Search

Submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) are bright sources at submillimetre wavelengths. Made up of mostly of high-z galaxies, SMGs are amongst the most luminous dusty galaxies in the Universe. Studying their environments and clustering strength is thus important to put these galaxies in a cosmological context. We present an environmental study of a sample of 116 SMGs in 96 ALMA observation fields, which were initially discovered with the AzTEC camera on ASTE and identified with high-resolution ALMA imaging within the COSMOS survey field, having either spectroscopic or unambiguous photometric redshift. We analysed their environments making use of the latest release of the COSMOS photometric catalogue, COSMOS2015, a catalogue that contains precise photometric redshifts for more than half a million objects over the 2deg2 COSMOS field. We searched for dense galaxy environments computing the so-called overdensity parameter as a function of distance within a radius of 5 arcmin from the SMG. We validated this approach spectroscopically for those SMGs for which spectroscopic redshift is available. As an additional test, we searched for extended X-ray emission as a proxy for the hot intracluster medium, performing an X-ray stacking analysis in the 0.5-2 keV band with a 32 arcsec aperture and our SMG position using all available XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray observations of the COSMOS field. We find that 27% (31 out of 116) of the SMGs in our sample are located in a galactic dense environment; a fraction that is similar to previous studies. The spectroscopic redshift is known for 15 of these 31 sources, thus this photometric approach is tested using spectroscopy. We are able to confirm that 7 out of 15 SMGs lie in high-density peaks. However, the search for associated extended X-ray emission via an X-ray stacking analysis leads to a detection that is not statistically significant., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 12 pages, 1 table, 2 figures

We present ultra-deep, matched-resolution Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 10 and $3$ GHz in the COSMOS field: the COSMOS-XS survey. The final 10 and $3$ GHz images cover $\sim16\rm{arcmin}^{2}$ and $\sim180\rm{arcmin}^{2}$ and reach median rms values of $0.41\mu\rm{Jy\,beam}^{-1}$ and $0.53\mu\rm{Jy\,beam}^{-1}$, respectively. Both images have an angular resolution of $\sim 2.0''$. To fully account for the spectral shape and resolution variations across the broad bands, we image all data with a multi-scale, multi-frequency synthesis algorithm. We present source catalogs for the 10 and $3$ GHz image with 91 and 1498 sources, respectively, above a peak brightness threshold of $5\sigma$. We present source counts with completeness corrections included that are computed via Monte Carlo simulations. Our corrected radio counts at $3$ GHz with direct detections down to $\sim2.8\mu$Jy are consistent within the uncertainties with other results at 3 and 1.4 GHz, but extend to fainter flux densities than previous direct detections. The ultra-faint $3$ GHz number counts are found to exceed the counts predicted by the semi-empirical radio sky simulations developed in the framework of the SKA Simulated Skies project, consistent with previous P(D) analyses. Our measured source counts suggest a steeper luminosity function evolution for these faint star-forming sources. The semi-empirical Tiered Radio Extragalactic Continuum Simulation (T-RECS) predicts this steeper evolution and is in better agreement with our results. The $10$ GHz radio number counts also agree with the counts predicted by the T-RECS simulation within the expected variations from cosmic variance. In summary, the multi-band, matched-resolution COSMOS-XS survey in the well-studied COSMOS field provides a high-resolution view of the ultra-faint radio sky that can help guide next generation radio facilities., Comment: Resubmitted to ApJ after incorporating suggestions from the referee; 20 pages, 17 figures. This is a companion paper to Algera et al., on arXiv today

The XXL survey currently covers two 25 sq. deg. patches with XMM observations of ~10ks. We summarise the scientific results associated with the first release of the XXL data set, that occurred mid 2016. We review several arguments for increasing the survey depth to 40 ks during the next decade of XMM operations. X-ray (z 1 cluster density. It will eventually constitute a reference study and an ideal calibration field for the upcoming eROSITA and Euclid missions.

We explore the multiwavelength properties of AGN host galaxies for different classes of radio-selected AGN out to z$\lesssim$6 via a multiwavelength analysis of about 7700 radio sources in the COSMOS field. The sources were selected with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 3 GHz (10 cm) within the VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project, and cross-matched with multiwavelength ancillary data. This is the largest sample of high-redshift (z$\lesssim$6) radio sources with exquisite photometric coverage and redshift measurements available. We constructed a sample of moderate-to-high radiative luminosity AGN (HLAGN) via spectral energy distribution (SED) decomposition combined with standard X-ray and mid-infrared diagnostics. Within the remainder of the sample we further identified low-to-moderate radiative luminosity AGN (MLAGN) via excess in radio emission relative to the star formation rates in their host galaxies. We show that AGN power in HLAGN occurs predominantly in radiative form, while MLAGN display a substantial mechanical AGN luminosity component. We found significant differences in the host properties of the two AGN classes, as a function of redshift. At z$$1.5, we observed a reversal in the behaviour of the stellar mass distributions with the HLAGN populating the higher stellar mass tail. We interpret this finding as a possible hint of the downsizing of galaxies hosting HLAGN, with the most massive galaxies triggering AGN activity earlier than less massive galaxies, and then fading to MLAGN at lower redshifts. Our conclusion is that HLAGN and MLAGN samples trace two distinct galaxy and AGN populations in a wide range of redshifts, possibly resembling the radio AGN types often referred to as radiative- and jet-mode (or high- and low-excitation), respectively., Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables (2 Appendices). Accepted for publication in A&A. The catalogue described in Section 5 is available at http://jvla-cosmos.phy.hr/dr1/

Previous clustering analysis of low-power radio AGN has indicated that they preferentially live in massive groups. The X-ray surveys of the COSMOS field have achieved a sensitivity at which these groups are directly detected out to z=1.3. Making use of Chandra-, XMM- and VLA-COSMOS surveys we identify radio AGN members (10**23.6 < L_1.4GHz/(W/Hz) < 10**25) of galaxy groups (10**13.2 < M_200/M_sun < 10**14.4; 0.1

We derive the cosmic star formation history (CSFH) out to z=1.3 using a sample of ~350 radio-selected star-forming galaxies, a far larger sample than in previous, similar studies. We attempt to differentiate between radio emission from AGN and star-forming galaxies, and determine an evolving 1.4 GHz luminosity function based on these VLA-COSMOS star forming galaxies. We precisely measure the high-luminosity end of the star forming galaxy luminosity function (SFR>100 M_Sol/yr; equivalent to ULIRGs) out to z=1.3, finding a somewhat slower evolution than previously derived from mid-infrared data. We find that more stars are forming in luminous starbursts at high redshift. We use extrapolations based on the local radio galaxy luminosity function; assuming pure luminosity evolution, we derive $L_* \propto (1+z)^{2.1 \pm 0.2}$ or $L_* \propto (1+z)^{2.5 \pm 0.1}$, depending on the choice of the local radio galaxy luminosity function. Thus, our radio-derived results independently confirm the ~1 order of magnitude decline in the CSFH since z~1., 9 pages, 7 figures; submitted to ApJ (revised following the referee report)

We explore how well crowded field point-source photometry can be accomplished with SDSS data: We present a photometric pipeline based on DoPhot, and tuned for analyzing crowded-field images from the SDSS. Using Monte Carlo simulations we show that the completeness of source extraction is above 80% to i >6 (Ic_sol), and possibly >75 if the DM halo dominates the mass and extends further out than 12'. In summary, our results show that Leo I is a symmetric, relaxed and bound system; this supports the idea that Leo I is a dark-matter dominated system.

We present observations at 1.4 and 250 GHz of the $z\sim 5.7$ Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAE) in the COSMOS field found by Murayama et al.. At 1.4 GHz there are 99 LAEs in the lower noise regions of the radio field. We do not detect any individual source down to 3$\sigma$ limits of $\sim 30\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$ at 1.4 GHz, nor do we detect a source in a stacking analysis, to a 2$\sigma$ limit of $2.5\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$. At 250 GHz we do not detect any of the 10 LAEs that are located within the central regions of the COSMOS field covered by MAMBO ($20' \times 20'$) to a typical 2$\sigma$ limit of $S_{250} 6\times 10^{24}$ W Hz$^{-1}$ in the LAE sample. The radio and millimeter observations also rule out any highly obscured, extreme starbursts in the sample, ie. any galaxies with massive star formation rates $> 1500$ M$_\odot$ year$^{-1}$ in the full sample (based on the radio data), or 500 M$_\odot$ year$^{-1}$ for the 10% of the LAE sample that fall in the central MAMBO field. The stacking analysis implies an upper limit to the mean massive star formation rate of $\sim 100$ M$_\odot$ year$^{-1}$.

We present results from a narrow-band optical survey of a contiguous area of 1.95 deg^2, covered by the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS). Both optical narrow-band (lambda_c = 8150 AA and Delta_lambda = 120 AA) and broad-band (B, V, g', r', i', and z') imaging observations were performed with the Subaru prime-focus camera, Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. We provide the largest contiguous narrow-band survey, targetting Ly alpha emitters (LAEs) at z~5.7. We find a total of 119 LAE candidates at z~5.7. Over the wide-area covered by this survey, we find no strong evidence for large scale clustering of LAEs. We estimate a star formation rate (SFR) density of ~7*10^-4 M_sun yr^-1 Mpc^-3 for LAEs at z~5.7, and compare it with previous measurements.

The broad spectral bandwidth at millimeter and centimeter wavelengths provided by the recent upgrades to the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) has made it possible to conduct unbiased searches for molecular CO line emission at redshifts, z > 1.31. We present the discovery of a gas-rich, star-forming galaxy at z = 2.48 through the detection of CO J = 1-0 line emission in the COLDz survey and through a sensitive, Ka-band (31-39 GHz) VLA survey of a 6.5 arcmin2 region of the COSMOS field. We argue that the broad line (FWHM ~ 570 ± 80 km s–1) is most likely to be CO J = 1-0 at z = 2.48, as the integrated emission is spatially coincident with an infrared-detected galaxy with a photometric redshift estimate of z phot = 3.2 ± 0.4. The CO J = 1-0 line luminosity is $L^{\prime }_{\rm CO} = (2.2\pm 0.3) \times 10^{10}$ K km s–1 pc2, suggesting a cold molecular gas mass of M gas ~ (2-8) × 1010 M ☉ depending on the assumed value of the molecular gas mass to CO luminosity ratio αCO. The estimated infrared luminosity from the (rest-frame) far-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) is L IR = 2.5 × 1012 L ☉ and the star formation rate is ~250 M ☉ yr–1, with the SED shape indicating substantial dust obscuration of the stellar light. The infrared to CO line luminosity ratio is ~114 ± 19 L ☉/(K km s–1 pc2), similar to galaxies with similar SFRs selected at UV/optical to radio wavelengths. This discovery confirms the potential for molecular emission line surveys as a route to study populations of gas-rich galaxies in the future.

We present results from a narrow-band optical survey of a contiguous area of 1.95 deg^2, covered by the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS). Both optical narrow-band (lambda_c = 8150 AA and Delta_lambda = 120 AA) and broad-band (B, V, g', r', i', and z') imaging observations were performed with the Subaru prime-focus camera, Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. We provide the largest contiguous narrow-band survey, targetting Ly alpha emitters (LAEs) at z~5.7. We find a total of 119 LAE candidates at z~5.7. Over the wide-area covered by this survey, we find no strong evidence for large scale clustering of LAEs. We estimate a star formation rate (SFR) density of ~7*10^-4 M_sun yr^-1 Mpc^-3 for LAEs at z~5.7, and compare it with previous measurements., 26 pages, 19 figures. to appear in the ApJ Supplement COSMOS Special Issue

Three billion years after the big bang (at redshift z=2), half of the most massive galaxies were already old, quiescent systems with little to no residual star formation and extremely compact with stellar mass densities at least an order of magnitude larger than in low redshift ellipticals, their descendants. Little is known about how they formed, but their evolved, dense stellar populations suggest formation within intense, compact starbursts 1-2 Gyr earlier (at 3, Comment: ApJ (in press)

Large-scale structures (LSS) out to z $< 3.0$ are measured in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) using extremely accurate photometric redshifts (photoz). The Ks-band selected sample (from Ultra-Vista) is comprised of 155,954 galaxies. Two techniques -- adaptive smoothing and Voronoi tessellation -- are used to estimate the environmental densities within 127 redshift slices. Approximately 250 statistically significant overdense structures are identified out to z $= 3.0$ with shapes varying from elongated filamentary structures to more circularly symmetric concentrations. We also compare the densities derived for COSMOS with those based on semi-analytic predictions for a $��$CDM simulation and find excellent overall agreement between the mean densities as a function of redshift and the range of densities. The galaxy properties (stellar mass, spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and star formation rates (SFRs)) are strongly correlated with environmental density and redshift, particularly at z $< 1.0 - 1.2$. Classifying the spectral type of each galaxy using the rest-frame b-i color (from the photoz SED fitting), we find a strong correlation of early type galaxies (E-Sa) with high density environments, while the degree of environmental segregation varies systematically with redshift out to z $\sim 1.3$. In the highest density regions, 80% of the galaxies are early types at z=0.2 compared to only 20% at z = 1.5. The SFRs and the star formation timescales exhibit clear environmental correlations. At z $> 0.8$, the star formation rate density (SFRD) is uniformly distributed over all environmental density percentiles, while at lower redshifts the dominant contribution is shifted to galaxies in lower density environments., mp4 versions of some figures available at http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/COSMOS/ancillary/densities/

One of the main achievements in modern cosmology is the so-called `unified model', which successfully describes most classes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) within a single physical scheme. However, there is a particular class of radio-luminous AGN that presently cannot be explained within this framework -- the `low-excitation' radio AGN (LERAGN). Recently, a scenario has been put forward which predicts that LERAGN, and their regular `high-excitation' radio AGN (HERAGN) counterparts represent different (red sequence vs. green valley) phases of galaxy evolution. These different evolutionary states are also expected to be reflected in their host galaxy properties, in particular their cold gas content. To test this, here we present CO(1-0) observations toward a sample of 11 of these systems conducted with CARMA. Combining our observations with literature data, we derive molecular gas masses (or upper limits) for a complete, representative, sample of 21 z

We analyze the morphological properties of a large sample of 1503 70 micron selected galaxies in the COSMOS field spanning the redshift range 0.011 being difficult to classify and subject to the effects of band pass shifting, therefore, these numbers can only be considered lower limits. At z1 the fraction of major mergers is at least 30-40% for ULIRGs. Although the general morphological trends agree with what has been observed for local (U)LIRGs, the fraction of major mergers is slightly lower than seen locally. This is in part due to the difficulty of identifying merger signatures at high redshift. We argue that given the number of major gas-rich mergers observed and the relatively short timescale that they would be observable in the (U)LIRG phase that it is plausible for the observed red sequence of massive ellipticals (, Comment: 30 pages, 27 figures, and 6 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ. The full resolution version can be found at: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jeyhan/paperII/Kartaltepe_70mic_PaperII.pdf

We present results of a survey for Ly alpha emitters at z=4.86 based on optical narrowband (lambda_c=7126 angstrom, Delta lambda=73 angstrom) and broadband (B, V, r', i', and z') observations of the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field using Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. We find 79 LAE candidates at z=4.86 over a contiguous survey area of 1.83 deg^2, down to the Ly alpha line flux of 1.47 x 10^-17 ergs s^-1 cm^-2. We obtain the Ly alpha luminosity function with a best-fit Schechter parameters of log L^*=42.9^+0.5_-0.3 ergs s^-1 and phi^* = 1.2^+8.0_-1.1 x 10^-4 Mpc^-3 for alpha=-1.5 (fixed). The two-point correlation function for our LAE sample is xi(r) = (r/4.4^+5.7_-2.9 Mpc)^-1.90+/-0.22. In order to investigate the field-to-field variations of the properties of Ly alpha emitters, we divide the survey area into nine tiles of 0.5^circ x 0.5^circ each. We find that the number density varies with a factor of ~ 2 from field to field with high statistical significance. However, we find no significant field-to-field variance when we divide the field into four tiles with 0.7^circ x 0.7^circ each. We conclude that at least 0.5 deg^2 survey area is required to derive averaged properties of LAEs at z~5, and our survey field is wide enough to overcome the cosmic variance., Comment: 24 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables, uses emulateapj sty, accepted for publication in ApJ

We present an analysis of the radio properties of large samples of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at $z \sim 3$, 4, and 5 from the COSMOS field. The median stacking analysis yields a statistical detection of the $z \sim 3$ LBGs (U-band drop-outs), with a 1.4 GHz flux density of $0.90 \pm 0.21 ��$Jy. The stacked emission is unresolved, with a size $< 1"$, or a physical size $< 8$kpc. The total star formation rate implied by this radio luminosity is $31\pm 7$ $M_\odot$ year$^{-1}$, based on the radio-FIR correlation in low redshift star forming galaxies. The star formation rate derived from a similar analysis of the UV luminosities is 17 $M_\odot$ year$^{-1}$, without any correction for UV dust attenuation. The simplest conclusion is that the dust attenuation factor is 1.8 at UV wavelengths. However, this factor is considerably smaller than the standard attenuation factor $\sim 5$, normally assumed for LBGs. We discuss potential reasons for this discrepancy, including the possibility that the dust attenuation factor at $z \ge 3$ is smaller than at lower redshifts. Conversely, the radio luminosity for a given star formation rate may be systematically lower at very high redshift. Two possible causes for a suppressed radio luminosity are: (i) increased inverse Compton cooling of the relativistic electron population due to scattering off the increasing CMB at high redshift, or (ii) cosmic ray diffusion from systematically smaller galaxies. The radio detections of individual sources are consistent with a radio-loud AGN fraction of 0.3%. One source is identified as a very dusty, extreme starburst galaxy (a 'submm galaxy')., 15 pages, 2 figures AASTEX, to appear in ApJ

We present the results of a search for galaxy clusters in the first 36 XMM-Newton pointings on the COSMOS field. We reach a depth for a total cluster flux in the 0.5-2 keV band of 3x10-15 ergs cm-2 s-1, having one of the widest XMM-Newton contiguous raster surveys, covering an area of 2.1 square degrees. Cluster candidates are identified through a wavelet detection of extended X-ray emission. Verification of the cluster candidates is done based on a galaxy concentration analysis in redshift slices of thickness of 0.1-0.2 in redshift, using the multi-band photometric catalog of the COSMOS field and restricting the search to zS)-lg(S) distribution compares well with previous results, although yielding a somewhat higher number of clusters at similar fluxes. The X-ray luminosity function of COSMOS clusters matches well the results of nearby surveys, providing a comparably tight constraint on the faint end slope of alpha=1.93+/-0.04. For the probed luminosity range of 8x10+42 - 2x10+44 ergs s-1, our survey is in agreement with and adds significantly to the existing data on the cluster luminosity function at high redshifts and implies no substantial evolution at these luminosities to z=1.3., 15 pages, to appear in the COSMOS Special Issue, ApJS 2007. More information onf XMM-COSMOS project could be found at http://www.mpe.mpg.de/XMMCosmos/

We have carried out a wide-field imaging survey for [OII]3727 emitting galaxies at z~1.2 in the HST COSMOS 2 square degree field using the Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. The survey covers a sky area of 6700 arcmin^2 in the COSMOS field, and a redshift range between 1.17 and 1.20 (Delta_z = 0.03), corresponding to a survey volume of 5.56*10^5 Mpc^3. We obtain a sample of 3176 [OII] emitting galaxies with observed emission-line equivalent widths greater than 26 AA. Since our survey tends to sample brighter [OII]3727 emitting galaxies, we also analyze a sample of fainter [OII]3727 emitting galaxies found in the Subaru Deep Field (SDF). We find an extinction-corrected [OII] luminosity density of 10^{40.35^+0.08_-0.06} ergs s^-1 Mpc-3, corresponding to star formation rate density of 0.32^+0.06_-0.04 M_sun yr-1 Mpc^-3 in the COSMOS field at z~1.2. This is the largest survey for [OII]3727 emitters beyond z=1 currently available., Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures. to appear in the ApJ Supplement COSMOS Special Issue

We present a large robust sample of 1503 reliable and unconfused 70microm selected sources from the multiwavelength data set of the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS). Using the Spitzer IRAC and MIPS photometry, we estimate the total infrared luminosity, L_IR (8--1000 microns), by finding the best fit template from several different template libraries. The long wavelength 70 and 160 micron data allow us to obtain a reliable estimate of L_IR, accurate to within 0.2 and 0.05 dex, respectively. The 70 micron data point enables a significant improvement over the luminosity estimates possible with only a 24 micron detection. The full sample spans a wide range in L_IR, L_IR ~ 10^8-10^14 L_sun, with a median luminosity of 10^11.4 L_sun. We identify a total of 687 luminous, 303 ultraluminous, and 31 hyperluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs, ULIRGs, and HyLIRGs) over the redshift range 0.01, Comment: 31 pages including 31 figures and 6 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ. The full resolution version is available here: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jeyhan/paperI/Kartaltepe_70mic_PaperI.pdf

Using the IRAM 30m telescope, we have detected the CO J=2-1, 4-3, 5-4, and 6-5 emission lines in the millimeter-bright, blank-field selected AGN COSMOS J100038+020822 at redshift z=1.8275. The sub-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) excitation of the J=4 level implies that the gas is less excited than that in typical nearby starburst galaxies such as NGC253, and in the high-redshift quasars studied to date, such as J1148+5251 or BR1202-0725. Large velocity gradient (LVG) modeling of the CO line spectral energy distribution (CO SED; flux density vs. rotational quantum number) yields H2 densities in the range 10^{3.5}--10^{4.0} cm-3, and kinetic temperatures between 50 K and 200 K. The H2 mass of (3.6 - 5.4) x 10^{10} M_sun implied by the line intensities compares well with our estimate of the dynamical mass within the inner 1.5 kpc of the object. Fitting a two-component gray body spectrum, we find a dust mass of 1.2 x 10^{9} M_sun, and cold and hot dust temperatures of 42+/-5 K and 160+/-25 K, respectively. The broad MgII line allows us to estimate the mass of the central black hole as 1.7 x 10^{9} M_sun. Although the optical spectrum and multi-wavelength SED matches those of an average QSO, the molecular gas content and dust properties resemble those of known submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). The optical morphology of this source shows tidal tails that suggest a recent interaction or merger. Since it shares properties of both starburst and AGN, this object appears to be in a transition from a strongly starforming submillimeter galaxy to a QSO., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

The inner 20×20 arcmin2 of the COSMOS field was imaged at 250 GHz (1.2 mm) to an rms noise level of ~1 mJy per 11" beam using the Max-Planck Millimeter Bolometer Array (MAMBO-2) at the IRAM 30 m telescope. We detect 15 sources at significance between 4 and 7 σ, 11 of which are also detected at 1.4 GHz with the VLA with a flux density >24 μJy (3 σ). We identify 12 more lower significance mm sources based on their association with faint radio sources. We present the multifrequency identifications of the MAMBO sources, including VLA radio flux densities, optical and near-infrared identifications, as well as the XMM-Newton X-ray detection for two of the mm sources. We compare radio and optical photometric redshifts and briefly describe the host galaxy morphologies. The colors of the identified optical counterparts suggest most of them to be high-redshift (z~2-3) star-forming galaxies. At least three sources appear lensed by a foreground galaxy. We highlight some MAMBO sources that do not show obvious radio counterparts. These sources could be dusty starburst galaxies at redshifts >3.5. The 250 GHz source areal density in the COSMOS field is comparable to that seen in other deep mm fields. Based on observations with the 30 m telescope of the Institute for Radioastronomy at Millimeter Wavelengths (IRAM), which is funded by the German Max-Planck-Society, the French CNRS, and the Spanish National Geographical Institute. Also based on observations with the Very Large Arrray of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, which is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated University Inc. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under NASA contract NAS 5-26555 also based on data collected at the Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and NASA; the European Southern Observatory, Chile; Kitt Peak National Observatory, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation; and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope operated by the National Research Council of Canada, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de France and the University of Hawaii.