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Nonspecific purulent-inflammatory lesions of the spine are rare and difficult to diagnose diseases. At the same time, there is an increase in the frequency of their occurrence and unsatisfactory treatment results remain. Aim of the study. By demonstrating these clinical cases, to emphasize the complexity of timely diagnosis of nonspecific spondylodiscites and their purulent-inflammatory complications, to show the possibilities of mini-invasive treatment options for the pathology in question Material and methods. The description of these clinical cases was carried out in accordance with the recommendations and explanations of the CARE (CAse REport) and SCARE (Surgical CAse REport) groups. The article presents patients with nonspecific spondylodiscites with purulent-inflammatory complications who were treated at the State Clinical Hospital No. 25 of Volgograd. The study was carried out in accordance with the ethical norms of the Helsinki Declaration and the «Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation» approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 06.19.2003. Patients gave their free informed consent to the publication of clinical cases in the open press. Results. Using the example of two clinical cases, the complexity of diagnosis and differential diagnosis of nonspecific spondylodiscites with purulent-inflammatory complications is shown, the possibility of percutaneous drainage of abscesses as an independent treatment option is substantiated. Conclusion. With a long-term pain syndrome in the back, not relieved by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the presence of risk factors, an instrumental examination of the spine was performed to exclude this pathology. Sanitation and drainage of a abscess can be an independent operation.

INTRODUCTION. The development of laparoscopic and robotic surgery in medicine is happening rapidly, but their role and place in the surgery of blunt abdominal trauma are not yet fully defined, the range of diagnostic capabilities and performed operations is constantly expanding, contraindications are decreasing.The OBJECTIVE was to conduct systematic review based on modern data from Russian and foreign literature to determine the role and place of laparoscopic and robotic technologies in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with blunt abdominal trauma. The systematic literature search was conducted from January 2015 to August 23, 2021.Laparoscopy reduces the duration of inpatient treatment, the percentage of postoperative complications and mortality in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt abdominal trauma compared to laparotomy.CONCLUSION. To obtain data of a higher Level of Evidence and Grade of Recommendations, it is necessary to further conduct systematic reviews and meta-analyses based on randomized clinical trials.

Introduction.The article is devoted to an actual problem — blunt trauma of the abdomen and organs of the retro­peritoneal space.Aim of study.Specify the indications for non­operative management of patients with blunt trauma of the solid organs of the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal space, with retroperitoneal hemorrhage and measures for this treatment option.Material and methods.The analysis of literature sources of Russian and foreign authors is carried out and the indications, methods and necessity of non­operative management of patients with blunt trauma of solid organs of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space, retroperitoneal hemorrhages are substantiated.Conclusion.Non­operative management of patients with blunt trauma of solid organs of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space, retroperitoneal hemorrhages is possible only in large specialized centers with a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.

The article shows the possibility of solving the problem of the transition between periodic and point attractors in the bistable Rosenzweig–MacArthur model with modifications for the dynamics of root hemiparasitic plants and their hosts.

Experiments aimed at investigation of X-ray self-emission of plasma of heated targets consisting of layers of different materials (Mylar, polypropylene, In, Sn, and Au) exposed to the action of energy flux of X‑ray radiation (the so-called energy exposure of the target) of up to 10 kJ/cm2 were carried out. A Z-pinch induced by implosion of a tungsten wire-array by current of up to 4 MA in Angara-5-1 facility was used as a source of high-power X-ray radiation. The temporal dynamics of intensity of self-emission of heated targets was studied. In the process, contribution of expanding layer of a material with high atomic number Z to self-emission of the target dominates that of a Mylar film with effective charge Zeff ≈ 4.5. It is demonstrated that the 1/e decay time of target emission depends on expansion dynamics of target plasma. The latter, in turn, depends on orientation of the layer characterized by high atomic number relative to the source of radiation. New data on spectral composition of self-emission of targets and its changes with time is obtained. This data is compared with the results of numerical simulation of target heating and scatter by means of RALEF-2D two-dimensional radiation gas-dynamic code.

The paper presents the results of simulation with the simplified modified Hodgkin–Huxley model of an afferent primary neuron in the presence of stochastic noise. The transition from the attraction domain of a point attractor like a stable focus to the attraction domain of a periodic attractor and the inverse transition to the attraction domain of the point attractor are considered. Some examples, in which such transitions may be repeatedly alternated, have been obtained as a mathematical interpretation of the principal neurophysiological ‘‘all-or-none’’ law.

In electromagnetic generators of the terawatt range with current pulse of 1–30 MA, electric explosion of the surface of current-carrying electrodes takes place. One of the options for protecting the electrodes is covering the current-carrying surface with different materials. In this work, we present experimental data and results of numerical simulations of the processes that take place in a thick-walled heterophase electrode during the passage of current with a high linear density. The amplitude value of the linear current density in the simulations was of 2.8 MA/cm. The results of the simulations of the processes that occur in the electrodes during the passage of current with high linear density are in qualitative agreement with experimental data.

A mathematical model of the formation of output information in a biosensor of angular acceleration is presented. The functional and numerical parameters of the model have been determined by results of experiments made in 2001–2008. A comparison with the mathematical model of J. M. Goldberg and C. Fernandez (1971) describing the change in spike frequency of the primary afferent neuron spikes in response to an angular acceleration of the head as it turns around a vertical axis is carried out.

The results of the studies of the compression of the plasma of cone-cylindrical nested arrays of mixed composition at current flow through them of up to 3 MA at the Angara-5-1 facility are presented. The outer array of the nested array is a conical array of thin nylon fibers or tungsten wires, while the inner one is a cylindrical tungsten wire array. The implosion of current in this type of nested arrays is a unique opportunity for simulating the interaction of magnetized plasma flows with a strong magnetic field. In the space between the inner and outer arrays, the super-Alfven plasma flow from the outer array collides with the magnetic field of the discharge current through the inner array. As a result of this interaction in the space between arrays, different plasma flow modes are implemented: pre-Alfven (Vr VА), and a mode with the formation of the transition region—a shock wave (SW) between arrays, depending on the ratio of the plasma formation rates of arrays of nested array and on the ratio of their radii. The SW region formation in the space between arrays occurs near the inner array, where the kinetic pressure of the plasma flow from the outer array is balanced by the magnetic pressure of the discharge current of the inner array. New experimental data was obtained on the features of the SW region formation near the surface of the inner array and the nature of its change during the interaction. The use of an external conical array enabled us to obtain the SW position depending on the ratio of radii of the outer and inner arrays in one shot. It is shown that the interaction of plasma flows of the outer conical array with the magnetic field of the inner cylindrical array leads to a significant decrease in the zipper-effect at the final stage of plasma compression of the inner array and the pinch formation. The obtained experimental results are compared with the results of simulating the plasma motion between the arrays using the three-dimensional radiation-magnetohydrodynamic code MARPLE3D.

To analyze the effectiveness of laparotomy and laparoscopy in the treatment of patients with blunt abdominal trauma.Literature searching was conducted in accordance with the recommendations «Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses» between January 2015 and August 2021. We used the electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, eLibrary.Laparoscopy reduces hospital-stay, postoperative morbidity and mortality in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt abdominal trauma compared to laparotomy.Further systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials are required to obtain high quality data.Развитие лапароскопической хирургии в медицине происходит быстро, но ее роль и место в хирургии закрытой травмы живота пока не полностью определены, постоянно расширяется спектр диагностических возможностей и выполняемых операций, сокращается список противопоказаний.Систематический обзор и метаанализ по сравнительной оценке эффективности лапаротомии и лапароскопии при лечении пациентов с закрытой травмой живота.Систематический поиск литературы проведен в соответствии с рекомендациями Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses с января 2015 г. по 23 августа 2021 г. из электронных баз PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, eLibrary.Лапароскопия уменьшает сроки стационарного лечения, частоту послеоперационных осложнений и летальность у гемодинамически стабильных пациентов с закрытой травмой живота по сравнению с лапаротомией.Для получения данных более высокого уровня достоверности доказательств и уровня убедительности рекомендаций необходимо дальнейшее проведение систематических обзоров и метаанализов на основе рандомизированных клинических исследований.

The second-order oscillatory system with constant coefficients in the presence of a time-varying bounded external perturbation is considered. Extreme points of the limit cycle, the boundary of the attainability set, are determined. The limit cycle is used to obtain the quality estimates of the system robust stability against the time-varying perturbation.

A characteristic feature of the implosion of multiwire arrays on powerful high-current electrophysical facilities (ZR, Angara-5-1, Julong-1 (PTS), MAGPIE, etc.) is the process of extended wire ablation. It is based on the fact that the substance of the wires is not converted into plasma instantly, but is supplied into the discharge relatively slowly at the rate $$\dot {m}(t)$$ in about 70–80% of the rise time of the facility current. It is believed that the plasma is formed on the surface of the cores of the exploded wires due to the energy coming from the hot plasma corona surrounding the core of the wire in the form of the heat flux and emission. In this paper, we propose a new approach to determining the quantity $$\dot {m}(t)$$ as the main quantitative characteristic of the process of the extended wire ablation in wire (or fiber) arrays. A method is presented, using which it is possible to determine experimentally the time dependence of the quantity $$\dot {m}(t)$$ both at the initial stage of the plasma formation and at its final stage, when $$\dot {m}(t)$$ → 0. In fact, by measuring the current Ip with a magnetic probe located inside the wire array near the surface of the wires, it is possible to find the current flowing in the plasma formation region Is as the difference between the total current through the liner and the current Ip. The time dependence Is(t) thus defined is nonmonotonic, and the quantity $$\dot {m}(t)\sim I_{s}^{2}\left( t \right)$$ correspondingly decreases at the final stage of the implosion of the wire array. The intensity of the plasma formation of arrays made form wires and fibers of different substances (Al, Cu, Mo, W, Bi, and kapron) was determined in experiments at the Angara-5-1 facility, the decay rate of this quantity at the stage of the plasma formation termination and its effect on the pulse and emission parameters were analyzed. The obtained results are compared with the data of the numerical MHD simulation.

Compression of a fiber array with a deuterated target mounted on its axis is studied at the Angara-5-1 facility (3.5 MA, 100 ns). Cylindrical arrays with an initial diameter of 12 mm made from polypropylene fibers with a diameter of 13.4 µm are used. The number of fibers varied from 30 to 120. The target with the density of 0.08–0.2 g/cm3 and the diameter of 1 mm was made on the basis of deuterated polyethylene. A 10‑frame ultra-high-speed X-ray camera, optical slit scans, an integral X-ray pinhole camera, vacuum X-ray diodes, a crystal spectrograph, and neutron detectors are used to measure the plasma parameters in the Z‑pinch. It is found that the dynamics of plasma compression and evolution of local plasma formations, which are sources of neutrons and soft X-ray emission in the energy range of E > 150 eV, depend on the load configuration: the number of fibers, diameter, and density of the deuterated target. Efficient compression of the liner plasma, high concentration and temperature of the compressed target state, as well as the highest neutron yield (8 × 109 neutron/pulse) are observed in experiments with arrays with the fiber number of 60, inside which the target with the diameter of 1 mm and density of 0.2 g/cm3 was placed. The electron density and temperature of the hot plasma in local formations are estimated as ne ≈ 1021 cm–3, Te ≈ 1 keV, respectively. The average neutron energy was 2.6 ± 0.2 MeV. The intensity of the plasma formation $$\dot {m}$$ [in µg/(cm2 ns)] of polypropylene fibers under the action of the discharge current of the facility is determined in experiments with fiber arrays.

The formation of plasma on the surface of a current-carrying electrode of a high-current facility when a current flows through it with a linear density of up to 4 MA/cm and is coated with lead foil or ceramic is studied. The propagation velocity of a dense plasma from a stainless steel electrode is 2–10 km/s, and when the electrode is coated with lead, it is 1–6 km/s. In these experiments, there is no load typical for such facilities—a source of intense X-ray radiation. The plasma propagation from ceramic-coated electrodes starts 200 ns later than that for metal electrodes.

The generation of accelerated electron beams in a high-current Z-pinch formed by the implosion of wire cylindrical tungsten arrays on an Angara-5-1 facility is studied. The most intense characteristic and bremsstrahlung X-ray radiation of fast electrons is recorded from the central region of the pinch at the pin-ching stage. The transverse size of the radiation source in the characteristic tungsten radiation Lα is ~1.5‒1.8 mm, which is close to the transverse size of the radiation source in the soft X-ray emission (1‒1.5 mm). The current of accelerated electrons generated during the implosion of the wire array and the formation of a pinch is on the order of the Alfven current (IA). This result is consistent with the estimate of the current of accelerated electrons made from the measured characteristic radiation intensity Lα of tungsten under the assumption that the mean free path of fast electrons in a pinch is on the order of its length.

The implosion of combined loads consisting of an outer wire (fiber) array and inner cylindrical target was studied experimentally at the Angara-5-1 facility (3.5 MA, 100 ns) at currents of up to 3.5 MA. The experiments were carried out with 12- and 20-mm-diameter outer arrays made of 15-μm-diameter aluminum wires, composite arrays made of aluminum wires and 25-μm-diameter kapron fibers, and arrays made of kapron fibers with a 1-μm-thick aluminum coating. The number of wires varied from 10 to 40. The targets were made of agar-agar or low-density deuterated polyethylene. The parameters of the Z-pinch plasma were determined using the Angara-5-1 diagnostic complex, which included optical streak cameras, X-ray frame cameras, X-ray detectors, X-ray pinhole cameras, neutron detectors, and a mica-crystal X-ray spectrograph. It is established that the plasma compression dynamics and the formation of local plasma structures generating neutrons depend on the load configuration: the array diameter, the number of wires (fibers), and the diameter and density of the target. The most efficient compression and the highest plasma parameters (the compression ratio and plasma temperature), as well as the highest neutron yield, were achieved in experiments with 12-mm-diameter aluminum wire arrays inside which a 1-mm-diameter deuterated target with a mass density of 0.3 g/cm3 was installed As a result of collision of the bulk of the array mass with the inner target, a compact pinch with a diameter of ≈0.5 mm forms. The pinch formation is accompanied by the generation of a soft X-ray pulse. The development of MHD instabilities in the pinch plasma results in the formation of multiple hot spots (HSs) on the pinch axis with a typical size of 200–300 μm and an electron temperature of 0.4–0.7 keV. The HS formation is accompanied by emission of neutrons with a mean energy of 2.7 ± 0.2 MeV. The maximum neutron yield achieved in these experiments was 2.6 × 1010 neutrons/shot.

The motion of the outer boundary of a quasi-spherical tungsten wire array at currents of 2−4 MA was studied experimentally. It is shown that the outer boundary shifts later than it is predicted by simulations by the heterogeneous array model. The instabilities developing at the boundary of the quasi-spherical array are similar to those occurring in a cylindrical array made of the same material. It is found that, in spite of the different time behaviors of the inductances during implosions of quasi-spherical and cylindrical arrays, the energies required to compress these arrays to ~0.4 of the initial radius differ insignificantly.

Experiments on the acceleration of a flyer by a magnetic field make it possible to study the dynamic characteristics of matter on submicrosecond time scales. Megabar pressures at the Angara-5-1 facility are produced using the magnetic field of the current with a linear density of up to 5 MA/cm. In the previous experiments on the acceleration of a duralumin flyer, velocities of up to 10 km/s were achieved. The flyer motion was recorded by means of laser shadowgraphy. In this work, the efficiency of momentum transfer from a duralumin flyer to an initially immobile tungsten target was studied. From the kinematic parameters of the flyer motion before the impact and the motion of the flyer together with the target after the impact, the fraction of the flyer mass that transfer the momentum to the target was estimated. It is established that almost the entire mass of the flyer is involved in the impact process.

Thick-walled tubes were used as a model of line nodes that are subjected to the greatest dynamic and energy loads. The formation of plasma on the surface of lead-coated and ceramic-coated electrodes was studied using shadow frame and streak photography. The linear current density was of the order of 1–3 MA/cm with a rise time of 100 ns. It is necessary to underline that the experiment was conducted in the absence of a source of powerful x-ray radiation. Numerical calculations were performed to simulate the processes that occur in a thick-walled tube when a current with a high linear density is passed through it. The results of numerical modeling of parameter evolution in such a linear density of 3MA/cm for steel cylindrical conductor with diameter of d = 3mm and a wall thickness of 0.5 mm covered by lead foil is in good agreement with experiment.

Experiments on the creation of megabar pressures and acceleration of metal flyers by the pressure of a pulsed magnetic field are being carried out at the Angara-5-1 facility. Velocities of up to 10 km/s were achieved. The velocities of flyers were recorded using the VISAR laser interferometer (velocity interferometer system for any reflector). The issues of the electromagnetic compatibility of the VISAR with the Angara-5-1 facility are considered, since the operation of this facility causes electromagnetic interference and when the magnetic self-isolation is established in the vacuum transmission lines, X-ray bremsstrahlung is generated and influences the optics, fiber-optic cables, and photomultipliers. The suppression of these two sources of interference made it possible to reliably register the VISAR signals and determine the velocity of a flyer.

The application of galvanic vestibular stimulation is considered for the galvanic correction of pilot’s vestibular activity during visual flight control on a flight-dynamic stand and in extreme flight situations.

The results of experiments on the study of plasma compression of nested wire arrays of mixed composition and the generation of powerful pulses of soft x-ray radiation (SXR), carried out on a pulse power facility Angara-5-1 at a current level of up to 3 MA, are presented. Based on the latest experimental data on the intensity of plasma formation of various substances m ˙ (in μg(cm2 ns)−1) (Mitrofanov et al 2020 Plasma Phys. Rep. 46 1150–80) and on the features of the dynamics of plasma compression in nested arrays (Mitrofanov et al 2018 Plasma Phys. Rep. 44 203–35), a nested wire array design has been developed which makes it possible to obtain a high peak SXR power in comparison with the known designs of single and nested tungsten wire arrays. During the implosion of nested arrays of mixed composition, consisting of plastic fibers and tungsten wires, shorter and more powerful SXR pulses were obtained with a maximum peak power P SXR max∼ 10 TW with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) duration of ∼5 ns compared to the parameters of SXR pulses upon compression of single tungsten arrays: P SXR max∼ 5 TW and FWHM ∼ 10 ns. Thus, under the conditions of our experiments, we have shown the possibility of a twofold increase in the peak SXR power during compression of nested arrays by optimizing their design.

Results from experimental studies of implosion of nested wire and fiber arrays at currents of up to 4 МА at the Angara-5-1 facility are presented. Depending on the ratio between the radii of the inner and outer arrays, different modes of the plasma flow in the space between the inner and outer arrays were implemented: the sub-Alfvenic (V r < V А ) and super-Alfvenic (V r > V А ) modes and a mode with the formation of the transition shock wave (SW) region between the cascades. By varying the material of the outer array (tungsten wires or kapron fibers), it is shown that the plasma flow mode between the inner and outer arrays depends on the ratio between the plasma production rates ṁin /ṁout in the inner and outer arrays. The obtained experimental results are compared with the results of one-dimensional MHD simulation of the plasma flow between the arrays. Stable implosion of the inner array plasma was observed in experiments with combined nested arrays consisting of a fiber outer array and a tungsten inner array. The growth rates of magnetic Rayleigh−Taylor (MRT) instability in the inner array plasma at different numbers of fibers in the outer array and different ratios between the radii of the inner and outer arrays are compared. Suppression of MRT instability during the implosion of the inner array plasma results in the formation of a stable compact Z-pinch and generation of a soft X-ray pulse. A possible scenario of interaction between the plasmas of the inner and outer arrays is offered. The stability of the inner array plasma in the stage of final compression depends on the character of interaction of plasma jets from the outer array with the magnetic field of the inner array.

Non-penetrating gunshot abdominal wounds are rare in peacetime and mainly caused by firearm traumatic weapons. The main therapeutic measure in this case is primary surgical debridement with adequate drainage. At the same time, such injuries may be accompanied by damage to internal organs. Timely diagnosis of these lesions may be difficult, and surgical treatment may be necessary. We report a patient with combined gunshot injury, damage to superficial femoral artery and non-penetrating abdominal wound followed by contusion and necrosis of small bowel. When providing medical care in patients with non-penetrating gunshot abdominal wounds, one should remember possible damage to internal organs due to high kinetic energy of the wounding projectile resulting contusion-induced necrosis.Непроникающие огнестрельные ранения живота являются редкими в мирное время и обусловлены в основном применением огнестрельного травматического оружия. Основное лечебное мероприятие при этом — первичная хирургическая обработка раны с адекватным дренированием раневого канала. В то же время в ряде случаев такие ранения могут сопровождаться повреждениями внутренних органов, которые довольно трудно своевременно диагностируются и могут потребовать оперативного лечения.Посредством демонстрации данного клинического случая подчеркнуть сложность диагностики повреждений внутренних органов в случае непроникающих огнестрельных ранений живота для сохранения соответствующей настороженности при оказании помощи таким пациентам.Представлено наблюдение пациента с сочетанной огнестрельной травмой, повреждением поверхностной бедренной артерии и непроникающим ранением живота с контузией и некрозом тонкой кишки.При оказании медицинской помощи пациентам с непроникающими огнестрельными ранениями живота следует помнить о возможности повреждения внутренних органов в связи с большой кинетической энергией ранящего снаряда и формированием зоны контузионного некроза.

Results are presented from experimental studies of the implosion of twisted nested arrays in which the wires of the outer and inner arrays are twisted about the array axis in opposite directions (clockwise and counterclockwise). Experiments with twisted arrays were carried out at the Angara-5-1 facility at currents of up to 4 MA. The currents through the arrays were switched either simultaneously or the current pulse through the outer array was delayed by 10–15 ns with the help of an anode spark gap. It is shown that, in such arrays, the currents flow along the inclined wires and, accordingly, there are both the azimuthal and axial components of the discharge current. The process of plasma implosion in twisted arrays depends substantially on the value of the axial (longitudinal) magnetic field generated inside the array by the azimuthal currents. Two-dimensional simulations of the magnetic field in twisted nested arrays were performed in the (r, z) geometry with allowance for the skin effect in the discharge electrodes. It is shown that, depending on the geometry of the discharge electrodes, different configurations of the magnetic field can be implemented inside twisted nested arrays. The calculated magnetic configurations are compared with the results of measurements of the magnetic field inside such arrays. It is shown that the configuration of the axial magnetic field inside a twisted nested array depends substantially on the distribution of the azimuthal currents between the inner and outer arrays.

The necessary optimality conditions are used to solve the minimax stabilization problem for the linear controlled systems of the third order when the Kalman conditions are not valid.

New experimental data on the implosion of plasma of nested kapron−tungsten arrays are obtained at the Angara-5-1 facility. The mode of plasma implosion is implemented in which a shock wave region forms in the space between the inner and outer arrays where a transition from the super-Alfvenic (V r > V A ) to sub-Alfvenic (V r < V A ) plasma flow takes place. Specific features of the formation and decay of the shock region are studied using laser shadow imaging and X-ray frame photography. The plasma density in the transition region is estimated. By comparing the experimental data with the results of simulations of quasi-steady implosion of a nested array with allowance for extended plasma production, the physical conditions are determined at which the implosion mode with the formation the shock region takes place. Stable compression of the plasma of the inner array was observed during the implosion of combined nested arrays with a fiber outer array and tungsten inner array. Suppression of magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability during the compression of the inner array plasma results in the formation of a compact radiating Z-pinch and generation of a soft X-ray pulse with a peak power of 4 TW and duration of about 5 ns.

The implosion of nested fiber/wire arrays was studied experimentally at the Angara-5-1 facility. The outer array consisted of kapron fibers, while the inner array was made of tungsten wires. The experiments were carried out at a discharge current of 3 MA. Stable compression of the inner array plasma was achieved by increasing the number of fibers in the outer array. In this case, a compact Z-pinch formed at the array axis. Near the pinch, no trailing plasma produced from the high-Z material of the inner array and capable of scattering and reradiating X-ray photons was observed. The trailing edge of the X-ray pulse was found to shorten in the absence of the trailing plasma around the pinch.

The implosion dynamics of a condensed Z-pinch at load currents of up to 3.5 MA and a current rise time of 100 ns was studied experimentally at the Angara-5-1 facility. To increase the energy density, 1- to 3-mm-diameter cylinders made of a deuterated polyethylene−agar-agar mixture or microporous deuterated polyethylene with a mass density of 0.03–0.5 g/cm3 were installed in the central region of the loads. The plasma spatiotemporal characteristics were studied using the diagnostic complex of the Angara-5-1 facility, including electron-optical streak and frame imaging, time-integrated X-ray imaging, soft X-ray (SXR) measurements, and vacuum UV spectroscopy. Most information on the plasma dynamics was obtained using a ten-frame X-ray camera (Е > 100 eV) with an exposure of 4 ns. SXR pulses were recorded using photoemissive vacuum X-ray detectors. The energy characteristics of neutron emission were measured using the time-offlight method with the help of scintillation detectors arranged along and across the pinch axis. The neutron yield was measured by activation detectors. The experimental results indicate that the plasma dynamics depends weakly on the load density. As a rule, two stages of plasma implosion were observed. The formation of hot plasma spots in the initial stage of plasma expansion from the pinch axis was accompanied by short pulses of SXR and neutron emission. The neutron yield reached (0.4–3) × 1010 neutrons/shot and was almost independent of the load density due to specific features of Z-pinch dynamics.

The subject of this study is the evaluation of tritium outgassing and removal from metals such as tungsten, beryllium, stainless steel, and copper alloy. In addition, a composite sample assembled f...

Dynamics and spectral transmission of Al plasma produced by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiation of 0.75-μm thick Al foil is investigated. The EUV radiation with the peak power density in the range of 0.19–0.54 TW/cm2 is provided by Z-pinch formed by W multiwire array implosion in the Angara-5-1 facility. Geometry of the experiment ensures that there are no plasma fluxes from the pinch toward the Al foil and plasma. The same EUV source is used as a back illuminator for obtaining the absorption spectrum of Al plasma in the wavelength range of 5–24 nm. It comprises absorption lines of ions Al4+, Al5+, Al6+, Al7+. Analysis of relative intensities of the lines shows that those ions are formed in dense Al plasma with a temperature of ∼20 eV. Dynamics of Al plasma has been investigated with transverse laser probing. We have also performed radiation-gas-dynamics simulations of plasma dynamics affected by external radiation, which includes self-consistent radiation transport in a plasma shell. The simulations show good agreement with an experimental absorption spectrum and with experimental data concerning plasma dynamics, as well as with the analysis of line absorption spectrum. This confirms the correctness of the physical model underlying these simulations.

Results are presented from experiments on the irradiation of thin aluminum foils by an intense soft X-ray (SXR) source on the basis of the Z-pinch formed during the implosion of a tungsten wire array at the Angara-5-1 facility. The state of the foil target is examined by taking two-dimensional X-ray frames. The expansion velocity of the plasma formed under the action of pulsed SXR emission on the front (irradiated) and back sides of the foil and the glow intensity of aluminum plasma on the back side are found from the spatial distribution of the radiation intensity of the plasma of the irradiated foil. The time at which the foil plasma becomes transparent to Z-pinch radiation is determined from the increase in the intensity of transmitted SXR emission.