maharashtra state were selected. These villages falls under Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP). Interview schedule was used for data collection from respondents i.e. farmers. It was observed that the educational and economic condition were very low. Agriculture is the main occupation of most of the villagers. Hence, watershed development programme has vital significance for the villagers. The villages Morachi Chincholi and Shahashtabad are located in Sub Watershed No. BM 26 having an area of 32043 ha. The village Pabal is located in Sub Watershed No. BM 18 having an area of 21881 ha., the village Kendur is located in Sub Watershed No. BM 19 having an area of 22479 ha. and Kendur is in Mini Watershed No. BM 194/7. Groundwater Table: The ground water table varies from 6 to 15 meters. In order to study the trend of groundwater table, three observation wells were stuided. The rise in groundwater during monsoon is mainly due to rainfall. The recharge due to rainfall is calculated as: R = A x Sy x (h1 – h2) Where, R = Recharge A = Area under evaluation Sy = Specific yield of the aquifer h1 = Water level measured immediately after monsoon h2 = Water level recorded before monsoon Agricultural diversity: Agricultural biodiversity positively influences socio-economic stability and reduces the effects of severe changes in consumer demand. Genetic diversity within species forms a reservoir of genes available for genetic improvement. The choice of local species, varieties and breeds, especially those which are on decline, prevents their extinction and genetic erosion (Maljean and Peeters, 2001). At the landscape level, crop and temporary grassland diversity adds to habitat variability and heterogeneity and increases the ecotone effect, thereby supporting the existence of beneficial fauna. Simple and easily obtainable indicators of planned diversity at the field, farm and landscape level include the number of varieties and species of crops, and livestock breeds. The type of crops cultivated in study area are jawar, bajara, moong, wheat, groundnut etc. It has been observed that the villagers are now turning towards hybrid varieties of crops as they need less water and give more produce in a shorter time. Majority of the farmers go for inter-cropping and the crop selection is done in such a way that one of the crops helps increase (or retain) the soil fertility because of the legumes attached to its root system. In order to visualize the short term impact of watershed development, the researcher has studied the crop diversification and livestock number. The watershed helps farmers in diversifying and intensifying their agricultural activity in a manner that enables them to augment their income and employment. Expansion of area under cultivation: The changes in crop, made possible by the implementation of watershed project and WDP project has brought about substantial changes in the Kharif, Rabi, and summer crop patterns. It is also observed that there is increase in the land under cultivation during Kharif season. In Chincholi, 150% increase in jawar and bajara, 64% increase in the land under onion cultivation -which is a cash crop and 75% increase in land used for growing vegetables. Similarly in Shashtabad there is 80%. increase in land under onion cultivation and 300% under vegetable cultivation. There is also 7% change in bajara and moong cultivation. In Pabal and Kendur there is only 9% and 4% positive change in land cultivating bajara. But groundnut cultivation of shows a negative change of -11%. The land under cultivation of toor dal has decreased in Pabal by 29% (-29%) but Kendur shows a positive change of 78%. Chincholi there is a positive change in the area under cultivation: wheat (150%), Onion (58%), vegetables (210%) and others (27%). In Shashtabad also there is a similar positive change of wheat (67%), Onion (50%), and vegetables (60%). In both the villages no decrease has been recorded in the cultivation of any type of crop. In fact, there was a positive change even in the year 2003, when there was scanty rainfall. The watershed development programme has thus shown a positive impact in NGO villages. In Pabal the positive change could be seen only for jawar (4%) and wheat (10%) but for harbara (-20%) and other crops (-11%) there was a decrease (a negative change). In Kendur except for jawar (-25%) which shows a negative trend the other crops viz., harbara (47%) and onion (309%) show substantial increase. From the positive change

The present study compared the effects of high pressure processing (HPP; 200 and 400 MPa) and gamma irradiation (1, 2, and 3 kGy) on the quality characteristics of vacuum packaged mutton patties stored at refrigerated temperature (4 ± 1C) for 28 days. Lightness (L*) values were increased significantly (P

Extruded pet foods were prepared by extrusion process incorporating dry rendered spent hen meal (SHM) at 10 and 20% levels, and packed in LDPE bags before storage at room temperature (35 ± 2°C) up to 45 days. The colour of the pet foods was uniformly brown with pleasant meaty odour. The thiobarbituric acid, tyrosine values, free fatty acid content and acid value and total bacterial counts increased gradually during storage but E.coli, Salmonella spp, Clostridium spp, Staphylococci spp and fungi were not detected during storage. The pet owners rated the pet foods as good. The body weight of the adult pet dogs did not decrease during the feeding trial of one month and the health condition of pets was good. The cost of production per kg of pet food containing 10 and 20% SHM was Rs 18.00 and Rs 22.75, respectively. It was concluded that a pet food (whole meal) with good nutritive quality and palatability to dogs can be prepared by incorporating 10–20% of spent hen meal which can be safely stored up to 45 days at room temperature.

In this paper, an all-digital, ultra-wideband transmitter in 0.18 mum CMOS is presented. The transmitter realizes impulse radio communication using 6-10 GHz band with extremely low power and low complexity. Bi-phase modulation scheme is employed to generate pulses of 500 ps duration and center frequency of 8 GHz. Measured results show that the transmitter consumes 12 pJ/b to achieve data rate of 750 Mb/s. The generated pulses comply with the FCC spectrum mask. An optional embedded on-chip antenna and a power amplifier operating in 6-10 GHz band are also designed as a future.

We derive the largest possible class of linear time-invariant controllers, MRS, to synthesize the information dissemination policies that ensure the closed-loop stability for resource constrained sensor networks. We assume that the sensory information is routed using a tree-topology. Our main contribution is the use of the Zames-Falb multipliers to preserve positivity of repeating monotone nonlinearities that are encountered in a noncooperative game theoretic optimization problem. We show that MRS fails to ensure the closed-loop incremental stability in general but does ensure it for the special case wherein the setpoints are allowed to vary with time at either only the parent or only the children.

The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of sodium fluoride (0.05%), chlorhexidine (0.12%) and triclosan (0.3%) mouth rinses in reducing the mutans streptococci count in saliva. 60 subjects in the age group of 12 to 14 years were selected from the schools of Mumbai and were equally divided into 4 groups. First 3 groups were test groups and the 4th group was control group. The subjects were instructed to rinse one full marked measure of mouth rinse for 1 minute, twice daily. Salivary samples were collected at baseline and after 2 weeks and cultured on M.S.B.agar. The number of mutans streptococci colonies were counted on agar medium. The results of the study confirmed that chlorhexidine mouth rinses are more efficient in reducing mutans streptococci count in saliva as compared to other mouth rinses.