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The uptake of Physical Activity Guidelines (PAGs) for adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) may be facilitated through mHealth solutions such as a mobile app. To date, there is limited information regarding preferred features of an app for people with MS. We explored desired features for an app that supports physical activity behaviour among persons with MS.Using a pluralistic analytical approach, we conducted a secondary qualitative analysis on a portion of data collected from an earlier study to explore (i) what persons with MS wanted in an app based on the PAGs and (ii) how the PAG-based app should facilitate behaviour change. The data were subjected to deductive, content analysis to identify populous mentions of desired PAG-based app elements. We then used inductive, semantic reflexive thematic analysis to further explore the opinions and evaluations of participants.Participants (This study identifies several design considerations for an app based on the PAGs. The results suggest a simple, trustworthy, and evidence-based app that focuses on helping persons with MS reach the PAGs.mHealth technologies could be an empowering and inclusive method of supporting physical activity uptake among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).Knowledge is currently lacking regarding how mHealth technologies, such as mobile apps, can facilitate uptake of Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults with MS (PAGs).People with MS (

YYS acknowledges support from the Funds for Women Graduates (GA-00558). FG and CJB acknowledge support from EPSRC through Grants EP/M029077/1 and EP/S027270/1. RS acknowledges financial support from the Scottish Funding Council through SRD-Grant HR07003. On-surface synthesis with designer precursor molecules is considered an effective method for preparing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of well-defined widths and with tunable electronic properties. Recent reports have shown that the band gap of ribbons doped with heteroatoms (such as boron, nitrogen, and sulfur) remains unchanged in magnitude in most cases. Nevertheless, theory predicts that a tunable band gap may be engineered by hydrogenation, but experimental evidence for this is so far lacking. Herein, surface-confined hydrogenation studies of 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) grown on Au(111) surfaces, in an ultrahigh vacuum environment, are reported. GNRs are first prepared, then hydrogenated by exposure to activated hydrogen atoms. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images reveal a self-limited hydrogenation process. By means of a combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (BRSTM) imaging and tip-induced site-specific dehydrogenation, the hydrogenation mechanism is studied in detail, and density-functional theory (DFT) calculation methods are used to complement the experimental findings. In all cases, the results demonstrate the successful modification of the electronic properties of the GNR/Au(111) system by edge and basal-plane hydrogenation, and a mechanism for the hydrogenation process is proposed. Publisher PDF

Rehabilitation counselor educators (RCEs) in programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) are mandated to assess student professional dispositions as part of the gatekeeping process. This study utilized the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explore the factors that influence RCE dispositional gatekeeping behaviors. The study includes a sample of 52 RCEs across the United States. Results obtained using a multiple linear regression model indicate that participants generally have positive attitudes toward their role as dispositional gatekeepers and their behaviors. As hypothesized by TPB, both beliefs and perceived norms relating to dispositional gatekeeping predicted dispositional gatekeeping behaviors, with the model accounting for approximately 57% of the variance. Lastly, implications and recommendations are included as they relate to gatekeeping in master’s-level rehabilitation counseling programs.

Adventive populations of Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) have been detected in the eastern and western United States including the western states of Washington, Oregon, California, and Utah. These populations may provide classical biological control for the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), which can cause economic loss to many specialty crops in western North America. Idaho has not previously been surveyed for the exotic T. japonicus or native parasitoids of H. halys. In July 2021, T. japonicus was discovered emerging from wild H. halys egg masses in Star, Idaho (43.69788, −116.49427), and was detected on yellow sticky cards from July to September. This is the first record of T. japonicus in the state of Idaho. T. japonicus constituted only a small portion of Trissolcus species detected; other species included T. euschisti (Ashmead), T. hullensis (Harrington), and T. utahensis (Ashmead). Genetic population level analysis of T. japonicus specimens from Idaho supports the likelihood of its expansion inland from the west coast, inhabiting ecozones previously considered unsuitable due to high temperatures and low humidity. This report opens the prospect of an effective biological control agent for H. halys in Idaho and potentially other hot and dry geographic regions and expands documentation of the presence of adventive T. japonicus populations in North America.

Black bodies at risk are in constant conversation with each other. The Black witness who films a fatal police encounter on her phone is talking to the Black victim, promising not to leave him in his final moments. The distant Black witness who sees that video then talks back to the witness and the victim, creating powerful imagery that amplifies the tragic footage. In this manner, those working under the broad banner of the Black Lives Matter movement have reimagined a dynamic Black visual public sphere, where moral arguments about police brutality are sustained through an assemblage of strategic visual appeals. In this essay, I argue that this call-and-response of Black corporeal iconography forms the vanguard of embodied protest journalism in the 21st century. I explain how the concepts of “strong objectivity,” which is rooted in feminist standpoint theory, help validate and liberate the flesh witnessing of the marginalized. Moreover, I offer two broad categories of imagery that Black activists create most often in response to fatal police shootings: historic juxtapositions and symbolic deaths.

Adventive populations of Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) have been detected in eastern and western United States including the western states of Washington, Oregon, California, and Utah. These populations may provide classical biological control for the invasive stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål) which can cause severe damage and economic loss, especially to specialty crops in western North America. Idaho has previously been un-surveyed for the exotic T. japonicus and native parasitoids of H. halys. To assess the presence of stink bug parasitoids in Idaho, we deployed yellow sticky cards at nine sites in southwestern Idaho between June and October 2021. We discovered T. japonicus on sticky cards and emerging from wild H. halys egg masses. This is the first record of T. japonicus in the state of Idaho. Trissolcus japonicus constituted only 5% of Trissolcus species detected; other species included T. euschisti, T. hullensis, and T. utahensis. In other studies, native Trissolcus have been found to provide low parasitism rates of H. halys in invaded regions. Through genetic population level analysis, specimens from this study may suggest that T. japonicus is expanding inland from the West Coast, inhabiting ecozones previously considered unsuitable due to high temperatures and low humidity. These findings open the prospect of an effective biological control agent for H. halys in Idaho and potentially other hot and dry geographic regions and expands documentation of the presence of adventive T. japonicus populations in North America.

This book considers how media coverage of unexpected, dramatic events shapes public consciousness about important social and political problems. It argues that when incidents of police brutality become news, they offer one of the few real battlegrounds available for marginalized voices and activists to find a public platform and take on the powerful. Including new chapters that look more closely at race and racial justice in incidents of police force, the text reflects on the context in which the first edition was written—a time when race and policing were rarely discussed in the news or in the field of political communication—and considers what has changed in media studies since the year 2000, what hasn’t changed, and why. It considers coverage of more recent incidents of police violence and the ways in which the voices of citizen activists are treated in the news today. The text also addresses the important question of how defining political problems through such events might or might not produce more lasting policy change.

M.T. gratefully acknowledges financial support from Lubrizol Limited and thanks the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant EP/L015307/1 for the Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS-CDT). C.G. acknowledges the use of the Euler cluster at ETH Zurich for the DFT calculations. F.G. acknowledges funding from the EPSRC (grant EP/S027270/1). The interaction of benzotriazole (BTAH) with Cu(100) has been studied as a function of BTAH exposure in a joint experimental and theoretical effort. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been combined to elucidate the structural and chemical characteristics of this system. BTAH is found to deprotonate upon adsorption on the copper surface and to adopt an orientation that depends on the molecular coverage. Benzotriazolate (BTA) species initially lie with their planes parallel to the substrate but, at a higher molecular coverage, a transition occurs to an upright adsorption geometry. Upon increasing the BTAH exposure, different phases of vertically aligned BTAs are observed with increasing molecular densities until a final, self-limiting monolayer is developed. Both theory and experiment agree in identifying CuBTA and Cu(BTA)2 metal-organic complexes as the fundamental building blocks of this monolayer. This work shows several similarities with the results of previous studies on the interaction of benzotriazole with other low Miller index copper surfaces, thereby ideally completing and concluding them. The overall emerging picture constitutes an important starting point for understanding the mechanism for protection of copper from corrosion. Publisher PDF

The purpose of this study was to analyze professional, Japanese, female soccer athletes’ views on second career development and perceived support from the Women’s Empowerment Professional Football League, Japan. This study was underpinned by occupational socialization theory and utilized a qualitative, collective case study design through demographic questionnaires, in-depth face-to-face semistructured interviews, and reflexive thematic analysis. Participants were six current professional soccer players of one professional team of the Women’s Empowerment League. Three themes were generated from the data: (a) avoiding washout effects in second career opportunities, (b) the importance of dual-career pathway opportunities, and (c) professional development and second career training. These findings reflected how participants’ first career as a professional athlete became ingrained within their identity and shaped future desires and preparations for second careers. They also reflect the difficulty participants experienced balancing a professional athletic career with part-time office work for financial stability as well as planning for a second career linked to soccer. Players expressed a need for second career preparation to be facilitated by their clubs and the Women’s Empowerment League, and we provide implications and recommendations to support this work.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Adapted Inventory of Virtues and Strengths (AIVS). AIVS is a unique instrument that operationalizes virtues in terms of character traits that are specially designed for psychosocial adaptation and rehabilitation. Data were collected from 464 individuals with disabilities and analyzed via the combination of exploratory ( n = 256) and confirmatory analyses ( n = 208). Although the results suggest dropping some items, the original five-virtue structure was supported and confirmed via both analyses. The construct validity of AIVS was further analyzed via correlation analyses between AIVS and other measures, including Values in Action Inventory of Strengths 72-Item, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Connor-Davison Resilience Scale, and General Self-Efficacy Scale. The results suggest that with continuing research to document reliability and validity, AIVS has potential in the context of rehabilitation research. Further discussion on psychometric information of AIVS and future implications were presented.

Selection intensity and generation interval were evaluated in a Hereford cattle herd made up of 14 inbred lines and 14 linecross groups corresponding to the lines of inbred sires at the Suan Juan Basin Research Center, Hesperus, Colorado. Selection indexes practiced were calculated in retrospect. Analyses of the records collected from 1946 through 1973 involved weaning weight (WW) and postweaning traits in males and females. Analyses by line were performed for the inbreds, while pooled analyses were done on the inbred and linecross populations. From records of 1,239 calves weaned, age of sire averaged 3.75 yr compared with 4.52 yr for age of dam, showing faster generation turnover for sires than for dams. Generation interval determined as actual age of midparent was 4.13 yr. Selection applied for WW, evaluated as annual selection differentials within inbred lines and then pooled over all lines, averaged .55 standard deviations (sigma)/generation for sires. For females, selection was much less intense. Midparent selection differential amounted to .33 sigma/generation. For sires, pooled standardized selection differentials per generation over all lines during the postweaning gain period were .49 sigma, .46 sigma, .40 sigma, -.20 sigma, -.10 sigma and .69 sigma, respectively, for initial weight, final weight, feed consumed, feed efficiency (FE, unadjusted and adjusted) and average daily gain (ADG). Selection of females for postweaning traits was not intense. Selection index actually practiced in retrospect for sires was: IS = .4461 (WW) - .0092 (FE) + .6126 (ADG). The indexes for dams included WW, 12-mo weight (12W), 18-mo weight (18W), mature spring weight (SPW) and mature fall weight (FAW) and were: for inbred dams, ID = .1824 (WW) - .0284 (12W) + .0736 (18W) - .1097 (SPW) - .1097 (FAW); for linecross dams, ID = .2693 (WW) - .2960 (12W) + .0147 (18W) + .1185 (SPW) - .0354 (FAW). The corresponding index selection differentials were .818, .203 and .209. Sire index selection differentials represent about 79% of the total selection differentials.

Data from 14 inbred lines and 14 linecross groups of Hereford cattled at the San Juan Basin Research Centre, Hesperus, were used to evaluate expected and realized response in birth and weapling fraits and post weaning traits in males and females over a 28-year period. There were large differences in the means and variations of the performance traits among the inbreds and lineerosses, the inbreds showing in breeding depression and greater variability while the linecrosses manifested within-breed heterosis. Except for gain from weaning to 12 months, genetic progress was expected in all traits studied, mainly due to sire selection. Regressions of annual trait means on years indicated positive phenotypic trends in the inbreds for heart girth circumference, adjusted weaning weight (adjusted for inbreeding), weaning score, final weight and feed consumption of males and the yearling weights and gains of females. Changes were negative for other traits. In the linecross group phenotypic trends were positive in all traits except heart girth circumference, weaning age, initial test weight and feed efficiency. Estimated genetic progress per generation due to within line selection was negative in the inbreds but was considerably positive for the linecrosses in most of the traits. As expected, between line selection yielded greater genetic improvement in the inbred than in the linecross population. The dissimilar patterns of response in the two populations are attributed to high rates and levels of inbreeding. Although variable, the actual progress was below prediction in most of the traits studied.

Standard treatments have shown dismal activity against pancreatic cancer (PC), due in part to the development of a dense stroma (desmoplasia). This perspective discusses the development of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazones that overcomes bidirectional oncogenic signaling between PC cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which is critical for desmoplasia development. This activity is induced by the up-regulation of the metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), which inhibits oncogenic signaling via HGF, IGF-1 and Sonic Hedgehog pathway. More recent studies have deciphered additional pathways including those mediated by Wnt and tenascin C that are secreted by PSCs to activate β-catenin and YAP/TAZ signaling in PC cells. Suppression of bidirectional signaling between cell types presents a unique therapeutic opportunity.

A week after the back-to-back police shootings of Philando Castile and Alton Sterling in early July 2016, a game developer, who goes by the screen name Yvvy, sat in front of her console mulling over the headlines. She designed a newsgame that featured civilian–police interactions that were plucked from that reportage. She entitled it Easy Level Life. The newsgame is fashioned in what developers call ‘endless mode’, where players are challenged to last as long as possible against a continuing threat, with limited resources or player-character lives. This case study explores the procedural rhetoric of Easy Level Life to investigate how it condemns police brutality through play. Using Teun van Dijk’s concept of ‘news as discourse’ as the framework, I found that this newsgame followed the narrative structure of a traditional newspaper editorial very closely. I explain how the situation–evaluation–conclusion discursive model best describes how Easy Level Life conveys its political ideologies. I conclude by suggesting that this discursive model should perhaps become a benchmarking tool for future newsgame developers who aim to strengthen their arguments for social justice.

Purpose There is a significant gap between translation of evidence-based benefits of exercise and the adoption of this exercise behavior among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Health care providers could be the means by which this translational gap is narrowed, but these individuals require support and resources to effectively promote exercise. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate practice models that guide health care providers in delivering exercise promotion in comprehensive MS care. Methods Over a 6-wk period, primary data were collected from health care providers who worked in comprehensive MS care centers across the United States. This study adopted a quality improvement approach, Plan-Do-Study-Act, to evaluate the practice models. We asked health care providers to complete one online survey evaluating the models and thereafter adopted a case study design to evaluate the practice models according to health care provider feedback. Data were collected through one online survey that asked health care providers to rate the practice models, provide reasons for assigning a particular score, and suggest ways to improve the models. Results Health care providers perceived the three practice models as useful resources for promoting exercise within comprehensive MS care, and provided feedback for improving and modifying the models before implementation into practice. Conclusion We are now one step closer toward a tangible, useful resource for promoting exercise in comprehensive MS care and improving the delivery of exercise promotion and consequently overall care among persons with MS within comprehensive care centers.

Health care providers have highlighted the need for tools and resources that support promotion of exercise behavior within comprehensive multiple sclerosis (MS) care. This study involved a final quality improvement evaluation of exercise promotion models and materials for inclusion within this setting.Our research team distributed a paper-based survey containing Likert scales, open answer questions, and copies of the models for editing. We distributed this survey among health care providers across the United States. We conducted a novel mixed-methods analysis evaluating quantitative, qualitative, and creative data.We received completed surveys from 13 health care providers who strongly rated the clarity and applicability of the models and materials, and reported that no major improvements were necessary. The minor improvements were specific per comprehensive MS care center. The feedback indicated that the "ExerciseThis paper presents finalized models and materials for exercise promotion within comprehensive MS care that are ready to be tested for feasibility and efficacy in a clinical trial.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONHealth care providers require support to promote exercise within the context of comprehensive MS care.The practice models in this article provide guides regarding how to promote exercise in this context.Implementing these exercise promotion guides can reduce the burden of neurologists, and ensure patients receive exercise support from appropriate providers.These guides should be implemented within the context of each individual care center, and not as an explicit step by step guide as each care center is unique.

Purpose Health care providers have highlighted the need for tools and resources that support promotion of exercise behavior within comprehensive multiple sclerosis (MS) care. This study involved a final quality improvement evaluation of exercise promotion models and materials for inclusion within this setting. Methods and materials Our research team distributed a paper-based survey containing Likert scales, open answer questions, and copies of the models for editing. We distributed this survey among health care providers across the United States. We conducted a novel mixed-methods analysis evaluating quantitative, qualitative, and creative data. Results We received completed surveys from 13 health care providers who strongly rated the clarity and applicability of the models and materials, and reported that no major improvements were necessary. The minor improvements were specific per comprehensive MS care center. The feedback indicated that the "Exercise in Medicine" models and materials are guides such that the processes should be integrated into real world practice by amending roles and responsibilities with the team members and structure per comprehensive MS care center. Conclusion This paper presents finalized models and materials for exercise promotion within comprehensive MS care that are ready to be tested for feasibility and efficacy in a clinical trial.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONHealth care providers require support to promote exercise within the context of comprehensive MS care.The practice models in this article provide guides regarding how to promote exercise in this context.Implementing these exercise promotion guides can reduce the burden of neurologists, and ensure patients receive exercise support from appropriate providers.These guides should be implemented within the context of each individual care center, and not as an explicit step by step guide as each care center is unique.

This field review examines how African American mobile journalism became a model for marginalized people’s political communication across the United States. The review explores how communication scholars’ theories about mobile journalism and media witnessing evolved since 2010 to include ethnocentric investigations of the genre. Additionally, it demonstrates how Black people’s use of the mobile device to document police brutality provided a brilliant, yet fraught, template for modern activism. Finally, it shows how Black mobile journalism created undeniable counternarratives that challenged the journalism industry in 2020 and presented scholars with a wealth of researchable questions. Taken together, the review complicates our understanding of Black mobile journalism as a great equalizer—pushing us to also consider what we lose when we lean too heavily on video testimony as a tool for political communication.

Background Cervical cancer is the second cause leading of malignancy-related death among Mexican women. The present study determined the population-based prevalence of high risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and associated cofactors in female beneficiaries of the Institute of Security and Social Services for State Workers (ISSSTE) attending the Program for HPV Screening and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer and registered in the Women’s Cancer Detection System (SIDECAM). Methods In a cross-sectional study, cervical samples from 115,651 female users of the program for HPV screening and early detection of cervical cancer recruited in 23 ISSSTE care centers were analyzed for HR-HPV. Logistic regression analyses, adjusting for potential confounders, were performed to determine the association of HR-HPV infection with sexual health and behavior variables and with positivity to cervical premalignant lesions by cytology. Results The overall prevalence of HR-HPV infection among female ISSSTE beneficiaries in the 2013–2015 period was 13%. A bivariate analysis of relevant variables for HR-HPV infection showed a statistically significant association for age, number of sexual partners, use of hormonal contraceptives and smoking. A statistical association was found between infection by HR-HPV with the use of hormonal contraceptives, number of sexual partners and smoking and association of HPV 16 and other non-16/18 HR-HPV infection with number of lifetime sexual partners and tobacco use adjusted for age, history of hormonal contraception, number of sexual partners and tobacco use with the exception of exposition variable itself. Similarly, an association was found between HR-HPV infection, regardless of the virus genotype, with positivity to cervical premalignant lesions adjusted for age, number of lifetime sexual partners, history of hormonal contraception and tobacco use. Conclusions HR-HPV prevalence in female ISSSTE Women’s Cancer Program users is similar to the population-based prevalence previously reported in Mexican women without cervical alterations. The ISSSTE robust screening and early detection program, based on cytology studies and HPV co-testing, allows us to know the prevalence of HR-HPV infection among female users of the service.

A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma, but also intriguing paradoxical observations requiring mechanistic dissection. An important fact is the iron loading in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are the cells primarily affected in PD. Assessment of these changes reveal increased expression of proteins critical for iron uptake, namely transferrin receptor 1 and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and decreased expression of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 (FPN1). Consistent with this is the activation of iron regulator protein (IRP) RNA-binding activity, which is an important regulator of iron homeostasis, with its activation indicating cytosolic iron deficiency. In fact, IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the 3ꞌ untranslated region (UTR) of certain mRNAs to stabilize their half-life, while binding to the 5ꞌ UTR prevents translation. Iron loading of dopaminergic neurons in PD may occur through these mechanisms, leading to increased neuronal iron and iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The “gold standard” histological marker of PD, Lewy bodies, are mainly composed of α-synuclein, the expression of which is markedly increased in PD. Of note, an atypical IRE exists in the α-synuclein 5ꞌ UTR that may explain its up-regulation by increased iron. This dysregulation could be impacted by the unique autonomous pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc that engages L-type Ca+2 channels, which imparts a bioenergetic energy deficit and mitochondrial redox stress. This dysfunction could then drive alterations in iron trafficking that attempt to rescue energy deficits such as the increased iron uptake to provide iron for key electron transport proteins. Considering the increased iron-loading in PD brains, therapies utilizing limited iron chelation have shown success. Greater therapeutic advancements should be possible once the exact molecular pathways of iron processing are dissected.

M.T. gratefully acknowledges financial support from Lubrizol Limited and, together with J.E., thank the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant EP/L015307/1 for the Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS-CDT). C.G acknowledges the Euler cluster managed by the HPC team at ETH Zurich for computational resources and is grateful for computational support from the UK national high performance computing service, ARCHER, for which access was obtained via the UKCP consortium and funded by EPSRC grant EP/P022561/1. Benzotriazole (BTAH) has been used for several industrial applications, but most commonly as a corrosion inhibitor for copper, since the 1950s. However, the mechanism of its interaction with copper surfaces at the atomistic scale is still a matter of debate. Here, the adsorption of BTAH onto a clean Cu(110) surface has been investigated by a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Different supramolecular structures have been observed depending on molecular coverage and annealing. In the low coverage regime, flat lying deprotonated species are formed which give way to benzotriazolate molecules in an upright configuration by increasing the BTAH exposure. The ensuing monolayer is self-limiting but, upon annealing above 150 °C, transforms into a highly ordered nano-ridge structure resulting from a significant in-plane and out-of-plane reconstruction of the surface. All structures are characterised by a strong molecule-substrate interaction and the high coverage phases are dominated by the formation of metal-organic complexes between copper adatoms and benzotriazolate species. These findings shed light on the nature and strength of the interaction occurring between BTAH and copper which lies at the basis of the effectiveness of this prototypical corrosion inhibitor. Postprint

Chapter 6 presents a social media analysis of the activists’ timelines that reveals an incredible reliance upon smartphones to create and distribute breaking movement-related news. This chapter explores the gift and the curse of these devices for today’s freedom fighters. It also outlines six steps in activist media production going from (1) observation to (2) discussion on to (3) authentication of potential news stories and then to (4) production, (5) publication, and finally (6) agitation throughout various counterpublics.

Bearing Witness While Black: African Americans, Smartphones and the New Protest #Journalism tells the story of this century’s most powerful black social movement through the eyes of 15 activists. At the height of the Black Lives Matter uprisings, African Americans filmed and tweeted evidence of fatal police encounters, spurring a global debate on excessive police force, which disproportionately claimed the lives of African Americans. The book reveals how smartphones, social media, and social justice empowered black activists to create their own news outlets, continuing a centuries-long, African American tradition of using the news to challenge racism. It identifies three overlapping eras of domestic terror against African American people—slavery, lynching, and police brutality—and the journalism documenting their atrocities, generating a genealogy showing how slave narratives of the 1700s inspired the abolitionist movement; black newspapers of the 1800s galvanized the anti-lynching and civil rights movements; and smartphones of today powered the anti–police brutality movement. This lineage of black witnessing, the book shows, is formidable and forever evolving. The text is informed by the author’s activism. Personal accounts of her teaching and her own experiences of police brutality are woven into the book to share how she has inspired black youth to use mobile devices to speak up from the margins. Bearing Witness While Black conveys a crucial need to protect our right to look into the forbidden space of violence against black bodies and to continue to regard the smartphone as an instrument of moral suasion and social change.

Chapter 1 outlines the book’s concept of black witnessing by giving it three characteristics: it (1) assumes an investigative editorial stance to advocate for African American civil rights; (2) co-opts racialized online spaces to serve as its ad-hoc news distribution service; and (3) relies on interlocking black public spheres, which are endowed with varying levels of political agency, to engage diverse audiences.

Chapter 8 highlights the horror associated with peering into the forbidden spaces of state-sponsored violence against black bodies. Many activists in the movement have experienced mysterious, untimely deaths, and suicides. Even distant African American witnesses have reported a reluctance to view smartphone videos of fatal police encounters anymore, citing severe trauma. This chapter complicates our discussion of black witnessing, therefore, to wrestle with the question of whether these videos have become like lynching postcards.

In chapter 4, the activists explain how their brand of grassroots protest journalism has helped them highlight the use of excessive police force in the United States. They also discuss the risks that are associated with being hyper-visible, such as state-sponsored intimidation, doxing, and online trolling.

Chapter 3 introduces the 15 activists who are interviewed for the book. They fall into five broad groups: (1) the Black Lives Matter activists; (2) the “Day 1’s”; (3) the Masters of Agitprop; (4) the Bards; and (5) the Rogues. The Black Lives Matter activists were leaders who self-identified as members of the formal organization. The Day 1’s were the frontline protestors of Ferguson who believed their actions galvanized the movement. The Masters of Agitprop were the creatives who used art as propaganda for the movement. The Bards provided the soundtrack to the movement, blending hip-hop, poetry, and prose to spread news. Lastly, the Rogues were associated loosely with all of these groups, but refused to be labeled Black Lives Matter activists for a variety of reasons.

Chapter 9 investigates how the moral panic inspired by Black Lives Matter triggered the body cam backlash. This additional layer of surveillance is more invasive than any other form of police video, such as cruiser dash cams, helicopter camera footage, or street corner blue lights, as Dr. Richardson has argued. Body cams also privilege the viewpoint of the officer and restore the official narrative into the hands of the powerful. Dr. Richardson explains how this next frontier of “toutveillance,” where everyone is watching everyone, could imperil the gaze of black witnesses.

Chapter 7 explores the powerful, deliberate, and fresh iconography that Black Lives Matter activists have inspired. They have used historic juxtapositions, symbolic deaths, and satiric Internet memes to create supporting imagery for their news stories. Many of these approaches have evolved the images of black protest—from the iconic photographs of snarling German shepherds and lunch counter sit-ins, to the contemporary depictions of human chains across highways and mass die-ins.

Chapter 5 offers a personal account of the author’s brushes with police brutality to frame a broader discussion about the rise of the parallel #SayHerName movement in 2015. The author illustrates how activists have channeled their rage against inequitable systems into social movements, which are often labors of love. The activists explain how their ancestors’ work fuels them to continue to bear witness, even in increasingly polarized times.

Chapter 2 traces the genealogy of black witnesses through three overlapping eras of domestic terrorism against African Americans: slavery, lynching, and police brutality. Black storytellers in each of these timeframes leveraged the technologies of their day to produce emancipatory news. In this manner, advocacy journalism has remained a central component of black liberation for more than 200 years—from slave narratives to smartphones.

The book’s epilogue outlines the major legislative advances inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement and the strides made by the 15 activists in the two-to-three years that followed their initial interviews in 2016 and 2017.