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The article deals with the problem of the expediency of a criminal case’s returning to the prosecutor at the stage of appointment and preparation of a court session in Russian criminal proceedings. This problem is relevant to the science of criminal procedure.The purpose of the study is to analyze critically the practice of returning of a criminal case back to the prosecutor in order to correct mistakes made at the pre-trial stages of the proceedings according to the new concept of justice independence and the absence of an accusatory bias in the court functioning.The methodological basis of the study is a set of scientific techniques, focused mostly on the dialectical approach, which made it possible to determine the essential characteristics of the prohibition to turn the criminal proceedings in Russia for the worse. Both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematic method) and specific scientific methods (formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative-legal) of knowledge were also used. The analysis helped to formulate the position of understanding the turn for the worse as an independent principle of criminal procedural law, to study the procedural form of the turn for the worse. The synthesis method made it possible to determine the return of the criminal case to the prosecutor at the stage of appointment and preparation of the court session as a holistic institution of the criminal procedure. The systematic approach allowed to determine not only the mixed nature of the mechanism for changing the prosecution to a more serious one, but the investigative organization of pre-trial proceedings and its place in the structure of criminal proceedings, the separation of the investigative and “accusatory powers” of the prosecutors as well as their balance. The historical method let us trace the evolution of the prohibition to turn the Soviet and Russian criminal procedural systems for the worse. The comparative-legal method made it possible to assess the potential of domestic legislators' reception of foreign experience of regulating the prohibition to turn for the worse and formulate proposals to improve the Russian criminal procedural legislation.The main scientific results of this research consist of justification of the conclusion of the conversion expediency of the domestic judicial proceedings to the adversarial model of accusation which is carried out within the trial on the previously filed charge. The presentation of a new charge (criminal action) in court and the procedure of supplementing the charge change it for the worse. This model of re-indictment for the worse for the defendant appears to be fairer and more convenient both for the prosecuting authority and for the legal organization of combating crime. The changeover to the suggested form of implementation of the ban to turn for the worse in the institution of bringing and changing charges in court is possible only in a systematic link with the reform of the preliminary investigation. Conclusion. The institution of the criminal case returning by the court to the prosecutor in order to change the charge to a more serious one when implementing the adversarial model of bringing charges in the criminal procedure system of Russia will fully satisfy the concept of independence of justice administration and the absence of an accusatory bias in the activities of the court, while at the same time with fairly organized the prosecutorial power aimed at countering crime.The section 1 was prepared by N.N. Lysov, section 2 by K.D. Vanyan (together with M.T. Tashilin), section 3 by A.S. Shuisky (together with I.R. Gilmanov), section 4 by V.V. Kosterin.

Aim. To develop and perform comparative assessment of the accuracy of models for predicting 5-year mortality risks according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF) study in Primorsky Krai.Material and methods. The study included 2131 people (1257 women and 874 men) aged 23-67 years with a median of 47 years (95% confidence interval [46; 48]). The study protocol included measurement of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The following blood biochemical parameters: total cholesterol (TC), low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins AI and B, lipoprotein(a), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proNBP), D-dimer, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose, creatinine, uric acid. The study endpoint was 5-year all-cause death (2013-2018). The group of deceased patients during this period consisted of 42 (2%) people, while those continued the study — 2089 (98%). The χ2, Fisher and MannWhitney tests, univariate logistic regression (LR) were used for data processing and analysis. To build predictive models, we used following machine learning (ML) methods: multivariate LR, Weibull regression, and stochastic gradient boosting.Results. The prognostic models developed on the ML basis, using parameters of age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and TC level in their structure, had higher quality metrics than Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) system. The inclusion of CRP, glucose, NT-proNBP, and heart rate into the predictors increased the accuracy of all models with the maximum rise in quality metrics in the multivariate LR model. Predictive potential of other factors (WHR, lipid profile, fibrinogen, D-dimer, etc.) was low and did not improve the prediction quality. An analysis of the influence degree of individual predictors on the mortality rate indicated the prevailing contribution of five factors as follows: age, levels of TC, NT-proNBP, CRP, and glucose. A less noticeable effect was associated with the level of HR, SBP and smoking, while the contribution of sex was minimal.Conclusion. The use of modern ML methods increases the accuracy of predictive models and provides a higher efficiency of risk stratification, especially among individuals with a low and moderate death risk from cardiovascular diseases.