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Experiments deploying large arrays of transition-edge sensors (TESs) often require a robust method to monitor gain variations with minimal loss of observing time. We propose a sensitive and non-intrusive method for monitoring variations in TES responsivity using small square waves applied to the TES bias. We construct an estimator for a TES's small-signal power response from its electrical response that is exact in the limit of strong electrothermal feedback. We discuss the application and validation of this method using flight data from SPIDER, a balloon-borne telescope that observes the polarization of the cosmic microwave background with more than 2000 TESs. This method may prove useful for future balloon- and space-based instruments, where observing time and ground control bandwidth are limited., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures; Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD19); Minor updates to match published version

Modern CMB analysis pipelines regularly employ complex time-domain filters, beam models, masking, and other techniques during the production of sky maps and their corresponding angular power spectra. However, these processes can generate couplings between multipoles from the same spectrum and from different spectra, in addition to the typical power attenuation. Within the context of pseudo-$C_\ell$ based, MASTER-style analyses, the net effect of the time-domain filtering is commonly approximated by a multiplicative transfer function, $F_{\ell}$, that can fail to capture mode mixing and is dependent on the spectrum of the signal. To address these shortcomings, we have developed a simulation-based spectral correction approach that constructs a two-dimensional transfer matrix, $J_{\ell\ell'}$, which contains information about mode mixing in addition to mode attenuation. We demonstrate the application of this approach on data from the first flight of the SPIDER balloon-borne CMB experiment., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures; updated to match published version

We discuss the cosmological implications of the new constraints on the power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy derived from a new high resolution analysis of the MAXIMA-1 measurement (Lee et al. 2001). The power spectrum shows excess power at $\ell \sim 860$ over the average level of power at $411 \le\ell \le 785.$ This excess is statistically significant on the 95% confidence level. Such a feature is consistent with the presence of a third acoustic peak, which is a generic prediction of inflation-based models. The height and the position of the excess power match the predictions of a family of inflationary models with cosmological parameters that are fixed to fit the CMB data previously provided by BOOMERANG-LDB and MAXIMA-1 experiments (e.g., Jaffe et al.2001). Our results, therefore, lend support for inflationary models and more generally for the dominance of coherent perturbations in the structure formation of the Universe. At the same time, they seem to disfavor a large variety of the non-standard (but still inflation-based) models that have been proposed to improve the quality of fits to the CMB data and consistency with other cosmological observables. Within standard inflationary models, our results combined with the COBE-DMR data give best fit values and 95% confidence limits for the baryon density, $\Omega_b h^2\simeq 0.033{\pm 0.013}$, and the total density, $\Omega=0.9{+0.18\atop -0.16}$. The primordial spectrum slope ($n_s$) and the optical depth to the last scattering surface ($\tau_c$) are found to be degenerate and to obey the relation $n_s \simeq 0.46 \tau_c + (0.99 \pm 0.14)$, for $\tau_c \le 0.5$ (all 95% c.l.).

BICEP3 is a 520 mm aperture, compact two-lens refractor designed to observe the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 95 GHz. Its focal plane consists of modularized tiles of antenna-coupled transition edge sensors (TESs), similar to those used in BICEP2 and the Keck Array. The increased per-receiver optical throughput compared to BICEP2/Keck Array, due to both its faster f/1.7 optics and the larger aperture, more than doubles the combined mapping speed of the BICEP/Keck program. The BICEP3 receiver was recently upgraded to a full complement of 20 tiles of detectors (2560 TESs) and is now beginning its second year of observation (and first science season) at the South Pole. We report on its current performance and observing plans. Given its high per-receiver throughput while maintaining the advantages of a compact design, BICEP3-class receivers are ideally suited as building blocks for a 3rd-generation CMB experiment, consisting of multiple receivers spanning 35 GHz to 270 GHz with total detector count in the tens of thousands. We present plans for such an array, the new "BICEP Array" that will replace the Keck Array at the South Pole, including design optimization, frequency coverage, and deployment/observing strategies., 17 pages, 6 figures. To be published in Proc. SPIE. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation Conference 9914: Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII, June 2016

Extremely lightweight and space efficient low-pass radio-frequency interference (RFI) filter modules have been developed and tested for use with bolometric detectors. These filters are based on the compactness of a surface mount electro-magnetic interference chip filter. We have produced densely packed modules containing 21 filtered lines, which weigh 60 g, with dimensions of 38×36×11 mm. These modules provide greater than 20 dB attenuation over the entire frequency range tested (50 MHz–10 GHz) while providing over 60 dB attenuation for frequencies greater than 4.5 GHz. The filters suppress rf voltage noise and prevent radiation from RFI on the lines from entering the detector environment and heating up the bolometers. Modules have been used on bolometric detector systems containing as many as 16 RFI filtered bolometers.

We describe the BOOMERANG North America (BNA) instrument, a balloon-borne bolometric radiometer designed to map the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation with 0.3 deg resolution over a significant portion of the sky. This receiver employs new technologies in bolometers, readout electronics, millimeter-wave optics and filters, cryogenics, scan and attitude reconstruction. All these subsystems are described in detail in this paper. The system has been fully calibrated in flight using a variety of techniques which are described and compared. It has been able to obtain a measurement of the first peak in the CMB angular power spectrum in a single balloon flight, few hours long, and was a prototype of the BOOMERANG Long Duration Balloon (BLDB) experiment., 40 pages, 22 figures, submitted to ApJ

BICEP3 is a 550 mm-aperture refracting telescope for polarimetry of radiation in the cosmic microwave background at 95 GHz. It adopts the methodology of BICEP1, BICEP2 and the Keck Array experiments - it possesses sufficient resolution to search for signatures of the inflation-induced cosmic gravitational-wave background while utilizing a compact design for ease of construction and to facilitate the characterization and mitigation of systematics. However, BICEP3 represents a significant breakthrough in per-receiver sensitivity, with a focal plane area 5$\times$ larger than a BICEP2/Keck Array receiver and faster optics ($f/1.6$ vs. $f/2.4$). Large-aperture infrared-reflective metal-mesh filters and infrared-absorptive cold alumina filters and lenses were developed and implemented for its optics. The camera consists of 1280 dual-polarization pixels; each is a pair of orthogonal antenna arrays coupled to transition-edge sensor bolometers and read out by multiplexed SQUIDs. Upon deployment at the South Pole during the 2014-15 season, BICEP3 will have survey speed comparable to Keck Array 150 GHz (2013), and will significantly enhance spectral separation of primordial B-mode power from that of possible galactic dust contamination in the BICEP2 observation patch., 12 pages, 5 figures. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII. To be published in Proceedings of SPIE Volume 9153

BICEP1 is a millimeter-wavelength telescope designed specifically to measure the inflationary B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at degree angular scales. We present results from an analysis of the data acquired during three seasons of observations at the South Pole (2006 to 2008). This work extends the two-year result published in Chiang et al. (2010), with additional data from the third season and relaxed detector-selection criteria. This analysis also introduces a more comprehensive estimation of band-power window functions, improved likelihood estimation methods and a new technique for deprojecting monopole temperature-to-polarization leakage which reduces this class of systematic uncertainty to a negligible level. We present maps of temperature, E- and B-mode polarization, and their associated angular power spectra. The improvement in the map noise level and polarization spectra error bars are consistent with the 52% increase in integration time relative to Chiang et al. (2010). We confirm both self-consistency of the polarization data and consistency with the two-year results. We measure the angular power spectra at 21

We present the second generation BLASTbus electronics. The primary purposes of this system are detector readout, attitude control, and cryogenic housekeeping, for balloon-borne telescopes. Readout of neutron transmutation doped germanium (NTD-Ge) bolometers requires low noise and parallel acquisition of hundreds of analog signals. Controlling a telescope's attitude requires the capability to interface to a wide variety of sensors and motors, and to use them together in a fast, closed loop. To achieve these different goals, the BLASTbus system employs a flexible motherboard-daughterboard architecture. The programmable motherboard features a digital signal processor (DSP) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA), as well as slots for three daughterboards. The daughterboards provide the interface to the outside world, with versions for analog to digital conversion, and optoisolated digital input/output. With the versatility afforded by this design, the BLASTbus also finds uses in cryogenic, thermometry, and power systems. For accurate timing control to tie everything together, the system operates in a fully synchronous manner. BLASTbus electronics have been successfully deployed to the South Pole, and flown on stratospheric balloons., Presented at SPIE Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes V, June 23, 2014. To be published in Proceedings of SPIE Volume 9145

During the fifth flight of the Microwave Anisotropy Experiment (MAX5), we revisited a region with significant dust emission near the star Mu Pegasi. A 3.5 cm$^{-1}$ low frequency channel has been added since the previous measurement (\cite{mei93a}). The data in each channel clearly show structure correlated with IRAS 100 \micron\ dust emission. The spectrum of the structure in the 6, 9 and 14 cm$^{-1}$ channels is described by $I_{\nu}\propto\nu^{\beta}B_{\nu}(T_{dust})$, where $\beta$ = 1.3 and $T_{dust}$ = 19~K and $B_{\nu}$ is the Planck function. However, this model predicts a smaller amplitude in the 3.5 cm$^{-1}$ band than is observed. Considering only linear combinations of the data independent of the best fit foreground spectrum for the three lower channels, we find an upper limit to CMBR fluctuations of $\Delta T/T = \langle \frac{C_l~l(l+1)}{2\pi}\rangle^{\frac{1}{2}} \leq 1.3\times 10^{-5}$ at the 95\% confidence level. The result is for a flat band power spectrum and does not include a 10\% uncertainty in calibration. It is consistent with our previous observation in the region.

The BOOMERANG (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation aNd Geophysics) experiment is an international effort to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy on angular scales of 20' to 40 degrees, with unprecedented sensitivity, sky and spectral coverage. The telescope will be flown from Antarctica by NASA-NSBF with a long duration stratospheric balloon (7-14 days), and is presently scheduled for flight in 1995-1996. The experiment is designed to produce an image of the Cosmic Microwave Background with high sensitivity and large sky coverage. These data will tightly constrain the baryon density, the reionization history, and the formation of large-scale structure in the universe. BOOMERANG will test technologies and return science data that are essential to the design of a future space-borne mission to map CMB anisotropy.

Between the BICEP2 and Keck Array experiments, we have deployed over 1500 dual polarized antenna coupled bolometers to map the Cosmic Microwave Background's polarization. We have been able to rapidly deploy these detectors because they are completely planar with an integrated phased-array antenna. Through our experience in these experiments, we have learned of several challenges with this technology- specifically the beam synthesis in the antenna- and in this paper we report on how we have modified our designs to mitigate these challenges. In particular, we discus differential steering errors between the polarization pairs' beam centroids due to microstrip cross talk and gradients of penetration depth in the niobium thin films of our millimeter wave circuits. We also discuss how we have suppressed side lobe response with a Gaussian taper of our antenna illumination pattern. These improvements will be used in Spider, Polar-1, and this season's retrofit of Keck Array., Comment: Presented at SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, July 6, 2012. To be published in Proceedings of SPIE Volume 8452

The Keck Array (SPUD) began observing the cosmic microwave background's polarization in the winter of 2011 at the South Pole. The Keck Array follows the success of the predecessor experiments Bicep and Bicep2, using five on-axis refracting telescopes. These have a combined imaging array of 2500 antenna-coupled TES bolometers read with a SQUID-based time domain multiplexing system. We will discuss the detector noise and the optimization of the readout. The achieved sensitivity of the Keck Array is 11.5 {\mu}K_(CMB)*sqrt{s} in the 2012 configuration., Comment: Presented at SPIE 2012 Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation Conference. Will be published in the proceedings

The BICEP2 and Keck Array experiments are designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on angular scales of 2-4 degrees (l=50-100). This is the region in which the B-mode signal, a signature prediction of cosmic inflation, is expected to peak. BICEP2 was deployed to the South Pole at the end of 2009 and is in the middle of its third year of observing with 500 polarization-sensitive detectors at 150 GHz. The Keck Array was deployed to the South Pole at the end of 2010, initially with three receivers--each similar to BICEP2. An additional two receivers have been added during the 2011-12 summer. We give an overview of the two experiments, report on substantial gains in the sensitivity of the two experiments after post-deployment optimization, and show preliminary maps of CMB polarization from BICEP2., Presented at SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, July 6, 2012. To be published in Proceedings of SPIE Volume 8452

The Keck Array (SPUD) is a set of microwave polarimeters that observes from the South Pole at degree angular scales in search of a signature of Inflation imprinted as B-mode polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The first three Keck Array receivers were deployed during the 2010-2011 Austral summer, followed by two new receivers in the 2011-2012 summer season, completing the full five-receiver array. All five receivers are currently observing at 150 GHz. The Keck Array employs the field-proven BICEP/BICEP2 strategy of using small, cold, on-axis refractive optics, providing excellent control of systematics while maintaining a large field of view. This design allows for full characterization of far-field optical performance using microwave sources on the ground. We describe our efforts to characterize the main beam shape and beam shape mismatch between co-located orthogonally-polarized detector pairs, and discuss the implications of measured differential beam parameters on temperature to polarization leakage in CMB analysis., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol 8452: Millimeter, Submillimeter and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, July 2012

We describe the cryogenic system for SPIDER, a balloon-borne microwave polarimeter that will map 8% of the sky with degree-scale angular resolution. The system consists of a 1284 L liquid helium cryostat and a 16 L capillary-filled superfluid helium tank, which provide base operating temperatures of 4 K and 1.5 K, respectively. Closed-cycle helium-3 adsorption refrigerators supply sub-Kelvin cooling power to multiple focal planes, which are housed in monochromatic telescope inserts. The main helium tank is suspended inside the vacuum vessel with thermally insulating fiberglass flexures, and shielded from thermal radiation by a combination of two vapor cooled shields and multi-layer insulation. This system allows for an extremely low instrumental background and a hold time in excess of 25 days. The total mass of the cryogenic system, including cryogens, is approximately 1000 kg. This enables conventional long duration balloon flights. We will discuss the design, thermal analysis, and qualification of the cryogenic system., 11 pages, 4 figures; as published in the conference proceedings for SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy V (2010)

Bicep2 deployed to the South Pole during the 2009-2010 austral summer, and is now mapping the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), searching for evidence of inflationary cosmology. Bicep2 belongs to a new class of telescopes including Keck (ground-based) and Spider (balloon-borne) that follow on Bicep's strategy of employing small, cold, on-axis refracting optics. This common design provides key advantages ideal for targeting the polarization signature from inflation, including: (i) A large field of view, allowing substantial light collecting power despite the small aperture, while still resolving the degree-scale polarization of the CMB; (ii) liquid helium-cooled optics and cold stop, allowing for low, stable instrument loading; (iii) the ability to rotate the entire telescope about the boresight; (iv) a baffled primary aperture, reducing sidelobe pickup; and (v) the ability to characterize the far field optical performance of the telescope using ground-based sources. We describe the last of these advantages in detail, including our efforts to measure the main beam shape, beammatch between orthogonally-polarized pairs, polarization efficiency and response angle, sidelobe pickup, and ghost imaging. We do so with ground-based polarized microwave sources mounted in the far field as well as with astronomical calibrators. Ultimately, Bicep2's sensitivity to CMB polarization from inflation will rely on precise calibration of these beam features.

Spider is a long-duration, balloon-borne polarimeter designed to measure large scale Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization with very high sensitivity and control of systematics. The instrument will map over half the sky with degree angular resolution in I, Q and U Stokes parameters, in four frequency bands from 96 to 275 GHz. Spider's ultimate goal is to detect the primordial gravity wave signal imprinted on the CMB B-mode polarization. One of the challenges in achieving this goal is the minimization of the contamination of B-modes by systematic effects. This paper explores a number of instrument systematics and observing strategies in order to optimize B-mode sensitivity. This is done by injecting realistic-amplitude, time-varying systematics in a set of simulated time-streams. Tests of the impact of detector noise characteristics, pointing jitter, payload pendulations, polarization angle offsets, beam systematics and receiver gain drifts are shown. Spider's default observing strategy is to spin continuously in azimuth, with polarization modulation achieved by either a rapidly spinning half-wave plate or a rapidly spinning gondola and a slowly stepped half-wave plate. Although the latter is more susceptible to systematics, results shown here indicate that either mode of operation can be used by Spider., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figs, version with full resolution figs available here http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~lgg/spider_front.htm

We describe here an iterative method for jointly estimating the noise power spectrum from a CMB experiment's time-ordered data, together with the maximum-likelihood map. We test the robustness of this method on simulated Boomerang datasets with realistic noise.

We describe the Millimeter wave Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA), a balloon-borne experiment designed to measure the temperature anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) on angular scales of 10' to 5 degrees . MAXIMA mapped the CMB using 16 bolometric detectors in spectral bands centered at 150 GHz, 240 GHz, and 410 GHz, with 10' resolution at all frequencies. The combined receiver sensitivity to CMB anisotropy was ~40 microK/rt(sec). Systematic parasitic contributions were minimized by using four uncorrelated spatial modulations, thorough crosslinking, multiple independent CMB observations, heavily baffled optics, and strong spectral discrimination. Pointing reconstruction was accurate to 1', and absolute calibration was better than 4%. Two MAXIMA flights with more than 8.5 hours of CMB observations have mapped a total of 300 deg^2 of the sky in regions of negligible known foreground emission. MAXIMA results have been released in previous publications. MAXIMA maps, power spectra and correlation matrices are publicly available at http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/maxima, 22 pages, 22 figures, 13 tables. Submitted to ApJ. More information and figures are available for download at http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/maxima/

We have measured the ellipticity of several degree scale anisotropies in the BOOMERanG maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at 150 GHz. The average ellipticity is around 2.6-2.7. The biases of the estimator of the ellipticity and for the noise are small in this case. Large spot elongation had been detected also for COBE-DMR maps. If this effect is due to geodesic mixing, it would indicate a non precisely zero curvature of the Universe which is among the discussed reasons of the WMAP low multipole anomaly. Both effects are related to the diameter of the Universe: the geodesics mixing through hyperbolic geometry, low multipoles through boundary conditions.This common reason can also be related with the origin of the the cosmological constant: the modes of vacuum fluctuations conditioned by the boundary conditions lead to a value of the cosmological constant being in remarkable agreement with the supernovae observations.

We describe the design and performance of compact, low‐pass electrical filters, suitable for operation at cryogenic temperatures. The filters are two pole LC filters with a cutoff at ≊100 kHz, an attenuation of −24 dB/octave, and a stop band rejection of −80 dB between 5 and 20 MHz. Their function is to suppress rf voltage noise to sensitive cryogenic detectors. The low‐pass filters are realized using surface mounted devices on thin PC boards which can be stacked for maximum packing density. Compact modules containing 14 and 35 filters have been developed and installed in the Infrared Telescope in Space.

The trispectrum of the cosmic microwave background can be used to assess the level of non-Gaussianity on cosmological scales. It probes the fourth order moment, as a function of angular scale, of the probability distribution function of fluctuations and has been shown to be sensitive to primordial non-gaussianity, secondary anisotropies (such as the Ostriker-Vishniac effect) and systematic effects (such as astrophysical foregrounds). In this paper we develop a formalism for estimating the trispectrum from high resolution sky maps which incorporates the impact of finite sky coverage. This leads to a series of operations applied to the data set to minimize the effects of contamination due to the Gaussian component and correlations between estimates at different scales. To illustrate the effect of the estimation process, we apply our procedure to the BOOMERanG data set and show that it is consistent with Gaussianity. This work presents the first estimation of the CMB trispectrum on sub-degree scales., 14 pages, submitted to MNRAS

Thermal emission from interstellar dust is a potential contaminant for sensitive measurements of Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies. Here we analyze the mm-wave observations obtained by the BOOMERanG experiment at 90, 150, 240 and 410 GHz. Galactic emission has been detected at intermediate and high (b < -20°) Galactic latitudes, and is morphologically similar to the dust emission mapped by the IRAS satellite at 3000 GHz and by the DIRBE instrument on COBE at 1250 GHz. We show that the 410 GHz channel of BOOMERanG is a good monitor of dust emission, and that at 150 GHz the contamination is negligible with respect to the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) detected by the same instrument.

The BOOMERANG experiment provided the first high resolution map of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. In this paper we summarize the main parts of the instrument, including bolometers, cryogenics, optics and pointing system. We show then how the instrument is designed to be robust to systematic effects.

We are developing a facility which will be used to characterize the bolometric detectors for Planck, an ESA mission to investigate the Cosmic Microwave Background. The bolometers operate at 0.1 K, employing neutron-transmutation doped (NTD) Ge thermistors with resistances of several megohms to achieve NEPs~1×10^(–17) W Hz^(–1/2). Characterization of the intrinsic noise of the bolometers at frequencies as low as 0.010 Hz dictates a test apparatus thermal stability of 40 nK Hz^(–1/2) to that frequency. This temperature stability is achieved via a multi-stage isolation and control geometry with high resolution thermometry implemented with NTD Ge thermistors, JFET source followers, and dedicated lock-in amplifiers. The test facility accommodates 24 channels of differential signal readout, for measurement of bolometer V(I) characteristics and intrinsic noise. The test facility also provides for modulated radiation in the submillimeter band incident on the bolometers, for measurement of the optical speed-of-response; this illumination can be reduced below detectable limits without interrupting cryogenic operation. A commercial Oxford Instruments dilution refrigerator provides the cryogenic environment for the test facility.

We present results from the engineering run of the BOLOCAM receiver at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory in May, 2000 and simulations of the sensitivity of the completed BOLOCAM receiver to astrophysical sources. BOLOCAM is a 144 element array of bolometers designed to operate in the millimeter wave atmospheric windows at 150, 220, and 280 GHz. These bands are well suited to studies of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in distant clusters of galaxies as well as measurements of the emission of interstellar dust.

Interstellar dust (ISD) emission is present in the mm-wave maps obtained by the BOOMERanG experiment at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes. We find that, while being sub-dominant at the lower frequencies (90, 150, 240 GHz), thermal emission from ISD is dominant at 410 GHz, and is well correlated with the IRAS map at 100 μm. We find also that the angular power spectrum of ISD fluctuations at 410 GHz is a power law, and its level is negligible with respect to the angular power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at 90 and 150 GHz.

We describe the new BOOMERanG payload, which is being prepared for a new circum-antarctic flight, with the aim to detect the linear polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). In addition to polarization capabilities, obtained by means of special bolometers, the instrument has been improved in the attitude reconstruction system and in the calibration system.

The BOOMERanG experiment has recently produced detailed maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background, where sub-horizon structures are resolved with good signal to noise ratio. A power spectrum (spherical harmonics) analysis of the maps detects three peaks, at multipoles ℓ = (213_(-13)^(+10)),(541_(-32)^(+20))(845_(-25)^(+12)). In this paper we discuss the data analysis and the implications of these results for cosmology.

In this paper we report a short description of the BOOMERANG experiment explaining his scientific goal and the technologies implied. We concentrate then on the analysis of the noise properties discussing in particular the scan synchronous noise. Finally we present the calibration technique and the sensitivity of all the channels.

Archeops is a balloon-borne instrument dedicated to measuring cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies at high angular resolution (8 arcminutes) over a large fraction (25%) of the sky in the millimetre domain. Based on Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) technology, cooled bolometers (0.1 K) scan the sky in total power mode with large circles at constant elevation. During the course of a 24-hour Arctic-night balloon flight, Archeops will observe a complete annulus on the sky in four frequency bands centered at 143, 217, 353 and 545 GHz with an expected sensitivity to CMB fluctuations of \~100muK for each of the 90 thousand 20 arcminute average pixels. We describe the instrument and its performance obtained during a test flight from Trapani (Sicily) to Spain in July 1999., Comment: 44 pages, 24 figures Full resolution postscript at http://publi.archeops.org

The CMB is the fundamental tool to study the properties of the early universe and of the universe at large scales. In the framework of the Hot Big Bang model, when we look to the CMB we look back in time to the end of the plasma era, at a redshift ~ 1000, when the universe was ~ 50000 times younger, ~ 1000 times hotter and ~ 10^9 times denser than today. The image of the CMB can be used to study the physical processes there, to infer what happened before, and also to study the background geometry of our Universe.

We discuss the status of the data obtained from the first two flights of the MAXIMA balloon-borne experiment. MAXIMA is sensitive to CMB fluctuations on angular scales from 10 arcmin to 5 degrees. The instrument uses a 16 element bolometric array with 3 frequency bands centered at 150, 240, and 410 GHz. An angular power spectrum of the CMB anisotropy has been obtained from the data of the first flight, MAXIMA-1, which shows a peak at l∼220 of 78±6 μK and an amplitude varying between 40 μK and 50 μK from 400

BOOMERanG has recently resolved structures on the last scattering surface at redshift ˜ 1100 with high signal to noise ratio. We review the technical advances which made this possible, and we focus on the current results for maps and power spectra, with special attention to the determination of the total mass-energy density in the Universe and of other cosmological parameters.

We present a map and an angular power spectrum of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from the first flight of MAXIMA. MAXIMA is a balloon-borne experiment with an array of 16 bolometric photometers operated at 100 mK. MAXIMA observed a 124 square degrees region of the sky with 10 arcminute resolution at frequencies of 150, 240 and 410 GHz. The data were calibrated using in-flight measurements of the CMB dipole anisotropy. A map of the CMB anisotropy was produced from three 150 and one 240 GHz photometer without need for foreground subtractions. Analysis of this CMB map yields a power spectrum for the CMB anisotropy over the range 36 < l < 785. The spectrum shows a peak with an amplitude of 78 +/- 6 micro-Kelvin at l ~ 220 and an amplitude varying between ~40 micro-Kelvin and ~50 micro-Kelvin for 400 < l < 785.

We present measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy near the stars HR5127 and Phi Herculis from the fifth flight of the Millimeter-wave Anisotropy eXperiment (MAX). We scanned 8\arcdeg\ strips of the sky with an approximately Gaussian 0\fdg5 FWHM beam and a 1\fdg4 peak to peak sinusoidal chop. The instrument has four frequency bands centered at 3.5, 6, 9, and 14~cm$^{-1}$. The IRAS 100~\micron\ map predicts that these two region have low interstellar dust contrast. The HR5127 data are consistent with CMB anisotropy. The Phi Herculis data, which were measured at lower flight altitudes, show time variability at 9 and 14~cm$^{-1}$ which we believe to be due to atmospheric emission. However, the Phi Herculis data at 3.5 and 6~cm$^{-1}$ are essentially independent of this atmospheric contribution and are consistent with CMB anisotropy. Confusion from galactic foregrounds is unlikely based on the spectrum and amplitude of the structure at these frequencies. If the observed HR5127 structure and the atmosphere independent Phi Herculis structure are attributed to CMB anisotropy, then we find $\Delta T/T = \langle\frac{l(l+1)C_l}{2\pi}\rangle^{1/2} = 1.2^{+0.4}_{-0.3}\times 10^{-5}$ for HR5127 and $1.9^{+0.7}_{-0.4}\times 10^{-5}$ for Phi Herculis in the flat band approximation. The upper and lower limits represent a 68\% confidence interval added in quadrature with a 10\% calibration uncertainty., Comment: 17 pages, 2 Postscript figures, uses aasms4.sty

We present results from a four frequency observation of a 6 x 0.6 degree strip of the sky centered near the star Gamma Ursae Minoris during the fourth flight of the Millimeter-wave Anisotropy eXperiment (MAX). The observation was made with a 1.4 degree peak-to-peak sinusoidal chop in all bands. The FWHM beam sizes were 0.55 +/- 0.05 degrees at 3.5 cm-1 and 0.75 +/-0.05 degrees at 6, 9, and 14 cm-1. During this observation significant correlated structure was observed at 3.5, 6 and 9 cm-1 with amplitudes similar to those observed in the GUM region during the second and third flights of MAX. The frequency spectrum is consistent with CMB and inconsistent with thermal emission from interstellar dust. The extrapolated amplitudes of synchrotron and free-free emission are too small to account for the amplitude of the observed structure. If all of the structure is attributed to CMB anisotropy with a Gaussian autocorrelation function and a coherence angle of 25', then the most probable values of DeltaT/TCMB in the 3.5, 6, and 9 cm-1 bands are 4.3 (+2.7, -1.6) x 10-5, 2.8 (+4.3, -1.1) x 10-5, and 3.5 (+3.0, -1.6) x 10-5 (95% confidence upper and lower limits), respectively., 16 pages, postscript

We report observations of diffuse far‐infrared emission from interstellar dust at high Galactic latitudes using a rocket‐borne, liquid‐helium cooled telescope and photometer. The photometer has 5 spectral bands ranging from 90 μm to 190 μm with 0.5°∼0.65°FWHM fields‐of‐view. The detectors, stressed and unstressed Ge:Ga photoconductors, were cooled to 1 K and coupled to charge integrating amplifiers to achieve high sensitivity. We observed regions near Ursa Major including infrared cirrus, high latitude molecular clouds, and the HI hole, a region of uniquely low neutral hydrogen column density. Preliminary analysis shows a strong correlation of the emission at 134, 154, and 186 μm with 100 μm IRAS data.

We report the first direct detection of 158 μm [CII] line emission from the diffuse interstellar medium at high galactic latitude. We measured the integrated line intensity in a 36’ field‐of‐view along a triangular scan in a 5°×20° region in Ursa Major using a rocket‐borne, liquid helium cooled spectrophotometer. The scans included high latitude infrared cirrus, molecular clouds, a bright external galaxy, M82, and the HI Hole, a region of uniquely low neutral hydrogen column density. Emission from [CII] is observed in all regions, and in the absence of CO emission it is well correlated with neutral hydrogen column density. We deduce a [CII] gas cooling rate of (2.6±0.6)×10−26 ergs s−1 H‐atom−1, in good agreement with a recent observation of UV absorption lines at high galactic latitude.

We present results from two four-frequency observations centered near the stars Sigma Herculis and Iota Draconis during the fourth flight of the Millimeter-wave Anisotropy eXperiment (MAX). The observations were made of 6 deg x 0.6 deg strips of the sky with a 1.4 deg peak to peak sinusoidal chop in all bands. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) beam sizes were calculated 0.55 deg +/- 0.05 deg at 3.5/cm and a 0.75 deg +/- 0.05 deg at 6, 9, and 14/cm. Significant correlated structures were observed at 3.5, 6, and 9/cm. The spectra of these signals are inconsistent with thermal emission from known interstellar dust populations. The extrapolated amplitudes of synchrotron and free-free emission are too small to account for the amplitude of the observed structures. If the observed structures are attributed to cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy with a Gaussian autocorrelation function and a coherence angle of 25 min, then the most probable values at Delta T/T(sub CMB) = 3.1 (sup +1.7 sub -1.3) x 10(exp -5) for the Sigma Herculis scan, and Delta T/T(sub CMB) = 3.3(sup +1.1 sub -1.1) x 10(exp -5) for the Iota Draconis scan (95% confidence upper, lower limits).

The BOOMERanG experiment has recently detected temperature fluctuations the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the otherwise isotropic radiation coming from the early Universe. These anisotropies have a low contrast (about 30 ppm) and feature a peculiar angular power spectrum at angles corresponding to sub-horizon scales at recombination. In the current cosmological model, these structures result from acoustic oscillations in the primeval plasma. In the framework of the Hot Big Bang theory with the inflationary hypothesis, the statistical properties of the image of the CMB allow us to measure most of the cosmological parameters.

We describe the BOOMERanG experiment, a stratospheric balloon telescope intended to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy at angular scales between a few degrees and ten arcminutes. The experiment has been optimized for a long duration (7 to 14 days) flight circumnavigating Antarctica at the end of 1998. A test flight was performed on Aug.30, 1997 in Texas. The level of performance achieved in the test flight was satisfactory and compatible with the requirements for the long duration flight., 11 pages, 6 figures

The Keck Array is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimeter that will begin observing from the South Pole in late 2010. The initial deployment will consist of three telescopes similar to BICEP2 housed in ultra-compact, pulse tube cooled cryostats. Two more receivers will be added the following year. In these proceedings we report on the design and performance of the Keck cryostat. We also report some initial results on the performance of antenna-coupled TES detectors operating in the presence of a pulse tube. We find that the performance of the detectors is not seriously impacted by the replacement of BICEP2's liquid helium cryostat with a pulse tube cooled cryostat., 8 pages, 6 figures; SPIE proceedings for Millimeter, Submillimeter and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy V (Conference 7741, June 2010, San Diego, CA, USA)