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We have described the conventional and microwave method for the synthesis of N-(4-((2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)-5-oxo-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)(aryl)amides 3a–l. It is observed that the solvent-free microwave thermolysis is a convenient, rapid, high-yielding, and environmental friendly protocol for the synthesis of quinoline based imidazole derivatives when compared with conventional reaction in a solution phase. Antimicrobial activity of the newly synthesized compounds is screened in vitro on the following microbial cultures: Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC 442), Candida albicans (MTCC 227), Aspergillus niger (MTCC 282), Aspergillus clavatus (MTCC 1323). All the synthesized bio-active molecules are tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by bioassay namely serial broth dilution. Among these compounds 3c, 3d, 3f, 3h and 3j show significant potency against different microbial strains. All the compounds have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. On the basis of statistical analysis, it is observed that these compounds give significant co-relation.

This report describes the novel approach for the synthesis and exploration of hybrid molecules containing pyrimidine-based imidazole scaffolds as potent antimicrobial agents. The targeted compounds N-(4-arylidene-2-mercapto-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamides (5a–l) were achieved by the Knoevenagel condensation of a key precursor (4) with different aldehydes in good yields having moderate to excellent antimicrobial activity. The structural identification of final products was carried out by known classical spectral techniques like IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra. The obtained data indicated that the majority of the tested compounds exhibited good antibacterial activity over antifungal activity, particularly compounds 5j and 5b (having MIC values 12.5 μg/mL) showed a comparable effect to a standard antibacterial and antifungal agents.

In the present article, compounds 5-((substituted-2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)-2-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)thiazolidin-4-ones (3a–k), 1-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-oxoethyl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (6) and 1-(2-(5-((substituted-2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)-2-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-oxoethyl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-triones (8a–k) have been synthesized by substituting C-5 and N-3 position of parent compound 2-(2-hydroxyphenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one (1). Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were assigned on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra. In vitro antimicrobial activity of target compounds (3a–k, 6 and 8a–k) was investigated against two Gram-positive, two Gram-negative bacteria and three fungal strains. Among the tested compounds (3e), (3f), and (3h) showed very good antifungal activity, while compound (6) showed very good antibacterial activity. Compounds (8e), (8f), and (8h) showed excellent antifungal and antibacterial activities.

In an attempt to find new bio-active molecules, a series of compounds N-(4-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)-6-(aryl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-morpholinoacetamides (5a–l) were synthesized by multistep reactions. Compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectra. Antimicrobial screening of title compounds (5a–l) was carried out against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus clavatus) using serial broth dilution method. On the basis of statistical analysis, it is observed that these compounds gave significant co-relation. Newly synthesized compounds 5e, 5f, 5g, 5i and 5l showed significant potency against different microbial strains.

The present article deals with the synthesis and antimicrobial screening of a series of N-(5-(2-(5-(arylidene)-4-oxo-3-phenylthiazolidin-2-ylidene)hydrazinecarbonyl)-4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-4-methoxybenzamides (6a–o). The structures of these compounds have been elucidated by spectra (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectra). All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. These compounds were also tested for their inhibitory action against three strains of fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus clavatus). The thiazole derivatives discovered in this study may provide valuable therapeutic intervention for the treatment of microbial diseases, especially against bacterial and fungal infections.

New 5-arylidene derivatives, which bear a fluorine atom in the 4th position of the benzoyl group as starting compound, have been synthesized by the condensation of 4-fluoro-N-(4-methyl-5-(2-(4-oxo-3-phenylthiazolidin-2-ylidene)hydrazinecarbonyl)thiazol-2-yl)benzamide and Knoevenagel condensation with aromatic aldehydes to form N-(5-(2-(5-(arylidene)-4-oxo-3-phenylthiazolidin-2-ylidene)hydrazinecarbonyl)-4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-4-fluorobenzamides (6a–o) through conventional and microwave methods. The structures of synthesized compounds were established by spectroscopic as well as spectrometric techniques (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry). Antimicrobial screening of 5-arylidene derivatives 6a–o was done against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus clavatus) using serial broth dilution method. Compounds 6g and 6j were found to be most active at MIC 12.5 μg/mL against selected bacterial strains and compound 6e was found to be most active at MIC 25 μg/mL against selected fungal strains. It has been further observed that the presence of fluorine atom at the 4th position of the benzoyl group in the final compounds is essential for enhancing the antimicrobial activity.

A series of 2-(5-(2-chloro-6-methylquinolin-3-yl)-3-(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)thiazol-4(5H)ones (4a–l) were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC 442), Candida albicans (MTCC 227), Aspergillus niger (MTCC 282), and Aspergillus clavatus (MTCC 1323) by serial broth dilution. Compounds 4e, 4f, 4g, 4i, 4j, and 4l were the most distinctive derivatives identified in present study because of their remarkable in vitro antimicrobial potency.

The synthesis of a novel series of 2-(5-(2-chloro-6-fluoroquinolin-3-yl)-3-(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)thiazol-4(5 H )-ones ( 4a–l ) and N -(4-(2-chloro-6-fluoroquinolin-3-yl)-6-(aryl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-morpholinoacetamides ( 7a–l ) are described in the present paper. The chemical structures of compounds have been elucidated by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectral data. Antimicrobial activity was measured against Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC 442), Candida albicans (MTCC 227), Aspergillus niger (MTCC 282) and Aspergillus clavatus (MTCC 1323) by serial broth dilution. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity showed that several compounds exhibited greater activity than reference drugs and thus could be promising new lead molecules.

A series of compounds 2-(5-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1 H -pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)thiazol-4(5 H )-ones ( 4a – q ) were synthesized and structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectral (IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, mass spectra) analysis. Synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against the representative panel of Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pyogenes ) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria. These compounds were also tested for their inhibitory action against strains of fungi ( Candida albicans , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus clavatus ). The synthesized compounds showed potent inhibitory action against the test organisms.

Distributed power grid (DPG) control systems are so highly interconnected that the effects of local disturbances as well as transmission time delays can be amplified as they propagate through a complex network of transmission lines. These effects deteriorate control performance and could possibly destabilize the overall system. In this paper, a new approximated discretization method and digital design for DPG control systems with multiple state, input and output delays as well as a generalized bilinear transformation method are presented. Based on a procedure for the generation of impulse response data, the multiple fractional/integer time-delayed continuous-time system is transformed to a discrete-time model with multiple integer time delays. To implement the digital modeling, the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a Hankel matrix together with an energy loss level is employed to obtain an extended discrete-time state space model. Then, the extended discrete-time state space model of the DPG control system is reformulated as an integer time-delayed discrete-time system by computing its observable canonical form. The proposed method can closely approximate the step response of the original continuous time-delayed DPG control system by choosing various energy loss levels. For completeness, an optimal digital controller design for the DPG control system and a generalized bilinear transformation method with a tunable parameter are also provided, which can re-transform the integer time-delayed discrete-time model to its continuous-time model. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method.

A new series of compounds 2-((1-(4-(4-arylidene-2-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)ethylidene)hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-ones (4a–o) have been synthesized under conventional and microwave irradiation method. All compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. Newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus by bioassays, namely serial broth dilution. The synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. Compounds 4h, 4j, 4m and 4n were the most potent amongst tested compounds.

A series of novel compounds N-(4-(2,6-dichloroquinolin-3-yl)-6-(aryl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-morpholinoacetamides (5a–l) were synthesized by a series of multistep reactions. Newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data. Antimicrobial screening of title compounds 5a–l was examined against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and three fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus clavatus) by serial broth dilution method. Synthesized compounds showed potent inhibitory action against test organisms. Screened compounds 5e–g and 5i–l were associated with considerably higher antibacterial and antifungal activities than commercially used antibiotics.

The rising prevalence of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi continues to provide momentum for search and development of novel active antimicrobial agents against these pathogens. In continuation to this, the present article deals with the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a novel series of (3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-5-(aryl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(pyridin-4-yl)methanones 4a–n, synthesized by the reaction of benzimidazolyl chalcones with isoniazide 3. The structures of synthesized compounds were elucidated on the basis of IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The newly synthesized compounds 4a–n were screened for their antimicrobial activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi using serial broth dilution method. Compounds 4d, 4f, 4h, and 4g were found to be most active with MIC of 25 μg/mL against selected bacterial strains. Compounds 4c, 4g, and 4n were found to be most active with MIC of 100 μg/mL against selected fungal strains.

In an attempt to find new bio-active molecules, a series of mannich bases N,N-dimethyl-1-(7-methyl-2-(aryl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanamines 4a–l were synthesized by mannich reaction of 7-methyl-2-(aryl)imidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines 3a–l with paraformaldehyde and N,N-dimethyl amine. Compounds 3a–l were prepared from reaction between different substituted 2-bromo-1-(aryl)ethanones 2a–l and 4-methylpyridin-2-amine 1. Structures of these compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data. Antimicrobial screening of title compounds 3a–l was examined against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus clavatus) using serial broth dilution method. Some derivatives bearing halogen group was found to be equipotent or more potent than commercial drugs, against most of the employed strains, as evident from the screening data.

A series of compounds 4-(4-(4-aminophenyl)-6-(aryl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-ylthio)butanenitriles 5a–l were synthesised by the reaction of allyl cyanide 4 with 3a–l. Compounds 3a–l were prepared from reaction between various chalcones 1a–l and thiourea in presence of catalytic amount of potassium hydroxide. Compounds 3a–l, and 5a–l were prepared by classical as well as MWI methods. Structures of the compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds 5a–l were screened for their antimicrobial activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi using serial broth dilution method. Compounds 5e, 5g and 5k were found to be most active with MIC of 25 μg/mL against selected bacterial strains, while compound 5d, 5f, 5j and 5k were found to be most active with MIC 50 μg/mL against selected fungal strains.

In order to search for new bioactive molecules with significant antimicrobial action, a series of 1,2,4-triazole and naphthalene analogs bearing structurally diverse substituents, N-(3-mercapto-5-(naphthalen-1-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)(aryl)amides 3a–l were synthesized in good yield by a multi-step synthetic procedure. Their antimicrobial activity was screened against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Compounds 3a, 3f, 3g, 3j, and 3k exerted strong inhibition of the investigated bacterial and fungal strains compared to control antibiotic ampicillin and antifungal griseofulvin. On the basis of statistical analysis, it is observed that the compounds give significant co-relation. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data.

In this paper, we verify the diameter of zero divisor graphs with respect to direct product., {"references":["M. Alizadeh, A. K. Das, H. R. Maimani, M. R. Pournaki, AND S.\nYassemi, On the diameter and girth of zero-divisor graphs of posets,\nDiscrete Appl. Math. 160 (2012), 1319-1324.","M. Alizadeh, H. R. Maimani, M. R. Pournaki, AND S. Yassemi, An ideal\ntheoretic approach to complete partite zero-divisor graphs of posets, J.\nAlgebra Appl 12 (2013), 1250148-1250159.","D. F. Anderson and P. S. Livingston, The zero-divisor graph of a\ncommutative ring, J. Algebra 217(1999), 434-447.","S. E. Atani and M. S. Kohan, The diameter of a zero-divisor graph\nfor finite direct product of commutative rings, Sarajevo Journal of\nMathematics, 16 (2007), 149-156.","I. Beck, Coloring of a commutative ring, J. Algebra 116 (1988), 208-\n226.","F. R. DeMeyer, T. McKenzie and K. Schneider, The zero-divisor graph\nof a commutative semigroup, Semigroup Forum 65 (2002), 206-214.","E. Estaji and K. Khashyarmanesh, The zero-divisor graph of a lattice,\nResults Math. 61 (2012), 1-11.","R. Halaˇs and M. Jukl, On Beck's coloring of posets, Discrete Math. 309\n(2009), 4584-4589.","R. Halaˇs and H. L¨anger, The zero divisor graph of a qoset, Order 27\n(2010), 343-351.\n[10] Vinayak Joshi, Zero divisor graph of a poset with respect to an ideal,\nOrder 29 (2012), 499-506.\n[11] Vinayak Joshi and A. Khiste, Complement of the zero divisor graph of\na lattice, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 89 (2014), 177-190.\n[12] Vinayak Joshi and Nilesh Mundlik, Prime ideals in 0-distributive posets,\nCen. Eur. J. Math. 11 (2013), 940-955.\n[13] Vinayak Joshi, B. N. Waphare, and H. Y. Pourali, Zero divisor graphs\nof lattices and primal ideals, Asian-Eur. J. Math. 5 (2012), 1250037-\n1250046.\n[14] Vinayak Joshi, B. N. Waphare, and H. Y. Pourali, On generalized zero\ndivisor graph of a poset, Discrete Appl. Math. 161 (2013), 1490-1495.\n[15] Vinayak Joshi, B. N. Waphare, and H. Y. Pourali, The graph of\nequivalence classes of zero divisors , ISRN Discrete Math. (2014),\nArticle ID 896270, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/101155/2014/896270.\n[16] D. Lu and T. Wu, The zero-divisor graphs of posets and an application\nto semigroups, Graphs Combin. 26 (2010), 793-804.\n[17] S. K. Nimbhorkar, M. P. Wasadikar and Lisa DeMeyer, Coloring of\nsemilattices, Ars Comb. 12 (2007), 97-104.\n[18] S.P. Redmond, The zero-divisor graph of a non-commutative ring, Int.\nJ. Comm. Rings 4 (2002), 203-211.\n[19] J. Varlet, A generalization of notion of pseudo-complementness, Bull.\nSoc. Roy. Sci. Li´ege 36 (1968), 149-158.\n[20] D. B. West, Introduction to Graph Theory, Practice Hall, New Delhi,\n2009."]}

The parent zeolite NaX was prepared from hydrogel system 3.6 Na2O:3 SiO2:Al2O3:144 H2O at 368 K for 8 h under static condition. Postsynthesis modification was carried out using the conventional ion-exchange technique to obtain different ion-exchanged forms. The parent as well as exchanged samples were characterized by chemical analysis, IR, SEM, powder XRD, and low temperature nitrogen sorption. The ammonia sorption isotherms in parent NaX (Si/Al = 1.15) and its modified forms with a nearly equal degree of exchange by K+, Rb+, and Cs+ cations have been measured in the temperature range of 303−453 K up to 500 Torr. The equilibrium sorption uptake at 50 Torr and especially at temperatures above 363 K was found to follow the sequence NaX > NaK(53)X > NaRb(53)X > NaCs(58)X. The analysis of the ammonia sorption data in terms of different isotherm equations revealed satisfactory representation by Langmuir, Dubinin, BET, and Sips equations and statistical models of Langmuir and Volmer. However, the Freundlich eq...

A natural zeolite of stilbite type, collected from the Deccan traps (Aurangabad, M.S., India), has been investigated for its selectivity sequence in exchanging extra-framework cations for the first time, using Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Ag+ cations as the probe cations. The different cation-exchanged forms were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, TG/DTA, chemical analysis and water sorption capacity. Water sorption isotherms in the temperature range 303–393 K were obtained as a function of different non-framework cations up to a pressure of 22 Torr. The sorption data were analysed in terms of different sorption models. The characteristics and population of the non-framework cations were found to influence the chemical affinity for water sorbate almost in a similar trend.

A sample collected from the Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, India was characterized by XRD, IR, TG and DTA methods, and by chemical analysis, as a calcium-rich clinoptilolite. Two different methods involving exchange with KOH or NH4Cl led to the formation of K-clinoptilolite (K-Clino) and H/NH4-clinoptilolite (H/NH4-Clino). Water sorption studies were carried out on the parent clinoptilolite (P-Clino), K-Clino and H/NH4-Clino at five different temperatures in the range 303–423 K. Different adsorption models were applied to the data obtained from such sorption studies. Thermodynamic parameters such as the chemical potential were also computed from the sorption data and their significance is discussed.

A new series of quinolinylpyrazolinylthiazole derivatives (V) (12 examples) is synthesized from chalcones (I).

A variety of new chromenylpyridinyl sulfonamides (VI) (13 examples) are synthesized and screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Samples collected from the Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, India were characterized by XRD, IR, TGA and DTA methods, and by chemical analysis, as calcium-rich heulandite. Samples of potassium heulandite (K-Heu) and hydrogen heulandite (H-Heu) were prepared by ion exchange, their thermal stabilities being confirmed by XRD, IR, TGA and DTA methods. Water sorption studies were carried out at five different temperatures on the parent material (P-Heu) and on K-Heu and H-Heu. Different sorption models were tested on the data obtained and the corresponding results are reported.

Characterization of natural heulandite crystal (secured from Saputara, Dang District, Gujarat, India) by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays was carried out. The crystalline powder of the samples is treated at various equilibrium temperatures in the range 150–570 °C. The degree of crystallinity of the treated sample is assessed at all stages. The degree of dehydration and structural changes of the sample are studied using infrared spectroscopy. Changes in the phase and transformation of heulandite were studied from the results obtained by infrared spectral analysis. Differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses were used to estimate the steps of water losses and the phase change.

Crystals collected from the Ellora valley(Aurangabad, MS, India) of the Deccan traps of India have beencharacterized as a stilbite (St) by X-ray diffraction, IRspectroscopy and chemical analyses. The thermal behaviour was studiedusing TG and DTA techniques. The sample was exchanged at refluxtemperature with NH4Cl and NH4St was prepared. This was furthertransformed to the H-form of stilbite (HSt) by heating at 573 K for 12 h.The samples so prepared were used for adsorption studies. The comparativestudy of sorption of these samples shows an increase in the sorptioncapacity of HSt. The isosteric heat was also computed for these samples.

Some of the title compounds (V), e.g. (Vc)—(Vf), show potent antibacterial activity against bacterial strains at no-cytotoxic concentrations.

A variety of new fluorobenzamide derivatives (X) (15 examples) are synthesized using conventional or microwave chemistry and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities.

Two novel series of quinoline derivatives substituted with thiazolylpyrazole (V) or pyrimidine moieties (XI) are synthesized (yields not given) and screened for their antimicrobial activities.

A series of novel compounds 6-amino-1-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-yl)methyleneamino)-4-(aryl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles (4a–t) were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. These compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram positive), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative) by serial broth dilution and cytotoxic activity (NIH 3T3 & HeLa) by MTT assay. The results indicated that compounds 4g, 4i, 4m, 4o, 4r and 4t exhibit potent antibacterial activity against bacterial strains at non-cytotoxic concentrations.

The synthesized compounds (V) show potent inhibitory action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against different strains of fungi.

The calculation of energy release rates or SIFs based on the crack closure integral (CCI) has the advantage that the energies associated with the various modes in a mixed mode problem can be separated. In two dimensions the method has been employed extensively. Various special schemes [1-5] are now available to improve the accuracy of the computation. Some of them have been shown to be useful even in three dimensions. The CCI method has not been exploited to that extent in the three dimensions. In the three dimensions, the method to be fully useful, must permit a determination of the distribution of the SIF over the whole crack front. This issue has received some attention [4,6]. A method is presented in the following for the same purpose. It is suitable for both straight and curved crack fronts. Its effectiveness and accuracy are illustrated with four examples.

In this dissertation work, router has been designed for providing high throughput by overcoming disadvantages of switch. The router provides high speed dynamic arbitration compared to traditional switches and makes it fair at the cost of extra energy consumption. This work mainly includes the performance evaluation of mesh based interconnection networks under self-similar traffic condition. Network on Chip (NoC) is emerging as an efficient communication backbone for next generation Multi-Processor System on Chip (MPSoC). The NoC architecture is data packet based communication network on a single chip. The NoC architecture is m*n mesh of switches & resources are placed on the slots formed by switches. Recourses can be processor core a DSP core, an FPGA block, memory block of any kind such as RAM, ROM or any other intellectual property block. The resources are connected by the Interconnect IPs. The main component of IIP is network interface and the switch. Each switch is connected to the one recourses and our neighboring to the one resources and each resource is concept of region which occupies an area of any number o resources and switches.

Basically Radio is Wireless transmission of signals, by modulation of EM waves with frequencies below those of visible light. And Software Radio (SR) is an ideal radio directly samples the antenna output. On this line Cognitive Radio (CR) can be define as a radio combines an SR with a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).

PNET of the kidney is a rare tumor with only a few published reports. In view of poorer prognosis and different therapeutic approach, renal PNET should therefore be differentiated from other primary renal neoplasma such as Wilms tumor, renal neuroblastoma and malignant rhabdoid tumor which on histology resemble renal PNET. Two cases of renal PNET have been described in this report. Cut surface of the tumor in both cases was greyish white lobulated, with multiple tiny cystic areas. Histologically, tumor consisted of loosely cohesive sheets of small to medium sized monomorphic cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm. Tumor cells showed diffuse strong membrane positivity for MIC2 and focal weak to moderate positivity for NSE and vimentin. Renal PNET should therefore be included in differential diagnosis of rapidly enlarging renal lumps presenting with local infiltration and aggressive behaviour, particularly in children and young adults. Diffuse strong membrane positivity for MIC2 in PNET is helpful in differentiating it from other primary renal neoplasms.

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is the most frequently misdiagnosed renal tumor in children. The majority of tumors present the classic histologic pattern, which allows a definitive diagnosis. However, there are unusual cases with lack of "clear" appearance of tumor cells, predominance or exclusive presence of variant histologic patterns, and presence of "neoplastic" appearing entrapped tubules. Furthermore, a small biopsy specimen may not show the classic histologic pattern. These tumors present a diagnostic challenge for the practicing pathologist who should be aware of the deviations from the classic histologic features in order to make a correct diagnosis.

The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee, which is comprised of six member pathologists, was convened with the objective of proposing a prognostically significant and biologically relevant classification based on morphologic features of neuroblastic tumors (NTs) (i.e., neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma).A total of 227 cases were reviewed. Consensus diagnoses from morphologic features (criteria described separately) based on five of six or six of six agreements by the reviewer pathologists were used for prognostic analysis. Prognostic effects of morphology, both individual and in combination, taken in conjunction with age (Shimada classification, histologic grade, and risk group), were analyzed.Approximately 99% of cases (224 of 227) had consensus diagnoses for categorization: neuroblastoma (Schwannian stroma-poor), 190 cases; ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed (Schwannian stroma-rich), 5 cases; ganglioneuroma (Schwannian stroma-dominant) maturing, 1 case; ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular (composite Schwannian stroma-rich/stroma-dominant and stroma-poor), 19 cases; and NT-unclassifiable, 9 cases. For the NTs, subtype (93% consensus: undifferentiated, 6 cases; poorly differentiated, 155 cases; and differentiated, 15 cases), mitosis-karyorrhexis index (90% consensus: low, 94 cases; intermediate, 40 cases; and high, 37 cases), mitotic rate (75% consensus: low, 89 cases; high, 50 cases; and not determined, 4 cases), and calcification (100% consensus: yes, 110 cases and no, 80 cases) were recorded. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the Shimada classification system (90% consensus; 3-year event free survival: 85% for the group with favorable histology and 41% for the group with unfavorable histology; P = 0.31 x 10(-9)) had a significantly stronger prognostic effect than individual features and other combinations.The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification, a system based on a framework of the Shimada classification with minor modifications, is proposed for international use in assessing NTs.

As part of the international cooperative effort to develop a complete set of International Neuroblastoma Risk Groups, the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee (INPC) initiated activities in 1994 to devise a morphologic classification of neuroblastic tumors (NTs; neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma).Six member pathologists (H.S., I.M.A., L.P.D., J.H., V.V.J., and B.R.) discussed and defined morphologically based classifications (Shimada classification; risk group and modified risk group proposed by Joshi et al.) on the basis of a review of 227 cases, using various pathologic characteristics of the NTs. The classification-grading system was evaluated for prognostic significance and biologic relevance.The INPC has adopted a prognostic system modeled on one proposed by Shimada et al. It is an age-linked classification dependent on the differentiation grade of the neuroblasts, their cellular turnover index, and the presence or absence of Schwannian stromal development. Based on morphologic criteria defined in this article, NTs were classified into four categories and their subtypes: 1) neuroblastoma (Schwannian stroma-poor), undifferentiated, poorly differentiated, and differentiating; 2) ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed (Schwannian stroma-rich); 3) ganglioneuroma (Schwannian stroma-dominant), maturing and mature; and 4) ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular (composite Schwannian stroma-richlstroma-dominant and stroma-poor). Specific features, such as the mitosis-karyorrhexis index, the mitotic rate, and calcification, were also included to allow the prognostic significance of the classification to be tested. Recommendations are made regarding the surgical materials to use for an optimal pathobiologic assessment and the practical handling of samples.The current article covers the essentials and important points regarding the histopathologic evaluation of NTs. Using the morphologic criteria described herein, the INPC is proposing the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification. It is reported in a companion article in this issue (Cancer 1999;86:363-71).

We report a case of Crohn's disease with involvement of the foreskin in a 12-year-old boy. One year previously, on the basis of clinical features (diarrhea with blood, perianal fissures) and histologic examination, a diagnosis of Crohn's disease was made. Subsequently, he developed phimosis and balanitis and underwent circumcision. Sections submitted from the foreskin revealed noncaseating granulomatous inflammation consistent with Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease with involvement of the genitalia is unusual. Only 26 cases including our case have been reported in the scientific literature. We have analyzed these cases with emphasis on gender, age, clinical features, duration of Crohn's disease, and probable mode of spread to the genitalia. Careful examination of sections from genital lesions, including those submitted from the foreskin, is essential to detect small isolated granulomas that may then lead to the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.

Conventional criteria for ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB) do not require the presence of ganglioneuromatous component for pathologic diagnosis. This leads to inclusion of a mixed variety of neuroblastic tumors in the category of GNB. Therefore, GNB diagnosed by conventional criteria includes tumors showing more than 5% ganglion cells but no predominant ganglioneuromatous component, as well as tumors containing predominant ganglioneuromatous component. By previously described modified criteria, the former would be considered differentiating neuroblastoma (NB), and only the latter would be considered GNB. Data on Pediatric Oncology Group cases were analyzed to compare the prognostic subgroups of GNB diagnosed by conventional and modified criteria. The two prognostic subgroups (low risk and high risk) were defined on the basis of previously described prognostic differences between histologic grades of differentiating NBs and subtypes of GNB.Pathologic data from cases of neuroblastic tumors registered on Pediatric Oncology Group NB protocols 8104 and 8441 were reviewed. The GNBs diagnosed by conventional and modified criteria were divided into low-risk and high-risk histology subgroups as follows: (1) GNB by conventional criteria: low-risk group, differentiating NB of histologic grades 1 and 2 and GNB of intermixed and borderline subtypes; high-risk group, differentiating NB of histologic grade 3 and GNB of nodular subtype; (2) GNB by modified criteria: low-risk group, GNB of intermixed and borderline subtypes; high-risk group, GNB of nodular subtype.The low- and high-risk subgroups of GNBs diagnosed by conventional (69 cases) and modified (36 cases) criteria showed statistically significant differences in survival (P = .03 and .01, respectively). However, from the histologic point of view, GNBs diagnosed by modified criteria form a more uniform morphologic group, which can be divided into low- and high-risk subgroups by a single set of morphologic criteria. In contrast, GNBs diagnosed by conventional criteria form a heterogeneous group, which requires two sets of criteria (ie, histologic grade and subtypes of GNB) for its classification into low- and high-risk subgroups.The modified criteria for GNB define a morphologically uniform group of neuroblastic tumors to which a single set of prognostic criteria can be applied. It is recommended that the term GNB should be used both clinically and pathologically to designate a distinctive subgroup of neuroblastic tumors, in contrast to the current use, which designates both NB and GNB.

Histologic grading (HG) of neuroblastomas (NB) of prognostic significance is based on the presence of absence of calcification and low mitotic rate (or = 10/10 high power fields). Mitosis karyorrhexis Index (MKI) is the main feature used for prognostic categorization in Shimada classification and can be determined more readily than mitotic rate (MR). The purpose of this study is to test whether MKI can be used instead of MR for histologic grading.Low and intermediate MKI were lumped together as low MKI. We replaced MR with the modified MKI categories. Histologic grades for 223 NBs registered with the Pediatric Oncology Group protocols 8104 and 8441, were defined ad follows: HG 1 = calcification + low MKI, HG 2 = calcification or low MKI, HG 3 = high MKI and absence of calcification. Shimada classification was also determined for comparison or modified HGs with favorable histology (FH) and unfavorable histology (UH), HGs were linked with age: low risk (LR) = HG 1 in all age groups + HG 2 in patients age younger than 1 year; high risk (HR) = HG 2 in patients age 1 year of older + HG 3 in all age groups.Statistically significant differences in 5-year survival were seen in the NBs of different modified HG (1: 92.7%, 2: 74.9%, and 3: 18.2%) and risk groups (LR 93.0% and HR 47.9%) (P0.0001 and P = 0.0001, respectively).Pathologists may readily adapt to the modified HG described here. Advantages of modified HGs include: (1) familiarity and reproducibility of MKI; (2) no need for linkage with age; and (3) a combination of features used in original HGs and Shimada classification.

We reviewed the cytologic features and results of ancillary studies in eight fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) performed by posterior approach in 8 patients with unresectable Wilms' tumor (WT). Chemotherapy was given following the FNAB diagnosis of WT, which was confirmed subsequently by histologic examination of surgically resected specimens. Indications for FNAB included: unresectable tumor, bilateral disease, initial presentation with metastatic disease, uncertainty regarding tumor site, and documentation of recurrence. Cytologic examination revealed blastemal cells (8/8 aspirates), spindle cells (3/8 aspirates), and epithelial differentiation or tubules (3/8 aspirates). There was no cytologic evidence of anaplasia in any of the cases. Immunocytochemical studies on cell blocks and/or smears showed cytokeratin positivity in 5/8 and vimentin positivity in 5/5 of the aspirates in which these studies were performed. Focal positivity for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was seen in 3/3 aspirates. Stains for actin and leukocyte-common antigen were negative (0/3 and 0/2 aspirates, respectively). DNA ploidy analysis of the aspiration material by flow cytometry revealed near-diploid populations in three aspirates. Electron microscopic findings helpful for diagnosis included: cell junctions, microvilli, flocculent basement membrane-like material, cilia, autophagolysosomes, and lack of neuroectodermal differentiation. Diagnostic morphologic pitfalls for an incorrect diagnosis of neuroblastoma included nuclear molding (all aspirates), pseudorosette formation (one aspirate), and focal NSE positivity (3/3 aspirates). None of the tumors showed anaplasia on histologic examination. Cytologic recognition of the triphasic cellular components of WT (blastemal cells, spindle cells, and epithelial cells) can be helpful for a correct diagnosis; however, in 5/8 aspirates in this study, only the blastemal component was present. In these cases, immunocytochemical stains and electron microscopy proved useful in arriving at a correct FNAB diagnosis of WT. However, NSE positivity can be a pitfall for a diagnosis of neuroblastoma if the radiologic, clinical, and other cytologic features are not clearly delineated. Presence of cytokeratin and vimentin positivity would be helpful in the diagnosis of WT in such instances.

We describe an unusual case of chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the skull in an 11-yr-old girl in whom a preoperative diagnosis was made by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, followed by histologic confirmation of tissue biopsy and the surgically resected specimen. FNA cytology revealed pleomorphic oval cells with prominent nucleoli along with spindle cells, tumor giant cells, and a chondromyxoid background. The cell block of the aspirated material showed osteoid associated with the malignant cells. Immunocytochemical stains revealed S-100 and vimentin positivity; actin, myoglobin, and cytokeratin stains were negative. Electron microscopy revealed neoplastic cells with chondrocytic differentiation. This case demonstrates the value of FNA biopsy combined with immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies performed on the aspirated material in diagnosing osteosarcoma from an unusual location such as the base of the skull.

Multiple copies of N-myc proto-oncogene are only rarely detected in localized neuroblastomas (NBs), and the prognostic relevance of amplification in this subset of patients is not clear. We analyzed a series of 850 children with NB admitted to a Pediatric Oncology Group NB Biology Study and identified six patients with localized NBs harboring N-myc gene amplification. Three patients whose tumors showed favorable histology by Shimada classification and low-risk histological features according to the Joshi classification have remained disease-free, whereas two of three patients with unfavorable histology tumors have developed recurrent disease. Although earlier studies have indicated that N-myc amplification is associated with diploid DNA content, flow cytometric analysis revealed that only two of the localized tumors contained stem lines with diploid DNA content. Loss of chromosome 1p was not detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the two tumors examined. N-myc protein was detected by immunohistochemical studies in four of the five NBs analyzed. However, N-myc protein was not visualized in one of the tumors with stroma-rich histology, and Western blot analysis revealed only low levels of N-myc protein expression in another NB with favorable histology. These studies indicate that the presence of N-myc amplification in localized NBs does not necessarily portend an adverse outcome. Furthermore, the biological features of this subset of N-myc-amplified NBs appear to differ from those of more advanced N-myc-amplified tumors.

A 2-yr-old child with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and autoimmune thrombocytopenia developed hepatic veno-occlusive disease after being treated with long-term, low-dose cyclophosphamide. The authors believe that the injury was induced by cyclophosphamide. Although transplant dosages of cyclophosphamide alone or in conjunction with other drugs have been shown to induce hepatic venocclusive disease, this is the first case of hepatic venocclusive disease associated with nontransplant dosages of cyclophosphamide. Histopathologically, the injury was characterized by occlusive lesions of intrahepatic veins, both the terminal hepatic venules and portal veins branches, together with necrosis (predominately involving Zones 3 and 2) and hemorrhages. An added risk factor could have been release of platelet-derived growth factor that in turn activated and promoted proliferation of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in the vessels. Previously reported cases of cyclophosphamide-related injury are reviewed.