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This study examines the election campaign to elect representatives of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in the Yaroslavl Region in 1993 and its results. We examine the political context against which the elections took place, as well as give a brief overview of the election campaign in different regions of the country. The programs of the main candidates, their goals and objectives implemented during the election campaign, as well as the process of summing up the results of the vote are analyzed. An attempt was made to explain the success of some candidates and the failure of other candidates, to find out the specific reasons that contributed to the success of candidates A.I. Lisitsyn and E. B. Mizulina, as well as the defeat of their opponent D.A. Starodubtsev. The studied events are presented in a nationwide context, and the process of establishing legal procedures related to the formation of the upper house of the Federal Assembly is also being studied, for the first and last time in the recent domestic history elected in the course of direct. The social and political composition of the Federation Council of the first convocation is presented. The study is based on a wide range of archival and published sources, as well as research literature.

This article examines processes that took place in regional centers in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Issues of interaction between the regional party apparatus and ordinary citizens became particularly acute by the end of the Khrushchev era. This study is connected with the analysis of the problem of bureaucratic practices of the Yaroslavl regional elite in working with citizens’ letters in the USSR in the 1960s. We perform an analysis of a diverse source base: official regulatory documents, archival materials, sources of personal origin, including memoirs and interviews through a prism oral history. The context of the study is presented by the analysis of official documents revealing problems of the regional elite of the late socialist era: registry, forgery in state reporting, careerism. Consideration of various complaints took a serious place in the work of the regional bureaucracy. Critical letters in the absence of sociological institutions allowed the authorities to present the real moods and demands of the population. Complaints allowed us to identify the negative aspects of reality and respond to them. The materials contained in the letters were checked, and not always the facts they contained were confirmed. The regional nomenclature sought to protect its interests and not to give a reason for the center to perceive critical letters in its address as objective.

The article is a continuation of a study on the relationship between regions and the centre during the period of Nikita Khrushchev. Based on materials from the Upper Volga regions, the historical context of the interaction of regional and central authorities in the USSR in the era of Leonid Brezhnev (second half of the 1960s to 1980s). On the basis of archival materials, memoirs, oral history data, historiography, the regional and central authorities and the political situation in the USSR of the era of «developed socialism» are characterised. There is an increase in attention from the leadership of the USSR and regional elites to the issues of supplying the population with consumer goods. The tendency of a slow increase in living standards in the capitals and at the regional level is noted. The reasons for the long stay in power of representatives of the regional nomenclature are analysed. The article concludes that at the domestic political level, the interaction of the power elites of the Upper Volga regions and the Union-Republican centre in the 1970s-1980s refl ected the all-Union trends in regional policy of Leonid Brezhnev – trust in personnel, compromises and collegiality. It is argued that at the socioeconomic level, there was an increase in negative trends for the non-Chernozemic RSFSR – excessive bureaucratisation, dependence of the province on ill-conceived projects of the centre, impoverishment of human potential, slow implementation of the achievements of the scientifi c and technological revolution

The chapter raises and solves the problem of using effective mechanisms of legal regulation aimed at the development of environmental entrepreneurship. Based on the analysis of Russian, foreign, and international legislation, scientific doctrine, and the experience of some foreign countries, conclusions are drawn about the need to use positive means of legal regulation (legal incentives) and negative ones (legal restrictions, prohibitions, and obligations). It is proved that when regulating rights in private sectors, it is necessary to use incentives to a greater extent, and restrictions in public sectors. The nature of relations related to environmental entrepreneurship is investigated. The key categories that encourage business entities to link their activities with the protection of the natural environment are needs and interests. The authors point out the complex structure of interests concerning the protection of the natural environment. Legal mechanisms for observing the interests of all participants in legal relations are proposed. The analysis of the institute of the best available technologies in the field of environmental protection is carried out. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of its use in business activities and further development. The nature of the concept of ecological entrepreneurship is investigated. Conclusions are drawn about the too narrow approach outlined in the normative legal acts. It is pointed out that it is necessary to consider any business activity in the process of which technologies related to the protection of the natural environment are used as environmental entrepreneurship. The necessity of changing the system of legal regulation by increasing the number and quality of legal incentives is justified. A system of legal incentives is proposed to optimize the processes of environmental protection in the course of business activities.

Positions of interconnected switching devices determine the topological interlocks of switching operations at substations. The paper reviews two approaches for implementing programmable topological interlocks: offline and online. The paper highlights the disadvantages of offline and flexibility of online solutions. Anew object-topology approach to modeling of electrical networks is described. It allows applying the standard rules of topological interlocking automatically, both offline and online. An example of such automation is provided.

A review of the reports and discussions of the second round table of Yaroslavl's young historians, "The" Lords "of the Golden Ring of Russia," is presented in the article. Soviet regional elites and Moscow at the turning point of events (the 1960s to 1980s) were considered on August 28, 2019 in Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogic University. The scientific event was devoted to discursive discussions of issues of regional history (the 1960s to 1980s), to identification of problematic places of the scientific project "Soviet regional elites and their interaction with Moscow in the 1960s to 1980s: in archival documents and in historical memory." The purpose of the round table was related to the need to update the regional aspect of Russia 's recent history after 1945. The main attention of the participants of the round table was focused on the issues of relations between regional and central power in the late USSR, on the problem of regional lobbying, on crime in the Soviet province, on communicative practices of local power and Soviet citizens, on the role of oral history in the study of modern history. More than 20 people, including History teachers of schools in the city of Yaroslavl and undergraduates of history faculty of Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogic University made presentations and participated in discussions.

An analysis of problems occurring during the application of civil liability in legal relationships using information and communication technologies is being conducted in this scientific research. Apart from the absence of legal norms, there are conflict-of-laws rules, contradictions in which are to be resolved. The research of the turnover using digital technologies takes a big part in the legal doctrine. It must be noted that several fundamental works have appeared that make it possible to create a harmonious and non-contradictory system of legal regulation. However, there are still some unresolved questions left; for instance, ones concerning the mechanism of legal regulation of civil liability of subjects that have entered relations using digital technologies. The analysis of the civil law doctrine, the propositions of current Russian and international legislations, and legal practice have revealed a complex of problems connected to the civil liability of subjects entering legal relations using information and communication technologies. It became possible to systemize them depending on the subject and their role in the initiation or termination of the relation. A range of methods (general, general scientific and legal) has made it possible to make conclusions about the reasons why legal regulation is imperfect and why conflicts exist (to prevent them from happening in the future), formulate a legal regime of liability of subjects of the main or supporting group, suggest alterations to the current Russian legislation, aimed at bringing the owner of the information system to account.

(1) The information about the article source should read: “Translated from Elektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, July 2018, pp. 29 – 37.”

The MEG experiment at PSI searches for the decay μ→eγ at a level of ≈10^−13 on the branching ratio BR(μ→eγ/μ→tot), well beyond the present experimental limit (BR≤1.2×10^−11) and is sensitive to the predictions of SUSY-GUT theories. To reach this goal the experiment uses one of the most intense continuous surface muon beams available (≈10^8μ/s) and relies on advanced technology (LXe calorimetry, a gradient-field superconducting spectrometer as well as flexible and powerful trigger and acquisition systems). In order to maintain the highest possible energy, time and spatial resolutions for such detector, frequent calibration and monitoring, using a Cockcroft–Walton proton accelerator, are required. The proton beam is brought to the centre of MEG by a special bellows insertion system and travels in a direction opposite to the one of the normal μ-beam. Protons interact with a lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7) nuclear target and produce one γ (17.6 MeV) from the reaction 3-7 Li(p, γ)8-4 or two coincident γs (11.67 and 4.4 MeV) from the reaction 11-5 B(p, γ)12-6 C*. The 17.6 MeV γ is used for calibrating and monitoring the LXe calorimeter (σEγ/Eγ=3.85±0.15% at 17.6 MeV) while the coincident 11.67 and 4.4 MeV γs are used to measure the relative timing of the calorimeter and the spectrometer timing counters (σ_delta_t=0.450±0.015ns).

A search for the decay μ+→e+γ, performed at PSI and based on data from the initial three months of operation of the MEG experiment, yields an upper limit on the branching ratio of BR(μ+→e+γ)2.8×10^−11 (90% C.L.). This corresponds to the measurement of positrons and photons from ~10^14 stopped μ+ decays by means of a superconducting positron spectrometer and a 900 litre liquid xenon photon detector.

We describe the construction and performance of a scintillating fiber detector used in the near detector for the K2K (KEK to Kamioka, KEK E362) long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. The detector uses 3.7 m long and 0.692 mm diameter scintillating fiber coupled to image-intensifier tubes (IIT), and a CCD camera readout system. Fiber sheet production and detector construction began in 1997, and the detector was commissioned in March, 1999. Results from the first K2K runs confirm good initial performance : position resolution is estimated to be about 0.8 mm, and track finding efficiency is $98 \pm 2$ % for long tracks (i.e., those which intersect more than 5 fiber planes). The hit efficiency was estimated to be $92 \pm 2$ % using cosmic-ray muons, after noise reduction at the offline stage. The possibility of using the detector for particle identification is also discussed., Comment: In total 21 pages with 18 figures. THis is the proceedings for "The 7th International Conference on Instrumentation for Colliding Beam Physics", held on Hamamatsu, Japan, Nov. 15-19, 1999